Dark photons can be the most promising candidates for dark matter.

"These include WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), primordial black holes (PBHs), axions, and "dark photons." In theory, this particle was responsible for heating the early Universe and acts as a bridge between the "visible" and dark sectors of the cosmos. According to a new paper, dark photons would not have heated the early Universe as previously thought. Their findings could alter the hunt for Dark Matter by suggesting that dark photons could be hiding in more places than previously thought." (UniverseToday, New Study Expands Search for "Dark Photons," a Leading Dark Matter Candidate)

The thing. What makes a dark photon dark is simple. Dark photon. It must. Have a temperature. Lower than the environment's temperature.  Absolute zero, or zero kelvin (0K), is -273,15 C. The universe’s temperature is three degrees higher. Than. This temperature. So, the photon must have an energy level lower than 3K. 

That. It turns into dark. Energy travels into a lower-energy area. So. The thing. That makes a particle dark is energy that travels into it. 

Absolute zero is the energy minimum. In. The universe. Or the final temperature that we can measure. At that temperature, Helium-3 freezes. But it's possible. That. The electron and proton clouds can have a lower energy level. 

Absolute zero. The object will not transfer its energy. Into. Other particles. There are no other particles. Whose energy level is lower. But when we talk about the energy minimum. We must understand. 

That the local energy minimum is not the same as the energy minimum in space between galactic clusters. 

The energy minimum in our solar system is higher than in interstellar space. When. An object comes from outside space into our solar system. 

It must warm up a little bit. So. It cannot reflect energy until it reaches the energy level. That is higher than its environment. This means. photons that. Come into our galaxy can be invisible because their energy level is lower than the energy minimum in our galaxy. 

A dark photon is a hypothetical particle proposed as the force carrier of a hidden "dark sector," much as the ordinary photon carries electromagnetism. It would interact with normal matter only feebly, through a quantum effect called kinetic mixing. The interaction happens only if the photon’s superstring hits a particle. 

Dark photons are candidates for dark matter. But nobody has found them yet. A hypothetical dark photon is a photon whose energy level is lower than the known energy minimum in the universe. Dark photons can form in some cases.  A superstring that forms a photon starts to spin like a plate. The superstring can have a twisted structure. Similar to a spring.

 When the photon spins like a wheel. That. Structure pulls energy from around it. While. That structure spins. It. Releases energy between those twists. Or if some superstring travels through the center of the photon. That straight superstring acts like a thermal pump. And then that pulls the energy level of photons. Lower than the known energy minimum in the universe.

The low-energy photon starts to bind quantum fields. That makes it behave as if it has mass. The third possible model for the dark photon is. The dark photon is a structure that spins very fast. This means it binds energy. When the universe expands, those photons deliver energy. 

"Diagram of the Meissner effect. Magnetic field lines, represented as arrows, are excluded from a superconductor when it is below its critical temperature." (Wikipedia, Meissner effect)

Could the WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle) be the quasiparticle that forms when extremely fast-spinning photons come to the regular universe?

Maybe. Those ultra-fast-spinning particles can form in cosmic voids. When. Those particles travel into the “regular” universe. They must deliver their energy. So that means the energy that those particles send. It can form part of dark energy.

When those. Ultra-fast-spinning photons arrive from cosmic voids to the regular universe. They deliver their energy. That forms the quantum bubble. Energy escapes very fast from those photons. And that can decrease their energy level. To a lower level. Than in the regular universe. This bubble is the quasiparticle that could explain why dark matter is not found. The expansion of the universe decreases the energy level in the universe. 

But. It decreases that photon’s mass. And the dark photon’s energy level is always, let’s say, two degrees below absolute zero. That temperature is just an example. The idea is that the temperature difference between those hypothetical dark photons and the space is always the same. 

The temperature of the dark photon. It must not be. The same as zero kelvin. It must only be lower than its environment. This means. That. The particle’s temperature must be below three Kelvin. Cosmic background. Or three Kelvin radiation. Means that. The particle. That is, colder than three K will be invisible. 

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A dark photon. It can turn. The gravitational field opposite. The idea is that. Gravitational waves are like ditches. That move on the layer. The layer is the background. There is a possibility. Gravitational waves’ bottoms turn into a higher energy level than their environment. This turns gravity opposite. So can gravity turn opposite outside the universe? 

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Dark photons are also interesting. Because. They could make anti-gravitation possible. A gravitational wave is like a ditch that travels through the universe. The expansion of the universe makes a geometrical form of that ditch that causes objects to fall backward. Or it falls objects into the gravitational centers. The gravitational wave is a ditch that travels on the quantum layer.

The thing. That could. Turn those energy ditches into energy hills that push objects away is to decrease the energy level. In the environment to such a low level. That it decreases the level. Below the bottom of those energy ditches. So this hypothetical thing.

Happens decreasing. The energy level of the background. So low. That the bottom of gravitational waves is higher than their background. And if dark photons exist. Or reseachers can create them. That makes it possible. To create conditions. That turn gravitational waves opposite. Another interesting detail is this. 

If. Those low-energy photons can be created on a very large scale. This can cause energy flow to the surface. And if that happens from below. That effect pushes the object upward. This effect is known as the Meissner effect. The thing. That makes superconducting objects levitate. Meissner effect means the magnetic effect. And. Airflow combination. 

That keeps the object levitating. But if low-energy photons cause that effect. The reflection from the object is minimal. Those photons can bind energy and wave movement. And if we can make the photon's energy level lower than the local energy minimum. That means those photons can bind wave movement. This makes the surface invisible. 

https://www.universetoday.com/articles/new-study-expands-search-for-dark-photons-a-leading-dark-matter-candidate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_photon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiparticle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Can the universe's shape explain dark matter?

If we think of visible matter, or the visible geometry of the universe, as a disk. Round plate or ball. Galaxies and most of its matter are at the edge of this structure. This means that the edge of the universe is at a higher energy level than its inner structure. That means It’s hard to see matter that is “behind us”. In those models, the universe is a round structure. Galaxies. And other visible matter is mainly in the ring or ball around that larger structure. If we are in that plasma ring, the rest of the universe is hard to see. The model is like we are in a cloud. And anyway, our own galaxy, stars, and the plasma halo in the galaxy. 

They disturb observations. This means. Our own galaxy covers lots of things, even between galaxies. And if we are in the giant plasma ring that surrounds the entire universe. That means energy or wave movement also travels in the middle of the universe. There, it reflects. And that makes the universe act a little bit like a giant vacuum bomb. The universe is full of macro- and micro-scale structures. 

And all of those structures send wave motion. Those waves have the same wavelength. 

As. Their sender’s size or diameter is. This means that the universe is a very complicated structure. Full of substructures. And that forms another conclusion. The mistake with dark energy. It can be that. Reseachers thought that this energy is uniform. Dark energy can be multiple different waves with different wavelengths. When. Particles like free quarks, other fermions, and bosons evaporate. They send waves that travel at the speed of light. When. A gravitational wave leaves the supernova. Exploded two billion light-years ago. The gravitational wave reaches us two billion years after the explosion. The reason why we cannot see the Big Bang is this. Photons. That event sent. Travel ahead of us. We cannot see photons from behind. 

We can see reflected photons. Or photons coming into our direction. When the Big Bang sent photons. Those photons travel through space. There is nothing. That can reflect them. This means that those photons cannot reach us. But if we someday see one photon. That is from the Big Bang. That means it reflected outside the universe. 

In the same way, there is a model. That dark energy could be the same as dark matter. 

When lower-energy waves hit the galactic halo. Lower-energy waves. Pull that halo toward it. Dark energy can form in particles. That have a very low energy level. When those particles evaporate, they send wave movement into their environment. That wave movement can have a higher energy level than the environment it travels through. But the wave can have a lower energy level than the galactic halo. Most known galaxies are in so-called local galaxy clusters. 

Galaxy clusters, or local clusters, form superclusters. This means there are multiple plasma layers with multiple energy levels. The halo around galactic superclusters has a lower energy level than the halo around galaxy clusters and individual galaxies. The superclusters form megaclusters. 

So that means the energy level of the wave that impacts those plasma structures. They can have a higher energy level than the plasma around galaxy superclusters. So the same energy can push galaxy superclusters. But pull local clusters. This means.  If. The energy wave's energy level is lower than the energy level in the halo surrounding a galaxy. That wave cannot pass the galaxy halo. The same way a wave can travel through the energy that surrounds a galaxy megacluster. This means that the wave has a higher energy level than the plasma halo around the megacluster. But its energy level can be lower than in a subcluster. 

Another thing. What makes calculations hard is recoil. When particles evaporate, they send photons or wave motion. That. Wave movement. And photons cause recoil. So at the far edge of the universe. Particles evaporate very fast. In. Cosmic vacuums or voids. Particles evaporate very fast. Energy always travels to a lower-energy environment. This means that A recoil is asymmetrical at the edge of cosmic voids or at the edge of the universe. That recoil pushes harder toward the outside of the universe. We see a complex interaction that includes low-energy radiation. Recoil and waves that left billions of years ago. 

Can the recoil effect explain dark energy?

When a photon travels in the universe. in an extremely strong gravitational field. It can divide. There is a possibility that when another photon's energy level is lower. But those photons are entangled. That lower-energy photon pulls the higher-energy photon backward. Those photons form a so-called tandem photon. When. Energy travels into a lower-energy photon. That slows the photon pair. And that allows the photon to stop. 

When the front energy is at a high energy level. And. The entangled photon is at a minimum energy level. 

Its energy level rises. That photon forms another recoil photon. Between. Those two photons. That photon is entangled. With. The first divided photon. This is the reason why a photon can be stopped. When an electron travels forward, it forms a photon behind it. That photon forms another photon. And those photons pull more and more energy out from the electron. 

A series of those entangled photons. It pulls energy out from the particle. Those photons are transportation particles of electromagnetic interaction. Division of photons. They explain. Why. The particle requires More and more energy. When. It reaches the speed of light. When. Some structure spins. That structure sends the Bremsstrahlung radiation. The same way, when a photon spins. It sends “baby photons” to space. This means that. The photon decays asymmetrically. 

When we think about recoil. We. Must realize. That all structures with mass have recoil. When a particle spins, its structure. Forms internal recoil. That recoil forms when superstrings. That form particle moves backward. That force it rises. Entropy in the particle. And if the particle cannot remove that free energy. That causes destruction. 

“Recoil (often called knockback, kickback or simply kick) is the rearward thrust generated when a gun is being discharged. In technical terms, the recoil is a result of conservation of momentum, for according to Newton's third law, the force required to accelerate something will evoke an equal but opposite reactional force, which means the forward momentum gained by the projectile and exhaust gases (ejecta) will be mathematically balanced out by an equal and opposite impulse exerted back upon the gun.” (Wikipedia, Recoil)

Recoil is often connected with guns. But things like photons have a recoil effect. That effect makes a photon rocket move. 

There are two conservation laws at work when a gun is fired: conservation of momentum and conservation of energy. Recoil.  It is explained. By. The law of conservation of momentum. And so it is easier to discuss it separately from energy. The same effect. That pushes the gun back pushes the rocket to move. 

When exhaust gas travels back. The recoil. Pushes the rocket to move.  Here we must remember that thrust has nothing to do with recoil. The photon rocket has the weakest known thrust. But the exhaust speed is fastest. The maximum speed of the rocket. It is the same as its exhaust gas. 

We know that all particles that move. Have a recoil effect. When electrons travel around atoms, they form recoil. That is one of the things that causes one interesting question. 

Could dark energy be a recoil effect?

Could dark energy be a recoil effect? This is an interesting question. When. Every single particle moves. The particle moves. It pushes energy in the opposite direction. So. When we jump up from the ground. We. Must push more energy. To the ground. Than what is needed. To move our weight up. This means that when a particle moves forward. It must send energy backward. This is the thing. 

That we call recoil. When particles fall into black holes. Those particles. They send energy backward. That energy forms. Because. Of the recoil effect. Same way galaxies, galaxy clusters. And wave movement. They send energy impulses into opposite directions. When. A galaxy travels in some direction. Every single particle sends energy in a certain direction. But the reason why this energy doesn’t push the galaxy into such a high speed as it should. It is this. Galaxies are not involved in any homogeneous movement. They are full of internal structures. 

When electrons travel around atoms. Recoil. It is forming behind those electrons. That effect transports energy out from the electron. If. That energy flows away faster. Then the electron harvests energy. From. Its environment. That slows the electron. 

When. Particles travel into black holes. They send an energy impulse backward. That impulse vanishes when the particle crosses the event horizon. This means the recoil wave. It's the only thing. That is left behind. Particles that travel into a black hole's event horizon. This causes an energy impulse that seems to come from nowhere. This means that when a particle crosses the event horizon. That particle leaves an energy wave. That means. That the recoil effect. It could explain at least part of Hawking radiation. 

Most of those structures are moving in orbiting trajectories. When. Galaxies spin. It sends energy in all directions. But when planets orbit their stars. Or. They spin around their axis. They send wave movement. That means because of the complex structures. The wave movement. Or energy that those structures send is chaotic. That energy is like whirls. That are moving around the universe. Because. The main mass of the galaxy or galactic clusters. Is moving in a certain direction. That means the recoil causes the main energy force to move in the opposite direction of the mass. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsstrahlung

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation

Could the dark matter be from the fifth dimension?

“A new theoretical framework suggests dark matter’s elusive behavior may arise from the geometry of a hidden fifth dimension. Credit: Shutterstock” (ScitechDaily, Could Dark Matter Be Hiding in a Hidden Fifth Dimension?)

“The geometry of a hidden dimension may naturally explain dark matter resonance and its elusive behavior. Every galaxy appears to carry far more mass than telescopes can see. That invisible material, known as dark matter, may be linked to a hidden fifth dimension whose geometry naturally shapes how dark matter particles behave, according to a theory developed at the University of Sheffield.” (ScitechDaily, Could Dark Matter Be Hiding in a Hidden Fifth Dimension?)

There is a possibility. That dark matter has two forms. The thing that binds energy. And the form that releases energy. So this means that. Dark matter. It could be a source for dark energy. The idea is that. Hypothetical dark matter particle, WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle). It can have a spin of 2-3. So WIMP rotates 2-3 times around its axle. Until it releases the light quantum. While it changes its direction. When a particle changes its direction. It must stop first. And in that process, it releases energy as a light quantum. Normally, a fermion's spin is 1/2. If the particle’s spin is 2-3. That means it stores more energy in itself. And released light quantum. It has more energy than. In the case of a “normal” fermion. 

This is an interesting question. The idea is that dark matter could be a particle that is from a different dimension. The problem with the fifth dimension. Is this. We cannot see the fifth dimension. And the reason for that is logical. The fifth dimension. It can exist only in the fourth dimension. And that means that. All dimensions are surrounded by the lower dimension. And this means the journey to the fifth dimension passes through the fourth. So the fourth dimension is between the third and fifth dimensions. Sometimes it is explained that the fourth dimension.

It’s time that runs forward. And the fifth dimension is time that runs backward. So, when the particle reaches the third dimension. It must release its energy. If it comes from the higher dimensions. This causes radiation. But it also causes evaporation. And that can create a situation where the matter or its environment binds energy very fast. That can cause a situation that we see as dark matter. 

Can dark matter be some kind of quasiparticle? 

In some dark matter models. Very fast particles that come to the Galaxy from its supermassive black holes or outside the galaxy. Create some kind of “holes” in the quantum fields in the galaxy. So, if some particles really make holes in a dense quantum field. That field tries to fill that hole or channel. And those holes can act like real particles. This means that at least some part of the dark matter particles are hypothetical WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles). They can be virtual particles. Or some kind of quasiparticles. The thing that supports this model. That is, dark matter seems to be especially concentrated in galaxies. And if the hole, or channel, forms in a dense field. That channel has a stronger effect than in a weak field. 

This means that if the dark matter is like a channel that looks like a deep exciton. It can be the reason. For why dark matter exists in the galaxies. The fact is that. All galaxies seem to have no dark matter. And this is the thing. That supports the model that WIMPs are real particles. But in some other models, an active galaxy can form a cosmic void around it. The gamma ray glow. It can push matter and quantum fields out from around the galaxy. This means that the galaxy. It can be in the cosmic void. And that can mean: it can spin faster than it should. 

Or, could WIMP be a particle? That spin is different. Than others?

But could the radiation from the center? Of the galaxies? And their black holes cause a situation. There are some particles. That spin turns very fast. This means that the gamma-ray glow pushes some particles and turns their spin into >1. 

A normal fermion has spin 1/2. If the spin turns >1, that means that those particles bind energy more strongly. The particle binds energy until its spin direction changes. So, if the particles spin. It’s, let’s say, 2-3. That means it spins around its axle 2-3 times before it releases energy. So, this means that. The particle will be far heavier. Than other particles. Same way. When it changes its direction. That particle will release. A far stronger wave quantum. Than a regular fermion. This means that the WIMP could still be the source of the dark energy. 

There is a model. There. The WIMPs, or dark matter. It has not only one shape. This means that WIMPs are multiple phenomena. This means that dark matter can be different types of things that we see.  As the gravitational effect. But then return to the galaxies without dark matter. Could it be possible that there is some kind of mass effect? What causes the situation? There, the galaxy spins too fast. It's possible that if the galaxy is very active. And it sends very strong gamma-rays. That radiation removes matter from its edge. That means that the mass is in the outer layer. Of the galaxy. It can be very thin. If the galaxy spins in a cosmic void. Its spin can be faster than that of other galaxies. 

https://scitechdaily.com/could-dark-matter-be-hiding-in-a-hidden-fifth-dimension/

https://scitechdaily.com/what-if-dark-matter-has-two-forms-bold-new-hypothesis-could-explain-a-cosmic-mystery/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-dimensional_space

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiparticle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

About dark energy. And its existence.

"Astronomers say a new analysis has reinforced one of the most important discoveries in modern cosmology, finding that the universe is still expanding at an accelerating rate."(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Confirm Dark Energy After Shock Challenge Rocked Cosmology)

"The result counters a controversial claim made in late 2025 that suggested dark energy, the mysterious phenomenon thought to drive the universe’s accelerating expansion, might be weakening. If true, that claim would have called into question decades of research and a cornerstone of modern astronomy."(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Confirm Dark Energy After Shock Challenge Rocked Cosmology)

Astronomers confirmed dark energy. And that means the universe’s expansion continues to accelerate. So, dark energy will not turn weaker. It’s possible that because the gravitational effect between objects decreases. And the relation between gravity and dark energy changes. This means that the gravitational effect turns weaker. And the dark energy effect turns stronger. The fact is that. Also, visible energy interacts with structures in the universe. And at the beginning of the universe. Objects were closer. But things like plasma and energy were “denser”. 

So, that means that the energy effect in the young universe was stronger than in the modern universe. Dark energy is a wave motion. That originates in the unknown. There is suspicion that dark energy has its origin. In the particles, superstrings. The superstring forms a whisk-shaped structure. 

The expansion of the universe puts that structure to oscillate. Those superstrings´ oscillation. It forms a wave movement that they transmit around the universe. In that model, the dark energy is a wave movement. Its origin is in very small particles. The number of those particles is in this model. A very high. And that explains the effect of dark energy. It is visible only in relation to the large-scale structures. 

So, could those particles that form dark energy be photons? Photons are the ring- or a donut-shaped structure. And that means photons could focus energy. In the middle of it. In that case, the photon could focus energy. Like the Higgs field in the middle of it. That point. It can turn into a quantum-sized quasar. This means that the photon. It can theoretically form. 

The quantum-size Kugelblitz black hole. In the middle of it. There is a possibility that a photon traps a neutrino in the middle of it. And electromagnetic radiation affects that photon. Or the neutrino spins very fast. That thing can turn a neutrino into a quantum-sized black hole. And that could be a source. For dark energy. In some other models, A wave string travels. Through a photon. That string. It can act as the thermal pump that transports energy out from the photon. If that happens fast enough. The photon turns invisible. And it collects energy for that thermal pump. 

This means that dark energy must have an internal source in our universe. But before we see a particle that transmits dark energy. We cannot be sure what that strange force is. That rips the universe in pieces. This means that dark energy is formed when the universe is born in the Big Bang. The problem is this. If. The level of dark energy is always the same. 

And the universe expands. This means that. The dark energy. It does not have a connection. With the Big Bang. The energy level. The amount of dark energy should decrease when the universe expands. If that energy was released from the Big Bang or some ancient particles, send it. Before they turned into some existing elementary particles. If the source of the dark energy is lost. That energy should turn weaker. And that causes an interesting idea. 

The image of a photon. 

What if the source of dark energy is outside the universe? Things like antimatter-matter annihilation outside the universe. It can be the source of dark energy. 

This means that. It’s possible that there are some kind of radiation sources. People tried to explain dark energy. As evidence of a multiverse. In this theory, dark energy has a source. In other universes. In some other model. The dark energy forms when a hypothetical tachyon particle enters our universe. The entropy and scattering effects outside the universe are very low. 

So, these particles can travel faster. Than. They travel in the universe. This means that a tachyon is a particle that travels faster than it should. So when some particle comes from outside the universe. In the universe. That particle can travel faster. Than. It can travel in the universe. This causes an effect. The particle must slow its speed. The particle must release its energy. For slowing. This means that dark energy. It can be some kind of Cherenkov radiation. 

Cherenkov radiation forms when. A neutron comes out of a nuclear reactor. In a short moment, that particle travels faster than light travels in water. The neutron must slow its speed. And it sends a blue light shockwave. The same thing makes the sky blue. When a neutrino or electron hits the atmosphere. It travels faster than light does in the atmosphere. And this means. Those particles release their kinetic energy as the blue light flash. 

But if dark energy is some kind of Cherenkov radiation. That doesn’t mean that the source of those particles is in the other universes. The dark energy is visible only between galaxy superclusters. All galaxies have halos around them. That means that. The galaxies might be surrounded by a similar plasma halo that forms a heliopause around the Sun. The plasma bubble or standing impact wave. Forms when solar wind impacts stellar wind. The stellar wind. It is the particle flow from other stars. 

In the same way, galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters are probably surrounded by impact waves that form. When particle flow from other structures impacts the particle flow. That comes from galaxies in our clusters and superclusters. If those impact waves exist. They would be denser points in the universe. This means that. Scattering effect. It is stronger in that structure. This means that. The speed of light in that plasma wave is a little bit lower. 

The speed of light in and outside those plasma bubbles. So when a particle impacts that plasma bubble. It releases its energy into that plasma wave. This means the energy that the slowing particle sends. Continues as a wave in that plasma halo. This causes an effect. The plasma ball sends energy. Into the middle of it. This means. That this oscillating plasma interacts like a vacuum bomb. The energy that the plasma ball sends inside it. Reflects back. And that can mean that the plasma balls are the source of that mysterious energy. 

Or maybe particles that travel through wormholes. Are. The source of dark energy. The wormhole. It is a hypothetical energy tunnel. Through space and time. The energy level of those particles is higher than it should be. And they should release their energy. In the form of some kind of radiation.If there is no entropy in front of the particle that travels in a wormhole. Nothing limits its speed.  In the same way as when high-energy particles come out from galaxy superclusters, they send energy to space that is at a lower energy level than they are. 

Sometimes it is suggested that the dark matter particles form dark energy. When they evaporate. This would be an interesting idea. But nobody has seen dark matter. 

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1131610

https://www.msn.com/en-us/science/astronomy/astronomers-debunk-controversial-study-confirm-universe-still-expanding-at-accelerating-rate/ar-AA25tzft

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/06/260612032030.htm

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-confirm-dark-energy-after-shock-challenge-rocked-cosmology/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-leap-scientists-reveal-the-shape-of-a-single-photon-for-the-first-time/

https://spaceeyenews.com/dark-energy-acceleration-confirmed/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Can dark energy be a virtual effect?

"A new analysis argues that the standard cosmological model may be fundamentally unstable, raising questions about whether dark energy is really needed to explain the universe’s accelerating expansion. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, A Universe Without Dark Energy? Mathematicians Challenge Standard Cosmology)

If dark energy does not exist. What forms wave movement that rips the universe into pieces? It’s possible that dark energy is regular energy like gamma-ray flares. There is a possibility. That those. Hypothetical gamma-ray flares form in intergalactic space. When particles are accelerated by the  black holes in that space. That means the source of dark energy could be in the intergalactic space. Or in the space between galaxy clusters and megaclusters. That means that. Radiation. The gamma-ray objects in our galaxy cover those hypothetical flares. Under their brightness. 

Can the universe behave as it does without dark energy? Mathematicians suggest so. That means that dark energy would be virtual energy. When entropy in the universe rises. Things like gravity waves behave differently. That means that the entropy. It can explain why dark energy doesn’t necessarily exist. When the universe expands, the gravitational effect between objects like galaxy clusters and superclusters. Turns weaker. Also, the energy level between galaxy clusters turns weaker. That changes the relationship between internal energy in galaxy clusters.

And energy level outside those clusters and superclusters. Energy starts to flow faster to outside galaxy clusters. And that is one of the things. That can look like dark energy. In some other models, high-energy particles. Those particles travel from the supermassive black holes. Impact outside galaxies, or galaxy clusters and superclusters. They can form the thing. That we call dark energy. This means that the wave movement. 

That forms dark energy. Can exist. But the source of that energy is not as exotic. That we might want to believe. The third and most interesting model about dark energy is this. The galaxy's halo and scattering effect. It can be one thing. That forms the dark energy. Or particles. Those that come outside that halo area release their energy into it. 

So, can dark energy be? A very low energy Cherenkov radiation? 

The speed of light is a little bit lower in that halo than outside it. In galaxy clusters, there is also a little bit denser matter than outside it. When something like a very high-energy particle travels into those halos. 

That thing causes an effect. That looks like Cherenkov radiation. When that high-energy particle impacts that halo. It releases its kinetic energy. In the same way as when high-energy particles. travel through the halo of individual particles. They send Cherenkov radiation. The reason for that radiation is that when a particle travels faster. Than. It should. It must slow its speed. So, it must transfer kinetic energy into that field. So, energy must always travel from a higher to a lower energy level. 

So that means dark energy. It can be some kind of interaction between different energy fields. The speed of light. Outside galaxy clusters is only. A little bit higher than inside it. So that means that. When those particles travel faster than light. Or faster than they should in the halo release their energy. That energy transfer  is much weaker. Than in cases. There. The solar wind impacts the Earth's atmosphere. 

Or particles from a nuclear reactor impact water. This means that if that scenario is real. The reason for the dark energy could be a very weak Cherenkov radiation. 

In those cases, the dark energy source can be well-known. But things like background light and radiation from our own galaxy and galaxy clusters. Cover those sources. That source is some kind of gamma-ray glow between galaxies. That means that. Those galaxies and quasars. And their supermassive black holes can send such strong radiation. It covers that glow below it. Another thing is that. 

Things like cosmic hum. The monotonic radio hum that the Voyager spacecraft detected when it crossed the heliopause and entered interstellar space. That radio hum cannot cross the sun’s plasma impact wave that surrounds our solar system. This means that there can be radio signals that cannot travel through the Milky Way’s halo. So, there is a possibility. The dark energy is radio waves that we cannot detect. Because those signals cannot reach us. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-universe-without-dark-energy-mathematicians-challenge-standard-cosmology/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation

Primordial black holes, magnetic fields. And traveling black holes.

“Artist’s illustration of two black holes orbiting each other. Credit: Carl Knox, OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology. Scientists believe an unusual LIGO detection may be evidence of a primordial black hole, potentially linking these long-theorized objects to the mystery of dark matter.” (ScitechDaily, Mysterious Cosmic Signal Could Be First Real Evidence of Primordial Black Holes)

Dark Energy. Primordial black holes, magnetic fields. And traveling black holes. 

When two black holes collide. Their acceleration disks cross each other. That event causes a very high-energy gamma-ray burst. Same way. When the black hole material jets impact. That impact sends high-energy radiation. It is introduced that the dark energy source is in the black hole wind. High-energy particles that black holes accelerate. Impact outside galaxies. And those impacts. Causes very high energy radiation. The reason why we cannot see those impacts is that. 

The light in galaxies and quasars covers those short-term flashes below them. And that thing can mean. Dark energy is extremely short-term gamma-ray flashes outside galaxies and quasars. But that is one new model. This means that dark energy does not exist. As an independent energy form. That can be so weak gamma-rays that we simply cannot detect that radiation. Because of a supermassive black hole. And black holes in our own galaxy cover those short-term flashes under their gamma-ray shine. 

"A new analysis argues that the standard cosmological model may be fundamentally unstable, raising questions about whether dark energy is really needed to explain the universe’s accelerating expansion. Credit: SciTechDaily.com." (ScitechDaily, A Universe Without Dark Energy? Mathematicians Challenge Standard Cosmology)

In theories, at the beginning of the universe, black holes formed. Those black holes could form straight from the radiation. That means. Those primordial black holes can be the “Kugelblitz” black holes. But there is another thing. That could form those cosmic monsters. The whirl in some energy field, like a gravitational field. It can start to pack dark matter particles into one point. That means that. Dark matter particles can play a vital role in the formation of dark matter. 

The strange radiation.  It can be the first observation about the primordial black holes. Primordial black holes can be the first supermassive-scale black holes. And the thing that makes those monsters so large and powerful is the universe’s expansion. When the universe expands. The size of the acceleration disk grows. And its energy level decreases. When the universe’s energy level decreases. That means that. The force that presses against the acceleration disk decreases. And that causes the expansion of the accretion disk. Because the energy level in the acceleration disk is lower. That lets black holes’ event horizon expand. 

And the black hole requires a larger accretion disk. To stay in form. The acceleration disk is the thing. That keeps the black hole in the form. If that disk does not exist. The black hole starts to lose matter. And that makes the black hole evaporate in seconds. The acceleration disk is the thing. That denies a black hole. To send matter or energy out from it. A black hole exists as long as the accretion disk’s energy level is higher. Than the space inside the event horizon. When the space inside the event horizon turns higher than the environment. That makes the black hole evaporate. 

“Visualization of gas flows around a binary protostar system calculated by ATERUI III. The gas shown in red orbits around one of the two protostars. The gas shown in blue orbits around the combined binary system. The gas shown in green is being expelled from the system. And it is carrying away angular momentum. The present research shows that the magnetic field plays an important role in expelling gas and angular momentum. Credit: Matsumoto, Hotokezaka, Inayoshi 2026” (ScitechDaily, Magnetic Fields May Solve a Longstanding Binary Star Mystery)

The magnetic fields can bring black holes and newborn stars together. And maybe those fields tell more about the reason why binary stars are so common. In binary star systems, the other star replaces the planetary system. But there are observations that binary star systems involve planets. But it is possible that binary stars can capture rogue planets. That can orbit those stars or even black hole pairs from  long distances. 

Binary stars can be the first step to forming supermassive black holes. Supermassive black holes require enough material and energy. That they can form. The magnetic fields can also play a role in cases. Where black holes start to move. The magnetic field. Along with the gravity sling. It can put. Particles move extremely fast. 

The fastest known black hole wind travels across the universe with 30% of the speed of light.

But there is a possibility. That another black hole pushes the smaller black hole into motion. 

The effect that puts the supermassive object into motion can be another black hole. Or some kind of anomaly in the fields around it. The weaker point in the field can cause a situation. The black hole . It starts to travel in that direction. The hole can be any of the four fundamental forces: gravity or electromagnetism. 

“An artist’s impression of a quasar. The black dot in the center represents the supermassive black hole at the center of the quasar. The red-and-yellow spiral surrounding it shows the disc of hot gas falling into the black hole. Some of this gas is ejected as the quasar’s wind, which is shown in light blue. The size of the disc shown is comparable to the size of our Solar System. Credit: NASA/CXC/M. Weiss, Nahks Tr’Ehnl, Nurten Filiz Ak” (ScitechDaily,Record-Breaking Black Hole Wind Blasts Through Space at 30% the Speed of Light)

Or in the weak and strong nuclear force. The most logical guess is that the anomaly is the magnetic field. The hole in the magnetic field causes a situation. The magnetic field causes asymmetry in the black hole's halo or its accretion disk. If that acceleration disk separates from the black hole’s event horizon. Or it's pressure form against the event horizon changes. 

That thing can cause a situation. That black hole. It will start. To travel across the universe. Another reason for traveling black holes can be found. In the gravity slings. The gravity sling between a supermassive and stellar-mass black hole. When a supermassive black hole impacts a stellar mass black hole. That can cause a situation. The supermassive black hole slings its lighter companion through the universe. 

The gravitational sling was used. In the Voyager missions. The planets like Jupiter and Saturn. Gravitational fields. Accelerated those probes to such a high speed. That they can travel outside the solar system. If a stellar-mass black hole travels through the supermassive black hole’s gravitational field. That supermassive black hole can sling it through the universe with incredible speed. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-universe-without-dark-energy-mathematicians-challenge-standard-cosmology/

https://scitechdaily.com/magnetic-fields-may-solve-a-longstanding-binary-star-mystery/

https://scitechdaily.com/mysterious-cosmic-signal-could-be-first-real-evidence-of-primordial-black-holes/

https://scitechdaily.com/record-breaking-black-hole-wind-blasts-through-space-at-30-the-speed-of-light/

Could quark annihilation explain something about dark energy?

Could the answer. For the dark energy mystery. Be. In some process of particle evaporation, which is previously unknown? And could that thing be the quark annihilation? 

Cosmic voids and material evaporation are interesting things. When we think about comic voids and conditions inside them. There. Quantum fields are weaker than in other places in the universe. This causes a material evaporation effect. And the question is, can this effect release as much energy as annihilation? When a particle starts to evaporate. An atom loses its electron shell. That gives the atom core room to expand, and then the bonds between protons and neutrons will break. 

In that process, energy is stored in the bonds between protons and neutrons. This energy release could form the extremely small WARP bubble around the atom shell. In that process, the evaporation reaction. It can be faster than predicted. When those bonds between protons and neutrons release their energy, that causes an effect. They also release energy into quarks that form protons and neutrons. This causes an energy impulse that pushes those quarks farther from each other. 

Released. This releases free energy in the system. Then the neutrons and protons start to decay. Or they release their quarks. This can happen. When a weak quantum field lets quantum fields around quarks expand. This causes that. The distance between those quarks starts to increase. 

“Graphic of quarks annihilating (left green lines), producing a photon (middle line), and producing two muons (right magenta lines). Scientists detected these muons to gain insight into the quark asymmetry of the proton. Image credit: Paul Reimer, Argonne National Laboratory”. (University of Michigan, Study finds unexpected antimatter asymmetry in the proton)

Sooner or later, the distance between quarks is so long that the bonds between them start to break. The neutron decay is confirmed. Two down and one up quarks form a neutron. This means energy travels to the up quark. And this effect causes neutron decay. 

Proton is more complicated. Its main structure is two up and one down quark. The energy travels to those up quarks more smoothly than in a neutron. But there are also particle-antiparticle pairs in proton. When the proton’s quantum field starts to expand, that causes an effect in which those particles and anti-particles touch each other. This effect rips a proton. In pieces. This requires that the quantum field around the proton expands as much as it allows those particle-antiparticle pairs to touch each other. Normally, the structure of a proton keeps antimatter and its mirror particles away from each other. But when a proton expands, that allows those particle-antiparticle pairs to annihilate. 

In that case, those bonds between those three quarks also release energy that is stored in them. In this process, the situation is similar to that in proton-antiproton annihilation. In that process. The reaction releases energy that is stored in those bonds. And finally, quarks and electrons turn into wave motion.

So, when we think that there is too much energy in the universe, we must ask, could that energy form in this type of reaction? When we think about material evaporation. And its relationship with dark energy, we must realize one thing. When reseachers make their calculations, they should know and handle every stage of those reactions. In cosmic voids, the speed of light is higher than outside it. This means all particles travel faster than they do outside the cosmic void. When they hit the edge of the void, they release that energy into those quantum fields. 

https://www.anl.gov/argonne-scientific-publications/pub/164087

https://news.umich.edu/study-finds-unexpected-antimatter-asymmetry-in-the-proton/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_(astronomy)

Could material evaporation be? Behind the dark energy?

When we think about the matter and how matter evaporation binds energy, we must realize one thing. The evaporation. Just puts energy into motion. When we think of a situation where ice turns into water, we might think. This process will decrease the temperature. This is not actually true. If that melting process happens. In one place or one point. 

When things like polar icecaps melt, that process requires energy. That energy is coming from the equator. When polar ice melts. That pulls energy into the melting process. This causes an effect. The equatorial tropical area is expanding. This means that the melting ice pulls energy. From around the planet. Into it. 

So we can think. This model can also fit in the universe’s scale.  We can say that the edge of the universe could be the point where material evaporates faster than inside the universe. That thing. Causes an effect that makes energy travel to the edge of the universe. When the universe expands. That thing causes a situation. The quantum fields in the universe turn weaker. During that process. That expansion forms large holes in those quantum fields. 

Cosmic voids and material evaporation at the edge of the universe, and those cosmic voids can form the dark energy. Cosmic voids focus energy. And that can expand the universe. The cosmic voids can also form a virtual gravitational effect that pulls particles and energy fields into it. 

“The farther away we look, the closer in time we're seeing toward the Big Bang. The newest record-holder for quasars comes from a time when the Universe was under 5% of its present age. These ultra-distant cosmological probes also show us a Universe that contains not just radiation and matter (including dark matter), but also dark energy, whose nature is unknown. Many questions still remain unanswered at the scientific frontiers. (Big Think, Starts with a bang, What was it like when dark energy rose to prominence?)

“Simulation of the matter distribution in a cubic section of the universe. The blue fiber structures represent the matter (primarily dark matter), and the empty regions in between represent the cosmic voids.” (Wikipedia, Void (astronomy))

Conditions in cosmic voids are similar. As at the edge of the universe. Material evaporates. Or turns into energy faster in the cosmic voids than outside them. When particles evaporate, they send wave movement into the center of those cosmic voids. This thing means that energy reflects from the center of those cosmic bubbles. And along with particles that evaporate. At the edge of the universe, that thing forms the dark energy. Or free energy that destroys the universe. 

Material evaporation. It means a process. There, the material turns into energy. Dark energy refers to an unknown source of energy. And in the dark energy case. We should ask, what puts energy into moving? The answer to that problem can be found in the material evaporation. When material evaporates. It acts the same. Way as ice. This process binds energy. And then energy from the environment tries to fill that point. So when. We are searching for the source of dark energy; we should look at the edge of the universe. And. At the same time. We should look at the edge. Of the cosmic voids. 

When material evaporates very fast at the outer edge of cosmic voids. That releases free energy in the system. Most of that energy falls. Into the cosmic voids and then jumps back. From their center. When matter evaporates, it releases energy. That forms it. When we think about cosmic voids, we could think that maybe those cosmic voids could explain dark matter. If most of the energy that evaporating particles release falls into the cosmic voids, they pull matter and wave movement with them in the same way as a gravitational field pulls those things. So, that means. The cosmic voids can form a virtual gravitational effect. That acts like matter acts in gravity centers. This means cosmic voids can also act as a virtual gravitational center. If the cosmic void is deep or empty enough, it can start to behave like a black hole. 

When particles evaporate at the edge of the universe. That effect pulls energy out of the universe to fill the point. There. The matter or particles evaporate. This effect, when it happens at the edge of the universe, pulls quantum fields to the edge of the universe. That makes those fields weaker. This causes an effect. That increases the speed. To turn into a wave movement. This effect pushes the edge of the universe away. And that increases the speed of particle transformation. Into energy. or wave movement. This means that the cosmic voids and the edge of the universe. They can put energy into moving in the mysterious phenomenon called dark energy. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/dark-energy-prominence/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boötes_Void

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_(astronomy)

CERN researchers found a new proton-like particle.

“CERN scientists have uncovered a new proton-like particle, the Ξcc+, revealing a heavier and long-predicted member of the subatomic world.” (ScitechDaily, Physicists Discover New Proton-Like Particle at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider)

“Researchers from the University of Manchester have played a major part in identifying a previously unknown subatomic particle at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The particle, called the Ξcc+ (Xi-cc-plus), is a heavy proton-like particle made of two charm quarks and one down quark.”(ScitechDaily, Physicists Discover New Proton-Like Particle at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider)

The new “super proton” is a particle that involves two charm quarks and one down quark. This means that this particle behaves. A little bit like a neutron. There are two down and one up quark in a neutron. So, energy flows in this new particle. As it flows in a neutron. But this new particle has a stronger energy flow than a neutron. So it must exist for a far shorter time than a neutron. 

This particle exists for a very short period. However, it also indicates that other quarks, besides the up and down quarks, can form hadron or baryon-type particles. Those “super baryons” (or super hadrons) don’t exist in our universe. However, they could exist and even take a stable form in a young, highly energetic universe. In a high-energy or hot universe, energy flows away from those particles more slowly. This means that those structures remained for a longer time. 

"A hadron is a composite subatomic particle. Every hadron must fall into one of the two fundamental classes of particle, bosons and fermions." (Wikipedia, Hadron)

"In particle physics, a baryon is a type of composite subatomic particle that contains an odd number of valence quarks, conventionally three. Protons and neutrons are examples of baryons (or baryonic hadrons); because baryons are composed of quarks, they belong to the hadron family of particles. Baryons are also classified as fermions because they have half-integer spin." (Wikipedia, Baryon)

 And that means those particles could exist until the temperature or energy level in the universe turns so low that those “super baryons” destroy themselves. The energy flows out. From those particles, cut the energy bridges between those quarks. And that released energy. In the young universe were energy levels, structures, and matter. 

That doesn’t exist anymore. In the very first stages, things like bottom and top quarks could form the proton-type structure. Those structures turned into energy. A long time ago. But maybe their descendants remain as a strange glow. Called dark energy. Dark energy is the dominant thing in the universe. 

That is stored in those bonds. One of the models of dark energy. And its origin is in those particles that disappeared. Or were destroyed when the universe turned colder. In that model, the extra energy that forms dark energy is formed in those particles. That destroyed and released energy. That was stored in their quantum bonds. This means there could be far more exotic particles in the young universe than this new “super proton” is. 

The quarks that CERN can produce are ghosts from the young universe. They exist in the very high energy levels. In the regular universe, those particles and particle groups like mesons don’t exist anymore. In the modern universe, only up and down quarks can form particles like hadrons and baryons. But this new particle is interesting. 

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-discover-new-proton-like-particle-at-cerns-large-hadron-collider/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark

 

Dark energy and photons.

“Astronomers have discovered an unusual gravitationally lensed supernova whose light has traveled for more than 10 billion years to reach Earth. Credit: Shutterstock” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Spot Bizarre Supernova That Could Unlock the Secret of Dark Energy)

The new supernova observation can tell us about things. Like dark energy. In dark energy, the main question is, what puts energy into motion? This is the thing. That gravitational lensed supernova. It could give a hint. Dark energy is a strange effect. That could form when the universe expands. The expansion of the universe stretches the quantum fields inside it. That can form areas there. The weaker quantum fields. They can make particles to evaporate. 

Or turn into wave movement faster than outside those voids. The fact is that. New structures are found in the universe. Maybe. Those structures make particles evaporate at different speeds. In some theories, things. Like wormholes can transport energy. Through the universe. When energy or information travels in those almost proven wormholes, the maser effect increases its power. 

“Scientists have made light do something long thought impossible—mimicking the quantum Hall effect, a Nobel Prize–winning phenomenon usually seen only in electrons. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com

Physicists have recreated the Nobel Prize–winning quantum Hall effect using light, revealing that photons can follow the same strange quantum rules once thought exclusive to electrons.” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Made Light Do Something Once Thought Impossible)

The photons act like electrons. 

The Hall effect in the upper image. It is introduced. How the Hall effect turns into resistance. In the photonic version, those strings would be quantum fields, and the magnet is the photon. The observation that photons act like electrons. It could help to create. A new way to control photons. 

“The Hall effect is the production of a potential difference across an electrical conductor that is transverse to an electric current in the conductor and to an applied magnetic field perpendicular to the current. Such a potential difference is known as the Hall voltage.” (Wikipedia, Hall Effect) 

The maser effect pumps energy into that energy string. That can collect lots of energy into one point. There is also a possibility that gravitational lenses. They can collect extremely strong  energy loads into a single point. This means that those energy focuses can cause a situation that could accelerate energy. Another thing that causes an interesting idea is that. The electrons that could travel at the front of other particles. They can act like a magnetic monopolar layer. 

The new observations about photons can also be used to explain dark energy. The new observations tell reseachers that photons behave like electrons. If there is a similar Hall effect between photons or in light that is in the electric fields. That can explain some parts of dark energy. We can imagine a situation. Where there are standing waves between elementary particles. 

So if there were no standing waves between particles, the light could travel straight through particles. This means that Baryons, protons, and neutrons are quantum fields that form. Because of the reflection from those standing waves between quarks. If that quantum field does not form. And close those three quarks inside it, protons turn invisible. But is it possible that there are “protons and neutrons” that do not have that quantum field? There is a possibility that the “photonic hall effect” will pump or focus more than predicted energy into photons. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-spot-bizarre-supernova-that-could-unlock-the-secret-of-dark-energy/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-just-made-light-do-something-once-thought-impossible/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_effect

Could a massive Casimir effect between branes? Cause dark energy?

String theory can explain dark energy. The idea is that. Dark energy is the so-called positive energy that pushes things away from each other. There are many models that try to explain dark energy. One of those models is that. Dark energy is an energy. That traveled through wormholes. 

“A wormhole is a hypothetical structure that connects disparate points in spacetime. It can be visualized as a tunnel with two ends at separate points in spacetime (i.e., different locations, different points in time, or both). Wormholes are based on a special solution of the Einstein field equations. Wormholes are consistent with the general theory of relativity, but whether they actually exist is unknown. Many physicists postulate that wormholes are merely projections of a fourth spatial dimension, analogous to how a two-dimensional (2D) being could experience only part of a three-dimensional (3D) object.” (Wikipedia, Wormhole)

When energy or wave movement moves through the Einstein-Rosen bridge. That energy acts like water, which travels through the energy channel. In that model, dark energy forms in the maser emission. When a wormhole transports through the universe, the energy that travels inside it pulls energy into it. So it turns the wormhole’s outer shell colder, and it starts to pull energy into it. That energy that wormhole. Or an energy tornado that forms a channel through the universe increases the energy level of that wave movement. When that energy comes out from the wormhole, it increases the expansion of the universe. This means that the wormhole condenses energy from around it. 

“Open strings attached to a pair of D-branes”. So, could that effect mean? Do branes act like Casimir plates?

“Casimir forces on parallel plates” (Wikipedia, Casimir effect)

Casimir effect, image from Quanta magazine. 

“A wormhole visualized as a two-dimensional surface. Route (a) is the shortest path through normal space between points 1 and 2; route (b) is a shorter path through a wormhole.” (Wikipedia, Wormhole) 

If we connect the Casimir effect with the Brane theory, we can create a model where branes act like Casimir plates act in the Casimir effect. If the massive Casimir effect is behind dark energy, that explains why it seems to interact only between large megastructures. 

“In 1948, the Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir recognized that in the narrow space between two conducting plates, not all quantum fields can pop into existence. In this region, the long wavelengths get cut off. This leads to a lower energy density inside the plates than outside. The mismatch of energies creates a force that tries to push the plates together.”(Quanta). 

But if those energy fields that push those plates together are identical and their force is symmetrically the same, that causes the standing wave that pushes those plates away from each other. 

But in another version, the key element is that. The giant Casimir effect. Forms the dark energy. The idea is taken from the Casimir effect. In that effect. Two metal plates that are close to each other form an energy between them. Or as we know. The Casimir effect doesn’t form energy between two metal plates. It condenses energy between plates. Those that are close to each other. In models, the giant quantum fields can also act like Casimir plates. That means that the Casimir effect can be connected with the Brane theory. In Brane theory, the universe or spacetime forms. Of so-called branes. And those branes  can act as Casimir plates. in the Casimir effect. That energy. Starts to push plates away from each other. The outside energy tries to push those plates together. But standing waves don’t give in. 

In the Casimir system. The system collects energy using virtual particles. The Casimir effect begins when electrons jump between those plates. That forms the energy channel or energy vacuum. Side-coming energy fields try to feel those eruption channels. And that condenses energy into those points. There is a possibility that the universe-scale Casimir effect condenses energy between giant megastructures. When we think about the distance between the plates or the field, that makes the Casimir effect possible. Things that affect the Casimir effect are the stability of the system. The size of those plates is also important. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/string-theory-can-now-describe-a-universe-that-has-dark-energy-20260114/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Sitter_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Does dark energy exist?

"The universe’s accelerating expansion is usually attributed to an unseen force called dark energy. New research proposes that a deeper understanding of gravity and spacetime geometry might explain this behavior without invoking such a mystery. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, What if Dark Energy Doesn’t Exist? New Theory Could Rewrite Cosmic Expansion)

There are two types of energy, or quantum fields, in the universe. The local fields that surround galaxies and other gravity centers. And the global fields. These are sometimes called Higgs fields. Those fields are the base energy fields in the universe. Global fields exist in space between galaxy clusters. And they determine the minimum energy level in the universe. The expansion of the universe affects the global field more strongly than the local fields. The local field is like a bubble. That form is when energy and matter are. Pack around gravity centers. 

Like. Galaxies and black holes. Because those gravitational centers pull energy around them, the particle evaporation, or quantum evaporation, is slower around those gravity centers. When particles outside those local fields turn energy. Or wave movement faster than particles in the local fields. It can cause an effect that we cannot see. That evaporation form. When quantum fields turn weaker. Energy. 

That comes from the global field pushing local fields and turning their geometry. That quantum wind forms energy shadows that move objects inside those fields. So. When that energy hits the quantum field around the galaxy clusters. It. Forms a similar halo. The sun forms near Earth. The energy of those objects with the minimum energy level. It is not very strong, but there are lots of those objects. Far more. Than in the galaxy clusters. This means that the local fields around galaxies don’t let that energy come through them. 

The local fields are complex internal bubbles that surround stars, star clusters, galaxies, local galaxy clusters, and galaxy superclusters. Those fields make it hard to detect radiation that comes from the space between galaxy superclusters. So that energy can push the galaxy's halo. The halo around galaxies is far heavier. Than. A galaxy. When that halo moves, the galaxy in it moves. The problem is that. The galaxy is the dominant object. But the galaxy is not alone. Along. With the surrounding halos, dwarf galaxies, and star clusters, it forms the local system. The local system. It is very complex. Each dwarf galaxy has its own halo inside the main halo. Those halos are formed of dark matter and visible matter. 

That means other objects around the galaxy move in the same way relatively to the galaxy. So the virtual position of the dwarf galaxies around the massive or full-size galaxies remains the same. Or it's the same relatively to the central galaxy. Because. The local system. Remains in the same form. That means the local system moves as an entirety. The movement is hard to detect. If. The observer is that system. 

This halo is one of the things that makes it hard to detect low-energy objects. Outside. That halo. In the same way as local quantum fields, those halos are multi-layer bubbles that surround single galaxies. Local clusters. And super clusters. 

So if dark energy is the movement in the Higgs field. The next. Question is: What pushes that field into motion? The Higgs field. The base energy field is all around the universe. That field determines the base energy level in the universe. And the expansion of the universe. Causes the effect. The Higgs field turns weaker. This effect pulls energy out of particles. 

"AI-generated picture of the expansion of the universe. Credit: ZARM, Universität Bremen (AI generated)" (ScitechDaily, What if Dark Energy Doesn’t Exist? New Theory Could Rewrite Cosmic Expansion)

Again, does dark energy exist? That depends on how we determine dark energy. Is it energy? That just cannot. Travel through the galaxy's halo? Or, is it so weak energy or energy that the source is in such a small particle that we cannot separate it? The halo around the galaxy is so bright. That. We simply. Cannot see the radiation that is between galaxies. The problem is that the halo around the galaxy is so high-energy that it covers the energy. That is the particle at almost the minimum energy level. Transmits. In the case of dark energy, we should ask: What pushes energy in motion? Things like stars in the galaxy. And high energy. Shining nebulae cover that weak background radiation. Under. Radiation that comes from stars and other objects. 

The fact is that nobody knows. Dark energy can be a virtual situation that forms when the universe expands. Universe’s expansion. Causes a situation where quantum fields. Around particles turn weaker. That means material, or rather, particles, evaporate faster. This means particles turn into a wave movement. A particle is actually a pack of dense wave movement. The quantum field outside it. Keeps it in form. So when the energy level in the quantum field decreases. 

The energy level. Around the particle decreases. Particle releases wave movement. This increases energy in the universe. At the same time. When. The universe expands. The distance between objects rises. This causes the gravity effect between objects turn weaker. 

Quantum Evaporation. Along. With. A weaker gravitational effect. It can explain dark energy. Then the key problem is this: why is that thing so hard to detect? We should rather say why we cannot see that effect in small-scale systems. Things like galaxies and black holes are gravity centers. They pack energy fields around them. This means that. 

The large-scale quantum evaporation or particle evaporation. It cannot happen near galaxies. This means that the universe’s expansion doesn’t have a direct effect on the field around galaxies. Massive gravitation, along with energy that comes from stars, keeps that local quantum field, at least, more stable than the global field. The global field is the quantum field. Or the Higgs field, which is between galaxy clusters. The universe's expansion affects the global field more strongly than it affects the local field. 

https://scitechdaily.com/what-if-dark-energy-doesnt-exist-new-theory-could-rewrite-cosmic-expansion/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_field