The first moon outside our solar system may be found.

“This illustration shows the CD-35 2722 system. A star about half the Sun’s mass is orbited by a brown dwarf. 37 times more massive than Jupiter. The brown dwarf is itself orbited by a newly discovered Jupiter-mass object that behaves like a moon but is massive enough to be considered a planet. Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser.” (SitechDaily, Astronomers May Have Found the First Moon Beyond Our Solar System)

CD-35 2722 is a binary star system. A  solar system. Containing. A red dwarf and a brown dwarf. The red dwarf's mass is about half the Sun’s mass. Its companion star has a mass about 37 Jupiter masses. The companion star might have a massive companion. The Jupiter-mass object seems to orbit that massive brown dwarf. This could be the first time. When. Reseachers find a moon in another solar system. Finding exomoons is not as easy as people might believe. There are two ways to find those objects. One is the double dimming of the planet that travels between Earth and a distant star. The other thing is the exoplanet’s wobbling movement. There are many problems with those methods. A double-dim method fits. Only. For dim stars. The moon must really travel between the star and Earth. 

Another thing is that. The method doesn’t make a difference. Between ring systems and moons. A ring system can form the triple-dom effect. But in the case of bright stars. That method is not suitable. Another thing is that. If. The moon orbits an exoplanet that is very close to the red dwarf. That moon must orbit that planet in a polar trajectory. So the moon orbiter must be in the form. The trajectory keeps the moon at the same distance from the red dwarf. That means the trajectory must be a standing position relative to the star.  If. The moon’s trajectory takes it too close to the star. That causes the moon to fall onto the star. 

“Artist’s impression of the CD-35 2722 system. Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers May Have Found the First Moon Beyond Our Solar System)

If. The planet is far from the star. The moon cannot cause that effect. And the only way to find it is to follow the planet’s trajectory. The moon's mass relative to the planet must be high enough.  That. It can affect the planet’s trajectory. A planet. That mass is more than ten times Jupiter's. It is so large. The moon must also be massive. 

That it changes the planet’s trajectory. If. We use our solar system as a model. There could be lots of moons in those distant solar systems. But most of those moons are so small that they cannot affect the exoplanet's trajectory. Most of them could be Ceres- and maybe Galilean moon-sized worlds. This means they cannot affect even a small exoplanet’s trajectory. Even Earth-mass moons. They cannot affect the super-Jupiter’s trajectory. The large exoplanets. And brown dwarfs; they can have systems. Their moons orbit each other, forming complicated mini-solar systems. 

There are models there. Exoplanets' massive moons could host life. The brown dwarf orbits a star in the habitable zone. It can host even intelligent life. The moon must not orbit a brown or red dwarf in the habitable zone. The red dwarf can orbit the G-2 star in the habitable zone. If. The planet’s trajectory stands to the sun. That keeps the temperature on that moon stable. 

The brown or red dwarf orbits a yellow star. It can, along with the center star. Form habitable conditions on the moon that is outside the habitable zone of the G star and that dwarf star. But are there such solar systems? Maybe, maybe not. Also, the greenhouse effect in a planet’s atmosphere can keep it habitable at longer distances from its central star. The brown dwarfs' tidal forces are massive. And they could lock its moons. 

Than the habitable zone is. But. There are many more variables than just the greenhouse effect. But the greenhouse effect can keep the planet’s surface temperature warm. Even. If their distance from their central star is longer. Than the habitable zone around them is. That means that. Also, Red and orange dwarf stars’ planets. Can spin. And they can be away from their mass eruptions. But as I wrote many times. Many variables make planets and their moons habitable or non-habitable. There are many solar systems. They are all different. Maybe. It's not possible. To make a common model for habitable worlds. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-may-have-found-the-first-moon-beyond-our-solar-system/

Natural nuclear fission can cause false alien alarms.

Today there is only one natural nuclear reactor on Earth. That place is Oklo in Gabon. The U-235 level is so low that a natural nuclear reactor could form when some magma eruption happens through the uranium ore. But on some young exoplanets. The natural nuclear reactors can be quite common. The natural nuclear reactors on exoplanets. Can give false evidence about the alien existence. The age of the exoplanet must be right that the natural nuclear reactions can begin at the level, that outsiders can see it. 

The molecular cloud that forms exoplanets must involve enough uranium. That it can form a natural nuclear reactor. And the second thing is that something must rise that uranium on the exoplanet's shell. The uranium is the heaviest natural element. But if the planet's core is very active the vulcanism can raise uranium to the surface. 

Because that happened near the geological fault. That formed those natural nuclear fission reactors. Those uranium reactors seem to be in the sandstone line. That tells us that maybe those natural nuclear fission reactors formed when two uranium deposits impacted. The other can come horizontally when the magma pushes uranium into the sandstone vein. The other can rise horizontally when magma pushes uranium up following the fault. The "surface" means that the uranium is closer to the shell than usual. But it's still very deep. 

The natural nuclear fission reactors of Oklo:

1) Nuclear reactor zones

2) Sandstone

3) Uranium ore layer

4) Granite (Wikipedia, Oklo) 

When we think about the Earth's geological history. The natural nuclear reactors could be quite common in Earth younghood. But then the mass of fissile material decreased and geological catastrophes buried those natural nuclear reactors. The same thing the volcanic eruption that formed the natural nuclear reactor can bury it into magma. If the bottom of that nuclear field falls to the magma, that uranium can fall to the planet's core. 

Can civilization form without fire? Or can civilization use volcanic temperatures to make tools? 

Another interesting thought that is connected with natural fire is this. Maybe the humans melted metals first time in volcanic lava. That means that ancient homo sapiens maybe saw that the volcanic eruption melted some black stones to iron metal. That thing can seem non-remarkable detail. But the thing. 

That we used to determine one of the most vital elements for civilization to advance or begin is the ability to make fire. The fire should close the sea planet's species away from the ability to form civilization. 

Fire doesn't burn in water. But underwater volcanoes can melt metals. The interesting question is what made humans make fire? And what was the first time when humans melted iron? How do they realize that stones can be melted? The interesting theory is that humans saw that volcanic temperatures melted metal ore into another form. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/earth-natural-nuclear-reactor/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_nuclear_fission_reactor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklo

Astronomers found Bernard star's planets after a 100-year hunt.

"For a century, astronomers have been studying Barnard’s Star in the hope of finding planets around it. First discovered by E. E. Barnard at Yerkes Observatory in 1916, it is the nearest single star system to Earth. Now, using in part the Gemini North telescope, one half of the International Gemini Observatory, partly funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation and operated by NSF NOIRLab, astronomers have discovered four sub-Earth exoplanets orbiting the star. " (ScitechDaily, After 100 Years of Searching, Astronomers Confirm Four Planets at Barnard’s Star)

"One of the planets is the least massive exoplanet ever discovered using the radial velocity technique, indicating a new benchmark for discovering smaller planets around nearby stars. Credit: International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/P. Marenfeld" (ScitechDaily, After 100 Years of Searching, Astronomers Confirm Four Planets at Barnard’s Star)

"This illustration shows Barnard's star, with the correct size and temperature/color, as orbited by the four recently confirmed exoplanets around it. All four exoplanets are close in, with orbits ranging from 2.3 to 6.7 days, and small in mass: between 0.17 and 0.34 Earth masses." (BigThink, Confirmed at last: exoplanets found around nearest single star) (Zoom image)

"Throughout most of the history of astronomy, we knew only of the planets in our own Solar System; the presence or absence of planets around other stars could not be determined. Although the first planets beyond our Solar System, exoplanets, were discovered in 1992, several “false detections,” including around the nearest singlet star to our own, Barnard’s star, came earlier. In 2018, another “false” exoplanet around Barnard’s star was announced, and then refuted in 2021. But now, at last, we’ve found Barnard star’s elusive exoplanets, and they have so much to teach us." BigThink, Confirmed at last: exoplanets found around nearest single star)

Bernard's star has four planets. All of them are sub-earth planets, smaller than Earth. Bernard's star is a very small red dwarf. It's the closest single star to the Sun. 

Slightly larger than Jupiter. And that means the small planets can be seen against that planet. The red dwarf is very close to Earth. The distance between the Sun and Bernard's star is 5.9629 light years. 

Bernard's star is the fourth known individual star. Three components of Alpha Centauri are closer to it. Close distance and dim light make it possible to see those planets when they travel over the star.  And that helps to find those four planets. 

"This artist’s impression shows Barnard b, a sub-Earth-mass planet that was discovered orbiting Barnard’s star. Its signal was detected with the ESPRESSO instrument on ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT), and astronomers were able to confirm it with data from other instruments. An earlier promising detection in 2018 around the same star could not be confirmed by these data. On this newly discovered exoplanet, which has at least half the mass of Venus but is too hot to support liquid water, a year lasts just over three Earth days." (Wikipedia, Barnard's Star b)

About 100 years astronomers knew that Bernard's star proprietary movement was wobbling. And that gave the possibility that there are planets around that star. And now astronomers confirmed those planet's existence. Those four planets are revolutionary because they have been hunted for so long. They are also smaller than Earth. 

And now we know the solar system. That has four smaller planets than Earth. All of those planets are very small. And that makes them interesting. The sub-earth existence around that star means that there can be more surprises around red dwarfs. That means there can also be sub-earths in well-known exoplanet systems. 

When we think about Earth and our own solar system we always forget that the Earth is the largest of rocky planets. Only gas giants are larger than Earth. And all other rocky planets are smaller than Earth. This is one way. We can see things when we think about exoplanets. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/confirmed-exoplanets-nearest-single-star/

https://scitechdaily.com/after-100-years-of-searching-astronomers-confirm-four-planets-at-barnards-star/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard%27s_Star

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard%27s_Star_b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars

Stars and planets that should not exist.

"A binary star system in the center of the Milky Way provides new clues as to how stars form around the central black hole. Credit: NASA/CXC/MIT/F.K.Baganoff et al."(ScitechDaily, A binary star system in the center of the Milky Way provides new clues as to how stars form around the central black hole. Credit: NASA/CXC/MIT/F.K.Baganoff et al.)

Our knowledge of planet and star formations expands. And that brings planets and stars that should not exist in front of our eyes. The thing that makes planet or star formation possible or impossible is the energy. And radiation that comes from the star. Or from the radiation center. The black holes and stars both cause particle flow and radiation that can destroy protoplanets or protostars that are too close to them. And, of course, the gravity field can rip protoplanets into pieces. 

Or why impossible star formation exists is simple. Those planets and stars can born somewhere else, and then the star or planet can travel to the orbiter of the gravity center. The rogue planet that comes to a star's or black hole's gravity field can start to orbit them. The same thing that fits stars fits planets. We know that pulsars have planets that formed probably in the supernova debris. 

"Artist’s illustration. Gaia detected this candidate exoplanet, named Gaia-4b, with astrometry. Now, follow-up spectroscopy has confirmed its existence. It’s about twelve times more massive than Jupiter and orbits the star called Gaia-4, around 244 light-years away. Credit: ESA/Gaia/DPAC/M. Marcussen" (ScitechDaily, A Star’s Tiny Wobble Just Revealed a Massive Planet That Shouldn’t Exist)

The planet called "Poltergeist" (PSR B1257+12 B) is one of those planets that orbit neutron stars. There can be millions of stars in the universe that orbit black holes. The most well-known binary star where a regular star's companion is the blue supergiant star Cygnus X-1. It's possible that the black hole captured the supergiant into its orbiter. Or anyway, the blue supergiant distance to the black hole can also turn smaller. 

The position with that other star was not the same in the case: Cygnus X-1's mass center collapsed into a black hole. There is a prediction or suspicion that the Cygnus X-1 is a binary star with a black hole component. In Cygnus X-1, the blue supergiant variable star HDE 226868 orbits some invisible object. The best candidate for that object is a stellar-mass black hole. The blue variable star is ending its existence as a star. And it will also turn into a supernova. 

If that invisible component of the Cygnus X-1 does not pull so much material out from that blue supergiant. Its mass will decrease below the critical point. And the result will be the neutron star. 

 That explains why that first supernova didn't destroy the blue supergiant. The interaction between those stars is interesting. The black hole pulls material from the blue supergiant but also sends radiation to that star. This means the blue supergiant is hotter than it should be, but it loses its mass, and that can affect its turn to explode as a supernova. 

And otherwise saying the entire galaxy orbits around the supermassive black hole. We can say that all stars in the Milky Way wait for their destiny. That destiny is to fall in the supermassive black hole Sgr*A which is the mass center of our galaxy. Another fate can be the case when Andromeda galaxy impacts our galaxy. That impact happened a couple of billions of years ago. And when that black hole travels through our galaxy it would destroy lots of stars and planets. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-just-found-a-star-system-that-shouldnt-exist-near-a-supermassive-black-hole/

 https://scitechdaily.com/a-stars-tiny-wobble-just-revealed-a-massive-planet-that-shouldnt-exist/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygnus_X-1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12_B

How can rogue planets form?

"A groundbreaking study suggests rogue planets form in a dramatic way — through violent disk collisions in young star clusters, not failed star formation. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Discovered a Violent New Way Rogue Planets Are Made)

The rogue planets can form when two forming planets' planetary disks impact together. When those material disks impact each other, and they rotate opposite sides that can form the material whirl that travels out from the star's gravity field. In that case, impacting material whirls act like catapults and throw those planets into interstellar space. Those planets can someday travel to another solar system and cause chaotic situations like impacts. 

Another thing that can form rogue planets is supernova or nova eruptions. The post-stellar planets that form in nova and supernova debris can also turn rogue planets. When neutron stars or white dwarfs pull some other planet to them, that detonation can throw other planets away from that star remnant orbital. 

The ultimate fast winds and very hot conditions in exoplanets' atmosphere can cause a situation in there is an explosion in the planet's atmosphere. If there is some eruption or asteroid impact that kind of situation can throw lots of atmosphere from around the planet. That thing can cause a very powerful punch to the planet or its moon. 

If that object travels to its star at a certain angle or goes a little bit past the star, gravity can push it into a half-elliptical trajectory. The light and small moon maybe the size of Earth's Moon or Saturn's Enceladus can travel out of the solar system and then start to collect material on it. 

"Illustration of LTT 9779 b, the only known ultra-hot Neptune. This planet orbits so close to its star that its atmosphere is scorching hot, glowing from its own heat while also reflecting starlight. Because it is tidally locked — always showing the same side to its star — one half is permanently in daylight while the other remains in darkness. New JWST observations with NIRISS reveal a dynamic atmosphere: powerful winds sweep around the planet, shaping mineral clouds as they condense into a bright, white arc on the slightly cooler western side of the dayside. As these clouds move eastward, they evaporate under the intense heat, leaving the eastern dayside with clear skies. Credit: Benoit Gougeon, Université de Montréal" (ScitechDaily, A 2,000°C Inferno That Still Shimmers: An Ultra-Hot Neptune’s Mystery)

There is the possibility that some other planet pushes exoplanets away from their trajectory to their star. And then the explosion in the star causes a situation in the atmosphere and seas on that planet to boil or explode. And that effect can push small planets to interstellar space. The strong winds on the planet can also make an eruption that can push the planet away from its trajectory. That kind of situation can happen when an icy planet suddenly starts to travel to its own star. 

Suddenly vaporizing hydrocarbon or maybe helium and hydrogen ice can push the atmosphere away and cause the rocket effect. It's possible. The remarkable mass of the planet is frozen gas. And that vaporization can decrease its size and mass remarkably. 

Also in that kind of case the star's own gravity can act as a gravity sling that pushes the planet away from its trajectory and accelerates it into interstellar space. 

The planet can also form when some asteroid travels in the middle of the cosmic molecular nebula. That gravity center can pull material around it, and form even a large-size planet. That kind of thing can cause the form of icy super Jupiter that travels in interstellar space. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-2000c-inferno-that-still-shimmers-an-ultra-hot-neptunes-mystery/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-just-discovered-a-violent-new-way-rogue-planets-are-made/

 https://scitechdaily.com/red-dwarf-fury-how-wolf-359s-radiation-may-fry-alien-atmospheres/

https://scitechdaily.com/33000-km-h-winds-scientists-just-found-the-fastest-jetstream-on-an-alien-world/

ESA's Gaia satellite found two massive planets.

"This is an artist impression of the exoplanet Gaia-4b and the brown dwarf Gaia-5b, which were both discovered by ESA’s Gaia mission. This artist impression visualises a portion of the orbital motions as determined by Gaia’s astrometric data. The stars and planets are not to scale. Credit: ESA/Gaia/DPAC/M. Marcussen" (ScitechDaily, Gaia Just Found Two Massive Objects That Shouldn’t Exist – And Astronomers Are Stunned)


Objects called Gaia-4b and Gaia-5b are massive exoplanets. Or actually, Gaia 5b is a brown dwarf. That orbits a red dwarf 134 ly away from Earth. Its mass is about 21 Jupiters. Gaia-4b is about 12 times as massive as Jupiter. The distance to that object is 244 ly. That means those planets or brown dwarfs are quite close to Earth. The Gaia 4 and 5 are M-type stars. And that means they are very low-mass objects. So how do those low-mass objects reach their substellar massive companions? One of the explanations can be that.

Maybe Gaia 4b and 5b are rogue objects that formed somewhere else. Then, those low-mass stars catch those objects to orbit them. That means that the galaxy might involve many more surprises. Rogue planets or substellar large objects can form from the nova or supernova debris. They can also form around some other stars and then nova or supernova eruption can push them out from their orbit and that forms the rogue planet.

The other star can steal the other star's planets. And can Gaia-4b and 5b be the first evidence that this happens?

The third possibility is that if some massive object orbits its star in a long distance a more massive object can pull it out from its orbitals. That means the low-mass stars like M-type red dwarfs and brown dwarfs can pull distant planets to orbit them. The requirement for that process is that the red dwarf's gravity is stronger than maybe a bigger star's gravity.

Also, things like neutron stars and black holes energy beams, cosmic collisions, and many other things can push distant planets out of their trajectory. It's possible. That the galaxy is full of icy planets that travel around. Some researchers say that maybe most of the planets can be rogue planets. Those things can cause massive revolutions in solar systems if they arrive there.

https://www.esa.int/ESA_Multimedia/Videos/2025/02/Animation_of_Gaia-5b

https://scitechdaily.com/gaia-just-found-two-massive-objects-that-shouldnt-exist-and-astronomers-are-stunned/

The story of two exoplanets.

"Astronomers have recently uncovered a rare multi-planetary system featuring a Hot Jupiter accompanied by both an inner Super-Earth and a distant giant planet. This fascinating configuration, identified through decades of observations and cutting-edge spectrography, challenges traditional notions of planet migration and system formation. Credit: ESO/L. Calçada". (ScitechDaily, Secrets of Hot Jupiters Revealed: WASP-132 Breaks the Rules of Planetary Systems)

Sometimes. Hot Jupiters are hotter than their stars. Those usually locked gas planets get energy from their star. But, also massive friction that the wind that travels between night and day releases energy. There is a very strong wind at the locked planets. And that also raises their temperature. Because gas planets' clouds orbit at different speeds. That causes friction that turns especially gas planets very hot. 

The WASP-132b  is a planet between two hot Jupiters. The mass of WASP-132b is 0,4 times Earth. The orbital period of that exoplanet is>7.13 days That planet orbits the K-4 type star known as WASP-132. That orange dwarf has a surface temperature of 4714 K. The WASP-132b has a mass of about half Jupiter. Its surface temperature is about 490 C. 

(Wikipedia, WASP-132)

There are also two massive planets in that planetary system. WASP-132 c and WASP-132d. The WASP-132 b is between those two exoplanets. The WASP-132c is also hot Jupiter with 6,26 times Earth's mass near the star. Its orbital period is a little bit >1.0 days And the WASP-132 d with a mass that is >5,16 Earth mass. The orbital period of that exoplanet is far from others. The orbital period of that exoplanet is over 1816 days. That exoplanet looks too far that it can stabilize its solar system. 

When we think about the masses of those planets the most distant of those planets is also heaviest. But the question is how the WASP 132 b can exist. The star and its closest companion should pull that small planet to the star. So the order of those planets gives a hint, that the WASP-132 might have an invisible companion. Can there be a primordial black hole in that system? Or how the most out-exoplanet WASP-132 d can otherwise stabilize its solar system? Can the primordial black hole lurk in the WASP-132 d? 

There is a theory that low-mass black holes can lurk in hollow planets or asteroids. They can pull gas and dust shells near their event horizon. And that means those things can look like gas planets. Or they can form even solid shells around them. Sometimes researchers believe that the ninth planet (planet X) is a so-called primordial black hole that is about grapefruit size. 

Can J1407b: Super-Saturn be the primordial black hole?

An artist's impression of exoplanet J1408b. 

Could exoplanet J1408b be a primordial black hole?

The J1408b is normally called "Saturn on steroids". That means the planet's ultimate large ring system. Sometimes, researchers ask why those rings don't rip that planet in pieces. One answer could be that J1408b is so heavy. And dense planet that the massive ring system cannot rip in pieces. Another interesting question is how that ring system can stay orbiting that planet. 

The mass of those rings is extreme. But the orbiting speed of those particles must be high enough that the planet doesn't start to pull them into its atmosphere. That means the most out particles of that ring system should flee to space. And the answer for why that large ring system remains can be the primordial black hole. The extremely low-mass black hole can pull cloud systems around it. Theoretically, that kind of small, probably coin-size black hole can be in planets. The black hole can pull the cloud of fast-orbiting dust layer near its event horizon. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/is-planet-nine-a-black-hole-or-a-planet-harvard-scientists-suggest-a-way-to-find-out/

https://science.nasa.gov/resource/j1407b-super-saturn/

https://scitechdaily.com/from-hollow-planetoids-to-earthly-anomalies-the-hunt-for-primordial-black-holes/

https://scitechdaily.com/secrets-of-hot-jupiters-revealed-wasp-132-breaks-the-rules-of-planetary-systems/

https://www.space.com/planet-nine-black-hole-test-lsst.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP-132

The smooth material disk around the Vega challenges planet formation theories.

"This two-panel view of the debris disk around Vega shows Hubble's (left) and JWST's (right) views, respectively. Hubble reveals a wide disk of dust, showcasing particles approximately the size of smoke particles, while JWST shows the glow of warm (larger-sized) dust particles distributed throughout the Vega system, with only one small dip in brightness at double the Sun-Neptune distance." (BigThink, JWST compels us to ask: what’s wrong with Vega?)

"The 5th brightest star in our night sky is young, blue, and apparently devoid of massive planets. New JWST observations deepen the mystery." (BigThink, JWST compels us to ask: what’s wrong with Vega?)

"Prominent in the night sky, Vega is among the brightest stars and happens to be young, close, blue, and still possessing a dusty debris disk around it. Augmenting previous observations by Hubble and ALMA, JWST’s MIRI instrument observed its face-on disk, finding a surprise: it’s smooth and symmetric, with barely any hints of planets at all. Unlike a very similar nearby star, Fomalhaut, Vega appears to be almost entirely structure-free. Perhaps it’s simply showcasing to us just how diverse planetary systems can be." (BigThink, JWST compels us to ask: what’s wrong with Vega?)

"This interpretation of the combined ESA Herschel and NASA Spitzer data shows a potential configuration of that system based on the data as of 2013: a broad outer belt with a thin, warm inner belt. We now know that there are not large mass planets in that “gap” region, but rather a uniform disk of debris, showing scant evidence for any planetary structure at all." (BigThink, JWST compels us to ask: what’s wrong with Vega?)

"This is a James Webb Space Telescope view of a 100-billion-mile-wide disk of dust around the star Vega. The disk is remarkably smooth and there is no debatable evidence for planet formation taking place. Webb resolves the glow of warm dust in a disk halo, at 23 billion miles out. The outer disk (analogous to the solar system’s Kuiper Belt) extends from 7 billion miles to 15 billion miles. The inner disk extends from the inner edge of the outer disk down to close proximity to the star. There is a notable dip in surface brightness of the inner disk from approximately 3.7 to 7.2 billion miles. The black spot at the center is due to lack of data from saturation. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, K. Su (University of Arizona), A. Gáspár (University of Arizona)" (ScitechDaily, Legendary Star’s Smooth Disk Mystifies Astronomers, Challenges Planet Formation Theories)

The material disk around one of the brightest stars in the sky, Vega, is smooth. That is an interesting thing. In planet formation theories. There must be some disturbance in those material disks. That gravity center can start to collect material around them. 

There must be some gravity center that collects material around it. Planet formation cannot begin. In homogenous material nebulas. That thing makes the gravity center that creates the planet. The smooth planetary disk around Vega tells us that there might not be planets. 

The planet forms some kind of denser area in that dust. So there might not planet around Vega. The first planets that form around the stars are gas giants. Then the smaller planets form between those gas giants and the star. There is no evidence of the planet in the Vega's disk. The Vega is also very smooth and that is one of the biggest surprises. Vega is a blue, hot young star whose radiation level is very high. That can cause a situation in which the planets cannot start to form around it. 

Maybe the strong radiation pressure from Vega blows the protoplanets back into the dust. Or maybe the radiation pressure prevents the whirls from forming. Without them, the protoplanet cannot even start to form. If the planet goes too close to its star, that causes vaporization. The planet turns back to dust. 

There are gas giants near red dwarfs. Those gas giants are sometimes hotter than M-spectral type, 3400 C red dwarfs. But the temperature of spectral type A star, Vega is about 10000C. That means this temperature will vaporize the planet if it goes too close to that star. The Vega is one of the most interesting stars in the sky. It's young and hot. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/jwst-what-wrong-vega/

https://scitechdaily.com/legendary-stars-smooth-disk-mystifies-astronomers-challenges-planet-formation-theories/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vega

By the way. 

Do you remember that in Carl Sagan's famous novel and the movie based on that book: "Contact" the alien race makes contact with humans using radio telescopes that orbit the Vega star? So that fictional novel causes ideas that maybe, in the future our most powerful telescopes might orbit the sun. 

The giant radio telescope can be like a whip. The extremely long transmitter antenna can be the wire that is connected to the weight or another satellite. Then that wire starts to rotate. That kind of telescope's size doesn't have limits. The long wire can also act as a powerful radar system that can take the radar images of the other planets. 

The thing is that the next-generation radio telescopes can be satellites that are connected with gravitational wave observatories. Those systems can have IR, visible light, and radio telescopes. That thing can open new ways to understand gravity waves. The gravity telescopes are triangles that are made of laser beams. When researchers connect information that they get from optical, radiowaves, and gravity waves they can see what kinds of reactions create those gravity waves. 

Is K2-18b an inhabited planet? Many people say "no".

  Is K2-18b an inhabited planet? Many people say "no". 

The K2-18b is a mini Neptune. The planet's mass is about 8 times of Earth. And the distance to that planet is 124 ly. The JWST found some "weak signs of life" on that planet. K2-18b habitable zone but that doesn't mean that there are lifeforms. 

The temperature of K2-18b is about zero Celsius. There is no ocean in that planet's atmosphere. But there is a water vapor. But the planet itself is dry. And that means there are no endemic advanced lifeforms. 

The JWST telescope found these elements from K2-18b's atmosphere. 

-Methane

-Carbon dioxide

-Hydrogen

-and probably dimethyl sulfide from that planet's atmosphere. 

In some rumors, there are some kind of radio signals detected from that exoplanet. Those rumors are the result of misunderstandings. The "signs of life" that the JWST telescope sees are the gasses that JWST saw in that planet's atmospheric spectrum. Those signs are interesting. But they are not straight technosignals. 

The radio or techno signals from dry planets that cannot host life can mean that something that comes outside that solar system made the base on that planet. That is one thing that we should think about. When we research the signals that the origin is or seems to be outside our solar system. 

Same way. We can conclude that "weak techno signals" are signs of just starting industrialization. But if those signs come from a dry world. That cannot be habitable. That could also tell about the alien base on those planets. 

"The most common “sized” world in the galaxy is a super-Earth, between 2 and 10 Earth masses, such as Kepler 452b, illustrated at right. But the illustration of this world as “Earth-like” in any way may be mistaken, as it’s more likely to either have a large, volatile gas envelope, making it a mini-Neptune, or to be a hot, stripped planetary core: like a scaled-up version of Mercury." (BigThink.com/Is K2-18b an inhabited ocean world? Don’t bet on it)

"When starlight passes through a transiting exoplanet’s atmosphere, signatures are imprinted. Depending on the wavelength and intensity of both emission and absorption features, the presence or absence of various atomic and molecular species within an exoplanet’s atmosphere can be revealed through the technique of transit spectroscopy. JWST cannot get spectra for Earth-sized planets around Sun-like stars, but Habitable Worlds Observatory finally will". (BigThink.com/Is K2-18b an inhabited ocean world? Don’t bet on it)

"The CHEOPS mission discovered three planets around the star Nu2 Lupi. The innermost planet is rocky and contains only a thin atmosphere, while the second and third planets discovered have large, volatile-rich envelopes. Although some are still calling them super-Earths, it’s very clear that not only are they not rocky, but most of the planets we call super-Earths are not like Earth at all in any meaningful way. This extends to all exoplanets with a radius above 1.7 Earth radii, with many of smaller sizes still having hydrogen and helium envelopes". (BigThink.com/Is K2-18b an inhabited ocean world? Don’t bet on it)

"This plot shows the spectrum, from 0.8-5.0 microns, of exoplanet K2-18b as taken with JWST. The signal is shown with data points with error bars; the interpretation of the signal by the discovering group is shown alongside it." (BigThink.com/Is K2-18b an inhabited ocean world? Don’t bet on it)

"What do planets outside our solar system, or exoplanets, look like? A variety of possibilities are shown in this illustration. Scientists discovered the first exoplanets in the 1990s. As of 2023, the tally stands at just over 5,000 confirmed exoplanets. None are known to be inhabited, but a few raise tantalizing possibilities: largely among the Earth-sized planets, not the super-Earth-sized ones". (BigThink.com/Is K2-18b an inhabited ocean world? Don’t bet on it)

But then I must return to the BLC-1 from Proxima B. 

The radio signal from Proxima Centauri B can have multiple origins. They could be some kind of plasma reflection from that planet's Van Allen belt. When some extraordinarily strong supernova blast happens that thing can send radio waves to Proxima B:s plasma belts. 

The Proxima B is a dry quite cold exoplanet. The surface temperature average is -39C. That means there could be oceans inside the ice. But there are no, at least endemic civilizations. This thing makes the Proxima B signal even more interesting than it has been. The thing that makes the BLC-1 signal interesting is that it does not repeat. The unique types of signals like BLC-1 and WoW! are the things that make them interesting. 

What could be the origin of the radio signals?

1) The signal could be a reflection from plasma rings around that planet. 

2) Signals can reflect anywhere between that planet and Earth.

3) Signal is created something that we cannot even imagine.

So if there are some kind of radio signals from that direction. The conditions on that planet make this situation quite complicated because that signal probably doesn't come from Proxima B. Or even if that signal comes from that direction could be a reflection from its Van Allen belt. The plasma belt that surrounds planets can reflect radio signals. And the origin of those signals can be anywhere in space. 

There is one interesting hypothesis about the WoW! and BLC-1 signals. 

One possibility is the probe that is sent by some other civilization. If we think that the signal happens only once there is the possibility that the signal can be the call signal. In that case, the probe acts like a computer. When it connects to the internet. It sends the call signal to the base or server that it is ready, and then the server or base sends the unique channel for the probe. 

The idea is that the probe, controlled by highly advanced AI has been in shutdown condition while it travels in space. When it arrives in the solar system, Proxima Centauri. It wakes up and makes its landing process fully automatic. Then that probe sends a signal that it's ready for work. 

In that hypothesis, the alien civilization that sent that probe saw the radio transmissions from the direction of Alpha Centauri. They might think that the signals are coming from Alpha Centauri, not the yellow star behind that triple star. And then they send probes to that solar system seeking another civilization. The idea of that hypothesis is that also humans are sending techno signatures around the universe. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2-18b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLC1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wow!_signal

The first exoplanet that JWST found has no atmosphere.

Above: Artist's impression of exoplanet LHS 475 b

Even the perfect size of an exoplanet doesn't guarantee that there are lifeforms. The exoplanet LHS 475 b is 99% of Earth. But the problem is that it doesn't have an atmosphere at all. Or an extremely thin atmosphere. In the last case, the planet captures star wind around it. That means the extremely thin atmosphere could be external. And that is a remarkable thing. The LHS 475 b orbits the red dwarf star in the Octans constellation 41 light years from Earth. 

 Even large rocky planets can be without an atmosphere. And that expands our knowledge of planets. The exoplanet LHS 475 b is the first exoplanet found by the JWST telescope. But that planet is extremely hostile to lifeforms. So even a large size doesn't guarantee that the exoplanet has an atmosphere. 

But the reason for the lost atmosphere is also interesting. The lack of atmosphere can be the reason for the lack of a magnetic field. In that case, the solar wind blows the atmosphere away. And if that thing is true, there is a possibility that the planet is a so-called "zombie world" where is no radioactive material left. 

And that thing means that the LHS 475 b could be a very old planet. There is a possibility that this exoplanet is sometimes born near some other star. And then supernova- or nova eruption pushed it away from its orbiter. Then another star could capture that rogue planet. Those kinds of things are making LHS 475 b very interesting. 

https://astrobiology.com/2023/01/webb-discovers-lhs-475-b-an-earth-sized-rocky-planet.html

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/no-atmosphere-jwst-exoplanet/

https://webbtelescope.org/contents/media/images/2023/102/01GNVWTAZKPVD1GNC0HZF52YTB

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/

Can M-type red dwarfs have habitable planets?

Artist’s illustration of a young red dwarf stripping away a planet’s atmosphere. Credit: NASA, ESA, and D. Player (STScI) (ScitechDaily.com/Discovery Could Dramatically Speed Up the Search for Extraterrestrial Life)

Young  M-type star erupts very often. And those eruptions can strip the atmosphere off their planets. But otherwise, those small stars are extremely long living. And there is always the possibility that those exoplanets could re-form their atmospheres. The reason for that is when an M-type red dwarf goes more mature. It turns restless. 

But young M-type red dwarfs are very active. And that makes forming life on their planets very hard. Also, the gravitation of a red dwarf is not as powerful as the Sun's gravitation. So if an exoplanet form too far from the M-type star it can just fly away and turn into a rogue planet. 

In this text, the main focus is on the forming of liquid water. That thing is one of the primary elements that make the form of life possible. The primary element in this process is that the temperature on the planet is suitable so that hydrogen and oxygen can burn and form water. 

When the planet is locked, there is the possibility that the heat of the star will blow its atmosphere away. The supermassive exoplanets or super-earth can also have oceans, but there is the possibility that those oceans are so hot that there are no lifeforms. When we are thinking about Gliese 436 B, an exoplanet that has hot ice on its surface. In that case, the planet's gravitation will pull water to ice. In those conditions, the gravitation denies the vaporization of the hot ice. 

There is also the possibility that some massive water worlds have conditions where there is ice on the bottom of the ocean. In that case. Massive gravitation with water pressure makes ice to the ocean's bottom. And if the ocean covers the entire planet. It acts like the gas giant's atmosphere. 

Gas giants' atmosphere rotates at different speeds in each latitude. That thing is visible in image two where you can see Jupiter and its stripes. The windspeed in each latitude is different. 

And that forms stripes in their atmosphere. A similar effect can happen in water planets' oceans if it covers the entire planet. That means there would be sectors where the water speed is different and that causes massive friction. 

And if the deep water layer covers the entire planet, the friction between different water layers will turn that giant ocean into an extremely hot place. And in the case of large super-earths gravitation will keep water liquid even if its temperature is far higher than the vaporization point on earth. 

Image 2 Jupiter is a typical gas giant. 

Those giant oceans are forming clouds and the nightside of the planet is freezing. So those things stabilize the temperature of that planet. But then we must realize that gravitation on that planet must be suitable so that the vaporization of water happens in the absolute right temperatures. That temperature is important for enzymes. Also, if the planet's gravitation is strong, it will pull the atmosphere to flat. Of course, the gas in that atmosphere is extremely thick.

But there is also a super-earth with no atmosphere for some other reasons. In the cases when there are exoplanets without water there are no clouds. And clouds are things that protect the planet's surface from powerful radiation. Also, the atmosphere transports heat to the night side of the locked exoplanets. And the gas layer will stabilize the temperature of the exoplanets. 

If a very young exoplanet goes too close to the M-type dwarf that thing can blow the gas layers from the exoplanet. The M-type dwarf is one of the most typical stars in the Universe. And almost all researchers said, that there could be no lifeforms on those planets. The reason for that is those planets are locked. 

But as we know, many variables affect the forming of the atmosphere. There is a time window when the water can form in the atmosphere of exoplanets. If the planet is too hot the radiation from the star can blow its atmosphere away. 

In the case that the planet is too cold. Water cannot form from oxygen and hydrogen. 

Image 3. Planet Mercury

So researchers think that M dwarf blows the atmosphere away from its planets that are in the habitable zone. So in those cases, the planets share the fate of Mercury. 

Planet Mercury is a very small planet. There is the possibility that Mercury ever had an atmosphere. The radiation pressure that comes from the Sun is higher than red, M-type dwarfs. The sun is a G-type star with a surface temperature of 6000 K. And it's much hotter than M- type red dwarfs. The surface temperature of M-type red dwarfs is 2,400–3,700 K. 

And an M-type dwarf is not anything like the Sun at all. It's far smaller and it's colder than our sun. So the data collected from the Sun should not compare with M-type dwarf stars. 

The solar systems of those stars are small. In the solar or stellar system of the Gliese 581, three confirmed exoplanets would fit inside Mercury's orbital. There is the possibility. That there are Earth-size exoplanets with an atmosphere around the M-type dwarfs. 

https://scitechdaily.com/discovery-could-dramatically-speed-up-search-for-extraterrestrial-life/

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/water-world-extrasolar-planet-loaded-hot-ice

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_581

Image 1: https://scitechdaily.com/discovery-could-dramatically-speed-up-search-for-extraterrestrial-life/

Image 2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupiter

Image 3: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(planet)

What kind of exoplanets do intelligent life forms need?

The artist's vision of the exoplanet "Proxima B". The surface of the closest known exoplanet, "Proxima B" or "Proxima Centauri B", could look like this artist's vision. 

If the planet's surface is too hostile there will not form lifeforms. Life as we know it requires liquid water. And of course, life needs the right environment for advancement. But when we are trying to think about what is the right environment for creating advanced civilizations we must realize one thing. 

There must be some reason for intelligence. The species must get some benefit from intelligence. And that means that if the conditions on the planet are too stable there is no need for intelligence. 

The planet that is favorable for the development of life is not necessarily favorable for the development of intelligence. There must happen something that makes evolution benefit intelligent lifeforms. 

Species like humans use intelligence to adapt the environmental changes. Intelligence makes humans more flexible than other species. We can make houses and clothes to protect us against the weather. 

The water layer on the planet itself cannot guarantee that life is possible on those planets. 

We can also move to places where no other species can live.  But the fact is that we must have the motivation to make that thing. 

But if the pressure on that planet is too high, the water can boil. Also, a strong gravitational field can cause the water cannot to vaporize. There are planets where massive gravitation pulls water to hot ice. 

The temperature of that ice can be extremely hot. But gravitation denies it's boiling. So water layer itself doesn't guarantee that life is possible on those planets. 

If we think of things like water worlds or planets that are covered by a water layer those planets can offer the perfect place for underwater species. The water gives good protection against cosmic radiation. 

But could those species turn intelligent and fly to space? The thing is that if those underwater creatures use volcanic temperature. They can create metallurgy.

And they can use the "space suits" filled with water. That allows them to breathe on the gills at drylands.  

In too favorable conditions a large number of descendants is enough. There must happen something. That makes species turn to favor the high-quality descendants. 

Species requires intelligence to find nutrient. And maybe the ice ages are the reason why humans are so intelligent. In those conditions, the ability to solve problems. And making new inventions was important for survivability. 

Intelligence is the key element of advanced technology. And advanced technology requires places where individuals can develop it. The key role in that process is the need for those inventions. 

Image: Pinterest

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/

Astronomers found that exoplanet TOI-1452 b could be a so-called water world.

Artist's impression of exoplanet TOI-1452 b

The anatomy of water worlds. 

Exoplanet TOI-1452 b is orbiting red dwarf TOI-1452 for 11 days. There is a possibility, that a thick water layer covers the entire exoplanet TOI-1452 b. That thing makes that exoplanet very interesting. TOI-1452 b is 70 times larger than Earth and five times more massive than our planet. TOI-1452 b is possible a locked planet where powerful winds are blowing because the difference in temperature between day and night sides is very big. So what kind of world the water world can be? 

That temperature difference causes extremely strong winds. The windspeed in those jet streams can rise over Mach 1. The difference in the wind speed in latitudes causes the stripes in the water world's atmosphere and the friction between those stripes will heat the atmosphere of the water world. 

And if there forms some kind of hurricanes in the atmosphere of water worlds those hurricanes can stay years. The water worlds have stripes because there is nothing that can disturb the atmosphere. Forming clouds requires islands or dry areas. Ans waves require that there is some kind of shoals. 

If there are no shoals or landmass the oceans can be very slight, because nothing will cause the waves. There are possible massive vertical flows that are chancing water at the surface. But those flows require that there is some kind of volcanic activity below the ocean. There is the possibility that water layers over the water world exoplanets are even thousands of kilometers deep. 

The massive gravitation can pull water even to ice. The exoplanet Gliese 461 b has a surface covered by ice even if the temperature on that planet is 436 degrees Celsius, but the extreme gravitation pulls water to ice on that planet. 

There is also the possibility that a thick water layer presses the bottom of the ocean to ice. The reason for that is the extremely high pressure will deny the oscillation of water molecules. 

But if the gravitation on the surface of the water world is stronger on Earth but lower than forming of hot ice requires. That means the water will not boil at 100 degrees Celsius. So the oceans of the water worlds can be extremely hot, and they will not boil. Because of massive gravitation. 

There is possible that that planet's ocean swims some kind of lifeforms that are similar to that swam in Earth's oceans before the oxygen is released into the Atmosphere. The water worlds are exoplanets that can support quite similar lifeforms like fishes or sea insects even if that planet is in a powerful radiation zone. The water layer protects animals that are living in that ocean. 

Can there be intelligent lifeforms on water worlds? 

The ocean worlds are very interesting in the point of search for intelligent lifeforms. The intelligent lifeforms can make undersea structures and underwater stations for protecting themselves against the powerful radiation of the central star of some water world. But in most of those models, the intelligent civilization must form on other planets. 

On the water worlds themselves, the endemic species cannot reach the level of the technically advanced civilization, because they cannot make fire or melt metals, which is the key element for technical inventions. But there is always the possibility that the endemic species can use volcanic temperature for melting metals, that was the first step for humans on that route to technically advanced species. 

https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1710/discovery-alert-intriguing-new-super-earth-could-get-a-closer-look/

https://futurism.com/the-strangest-exoplanet-ever

https://www.newsweek.com/exoplanet-alien-life-toi-1452-b-astronomy-james-webb-1736578

https://scitechdaily.com/water-world-astronomers-discover-an-extrasolar-world-that-may-be-entirely-covered-in-a-deep-ocean/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOI-1452_b

Image: https://scitechdaily.com/water-world-astronomers-discover-an-extrasolar-world-that-may-be-entirely-covered-in-a-deep-ocean/

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/

Why Tau Ceti and Epsilon Eridani was selected to target for Ozma message?

Why Tau Ceti and Epsilon Eridani was selected to target for Ozma message?

The "Project Ozma" (1)from the year 1960 was the first attempt to make contact with other civilizations. It was the pilot experiment for the SETI (2)-program and another kind of interesting stuff. When this program was failed to making the contact, that means that things like searching the exoplanets got the scientific basement, and at that time, we didn't have a single observation of the exoplanet. Today we know thousands of exoplanets, and maybe we would make contact with another civilization. 

The famous "Ozma" message to another star was sent to Tau Ceti (3) and Epsilon Eridani (4). The attempt was to make contact with super civilizations, and the idea was that those stars and their solar systems were so different than our own that those civilizations would not threaten us. If the solar system would not have oxygen, there would be no water and the "Ozma" researchers thought that they could find the civilization, what would be the silicon-based, what means that the hypothetical civilization would not even want to land on our planet. 

Epsilon Eridani was another object, where the scientists send so-called "Ozma-Message". The thing is that the Epsilon Eridani is too young to be the home of the advanced civilization is putting brakes to those people's operations, who are working with SETI-program. 

And sometimes people would ask, why those researchers selected the Epsilon Eridani to target for "Ozma-message"? The star was too young for the intelligent civilization, and the answer would not even be hoped to get.

If the answer to Ozma-message would come near the young star, that means the answerer is the colony of a very advanced civilization. "Ozma" was projected, what mission was to look for intelligent and advanced civilizations. And it was the pathfinder for a modern way to make science. Today we know that most of the stars might have some kind of planets around them, and the thank to this thing would belong to the "Ozma"-team. 

The dust and ice makes difficult to see the planets near Epsilon Eridani

They opened the eyes of the people to see, that there would be something, that we don't know. In modern times the way to make science is that the team would research and make observations before we would not laugh or punch anybody. The thing is that the Tau Ceti, Epsilon Eridani, and Alpha Centauri have at least suspected planets orbiting them. And the Tau Ceti and Alpha Centauri (5) have confirmed planets, and Epsilon Eridani has suspected followers. The disk of dust and ice makes difficult to see planets, what are orbiting it.

So the answer is that the scientists thought that if the answer for those messages would come from Epsilon Eridani, the hypothetical answer to out message would come from the transmitter from the very advanced civilization. This hypothetical civilization had the technology, which allows them to create colonies to another star system. 

And if the answer would come near the young star, that must be the colony, what will answer to the message, what the scientists have sent. The target stars would be carefully selected, because "Ozma" was looking for intelligent and advanced civilizations. So the thing, what those people had to find was the star, where is no planet, what has endemic lifeforms. 

(1)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Ozma

(2)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence

(3)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_Ceti

(4)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Eridani

(5)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Centauri

Image: 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Ozma#/media/File:Howard_E._Tatel_Radio_Telescope_-_side.jpg

The hottest exoplanet in the universe

The hottest exoplanet in the universe

Extreme exoplanets are a good source for making interesting theories about the other exoplanets and their role in the planetary systems and even the bearer of lifeforms, which might be very primitive. The hottest known exoplanet KELT9b has a strange meteorological phenomenon, where the rising gas pylon causes the situation, that the atmosphere is heating in ultra-hot temperature. The temperature of an atmosphere of that planet is hotter than the star, what it orbits. 

This strange world might not have any lifeforms, because it's like some hot Jupiter. In some scenarios, this kind of planet would have the gas-geyser in the atmosphere, and that kind of thing allows that the gas from the atmosphere would not flee to the universe or central star of that system. 

In this kind of scenario, the gas would rise to upwards and when gas layers and dust are touching together the temperature of that planet's atmosphere would raise extremely hot because of friction, which would turn the planet extremely hot. If the distance of the planet to the central star is high enough the gas would drop back to the atmosphere.  

But if the planet is too close, that gas would be sucked to the star. If the planet would consist of the heavy elements, that distance can be quite small, and if the entire planet would be made by Crypton, that would be a very heavy object, because element or noble gas Crypton is the heaviest stable element on nature. And if that element forms the Jupiter-size object, that would have an extremely high power gravity field, because that element is so heavy, but the question is "could the noble gas form the planet?". 

That thing has caused the thoughts that are it possible that some planet a similar phenomenon would make the planet, which is a very long distance away from the central star's ability to have liquid water. The theory of this phenomenon has caused because there is a possibility that the friction between the gas layers in the planet atmosphere would make it possible that the temperature on the surface of that planet would allow the existence of liquid water. 

That doesn't mean that there could be any kind of animal or other life forms, except the primitive bacteria, which would live in the water. Those hypothetical organisms get their energy from volcanic heat. In this case, the upper atmosphere of this hypothetical planet would shine in the extremely high temperature, and the friction would shine heat to the surface of that planet. 

The reason why the higher life forms would not probably live on that yet fictional planet would be that the distance between that planet and the central star could be so big, that the radiation of that star would be extremely low, and that's why photosynthesis would not be possible. In some other theories or scenarios, the fast-rotating atmosphere of the planet would melt its entire lithosphere. 

If the planet would have that thing, and then the heated atmosphere would work as the sun for some moons, which is orbiting that planet. The idea is that in this kind of cases the moons of this kind of extreme hot planet would be habitable if their atmosphere would be stable. 

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/this-ultrahot-exoplanet-has-metallic-skies/