The planet candidate near Alpha Centauri (part II)

 The planet candidate near Alpha Centauri (part II)

"Alpha Centauri A Planet Candidate"

"This artist’s concept shows what a gas giant orbiting Alpha Centauri A could look like. Observations of the triple star system Alpha Centauri using NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope indicate the potential gas giant, about the mass of Saturn, orbiting the star by about two times the distance between the Sun and Earth." (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Webb May Have Found a Planet Next Door. Then It Vanished)

"In this concept, Alpha Centauri A is depicted at the upper left of the planet, while the other Sun-like star in the system, Alpha Centauri B, is at the upper right. Our Sun is shown as a small dot of light between those two stars. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Robert L. Hurt (Caltech/IPAC)"(ScitechDaily, NASA’s Webb May Have Found a Planet Next Door. Then It Vanished)

The planet candidate in the Alpha Centauri system is an interesting thing. The planet could be a Saturn-type gas giant in a very elliptic trajectory. Alpha Centauri is far brighter than Proxima Centauri, which orbits the binary star system 4 light-years from Earth. The JWST saw a structure that could be an exoplanet, but then it vanished. Maybe there was some kind of eruption in that solar system, and that covered the exoplanet behind it. The Alpha Centauri Ab can face a similar fate as Alpha Centauri Bb, which was a proposed exoplanet near Alpha Centauri B, that is the K-type star. 

There is not enough evidence of the existence of that exoplanet. But there is a possibility that there are many secrets in the Alpha Centauri system, which is the closest solar system, a triple-star system near Earth. The most interesting thing in exoplanet hunting is that those exoplanet candidates are found quite near to us. But if there are big exoplanets hiding in that solar system, that thing opens new paths to the exoplanet hunters. 

"This three-panel image captures NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope’s observational search for a planet around the nearest Sun-like star, Alpha Centauri A. The initial image shows the bright glare of Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B, and the middle panel then shows the system with a coronagraphic mask placed over Alpha Centauri A to block its bright glare. However, the way the light bends around the edges of the coronagraph creates ripples of light in the surrounding space. " (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Webb May Have Found a Planet Next Door. Then It Vanished)

"The telescope’s optics (its mirrors and support structures) cause some light to interfere with itself, producing circular and spoke-like patterns. These complex light patterns, along with light from the nearby Alpha Centauri B, make it incredibly difficult to spot faint planets. In the panel at the right, astronomers have subtracted the known patterns (using reference images and algorithms) to clean up the image and reveal faint sources like the candidate planet. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Aniket Sanghi (Caltech), Chas Beichman (NExScI, NASA/JPL-Caltech), Dimitri Mawet (Caltech), Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)"(ScitechDaily, NASA’s Webb May Have Found a Planet Next Door. Then It Vanished)

The existence of the planets in a triple star system in orbit that goes between those stars means that there could be many exoplanets waiting for their finder. Finding and confirming an exoplanet in the Alpha Centauri primary system will be far, far more difficult than confirming exoplanets near red dwarfs. The last confirmed exoplanet near Proxima Centauri was found in 2022. And the first of that system’s planets was found in the year 2016. There is still, unconfirmed exoplanet candidate near Proxima. And another interesting thing is that astronomers could confirm exoplanets near Barnard’s Star this year. 

"This image shows the Alpha Centauri star system from several different ground- and space-based observatories: the Digitized Sky Survey (DSS), NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, and NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope. Alpha Centauri A is the third brightest star in the night sky, and the closest Sun-like star to Earth." (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Webb May Have Found a Planet Next Door. Then It Vanished)

"The ground-based image from DSS shows the triple system as a single source of light, while Hubble resolves the two Sun-like stars in the system, Alpha Centauri A and Alpha Centauri B." (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Webb May Have Found a Planet Next Door. Then It Vanished)

The image from Webb’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument), which uses a coronagraphic mask to block the bright glare from Alpha Centauri A, reveals a potential planet orbiting the star. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Aniket Sanghi (Caltech), Chas Beichman (NExScI, NASA/JPL-Caltech), Dimitri Mawet (Caltech), Image Processing: Joseph DePasquale (STScI)" (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Webb May Have Found a Planet Next Door. Then It Vanished)

Those very dim and lightweight stars start to wobble if there is a small planet orbiting them. But the problem is that large gas giants can cover the changes that small planets cause to red dwarfs' characteristic movement  under their gravitational effect.  So the exoplanets near G- and K-type stars are far difficult to detect, because their brightness covers them. But also, even the most massive objects cannot cause a wobble in those stars' trajectory across the sky. But the exoplanet in the Alpha Centauri primary system could be an interesting discovery. 

https://www.sciencenewstoday.org/proxima-centauri-a-turbulent-star-with-planetary-consequences

https://scitechdaily.com/nasas-webb-may-have-found-a-planet-next-door-then-it-vanished/

https://webbtelescope.org/contents/news-releases/2025/news-2025-135

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Centauri_Bb

Are the “red little dots” in the young universe so-called quasi-stars?

"By all rights, they shouldn’t exist. When NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) first opened its eyes to the distant past, it spotted hundreds of tiny, brilliant objects glowing red in the infant universe — just 600 million years after the Big Bang. These “little red dots,” as astronomers came to call them, gleamed with such surprising brightness and density that they seemed to defy the basic rules of cosmology."Mysterious red dots may be a peculiar cosmic hybrid between a star and a black hole."(ZmeScience, The Universe’s First “Little Red Dots” May Be a New Kind of Star With a Black Hole Inside")

Little red dots are the first star-shaped objects in the universe. There is a new theory that those little red dots can be so-called quasi-stars. Quasi-stars are hypothetical star-shaped objects that get their energy from the black hole inside them. But can those objects exist in the universe where we live? Or could they exist only in the young universe? 

The hypothetical quasi-stars are star-like objects that get their power from black holes inside them. The idea in quasi-stars is that those black holes can lock particles around the event horizon, forming objects that look like stars. For a long time, researchers thought that the quasi-stars could be very large stars. But there is one thing that makes those quasi-stars more interesting than ever before. That thing is the primordial black hole. In models, primordial black holes can be very small and lightweight. Those low-mass black holes can be very small. Also, things like black hole relativistic jets can press even planets into black holes. 

In Einstein’s models, every particle or object can turn into a black hole. That means there can be very small black holes. The smallest possible black holes, called quantum-size black holes, are quarks or gluons that energy presses into an extremely dense form. In some models, those quantum-size black holes can be in your room. They are so small that they cannot pull particles inside them. But there is a possibility that things like ultra-heavy neutron stars can involve black holes. 

(ZmeScience, The Universe’s First “Little Red Dots” May Be a New Kind of Star With a Black Hole Inside")

The hollow neutron shell can orbit the small black hole. The neutron structure will be locked around the event horizon. That neutron shell can rotate the black hole in a “safe distance”. That kind of object looks like a massive neutron star. But it would involve a black hole. The existence of that kind of thing can be proven in the cases where the neutron star seems too massive. 

Those black holes can be grapefruit-sized, extremely high-energy objects. In some models, quasi-stars are not possible in our universe. Except for those things formed in the early universe. Or there is also the possibility that the low mass black hole can form a quasi-star around it if that thing is in the dense supernova remnant. But there is also a possibility that an extremely low mass black hole can form a planet-shaped shell around it. In that case, the water molecules or things like metal or silicone crystals can form ball-shaped structures around them. 

There is a possibility that some very hot red dwarfs or stars like Spica could be the quasistars. The thing is that the small, low-mass black hole can still lurk in our solar system. And there is a possibility that this exciting object can hide under the icy shell of some dwarf planet. That is the thing that can make the “ninth planet” exist and explain why it cannot be seen from Earth. So there can be something very massive lurking in our solar system. 

https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/49910160

https://blog.sciandnature.com/2024/09/little-black-holes-in-our-solar-system.html

https://www.livescience.com/space/black-holes/miniature-black-holes-could-be-hollowing-out-planets-and-zipping-through-our-bodies-new-study-claims

https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/planet-x/

https://www.sciencealert.com/something-massive-could-still-be-hiding-in-the-shadows-of-our-solar-system

https://www.zmescience.com/science/news-science/the-universes-first-little-red-dots-may-be-a-new-kind-of-star-with-a-black-hole-inside/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_black_hole

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spica

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-star

Everything forms in spirals.

Above: The fractal structure of the Messier-74 galaxy. In those structures energy and gravity are in an eternal race. You can also see things like holes in that gas disk, or a galactic nebula.  If there is a whirl there are four possibilities. There can form planets and the sun. But if the star that forms is too big, it blows the material disk away from its environment. And that denies the planetary system formation. Or if the disk is very massive it falls straight to a black hole. The empty places in the disk are areas where some cosmic catastrophe has blown the material away. 

Or there is a possibility that a denser spherically-shaped material cloud or nebula pulls material away from the middle of it. Or in those holes formed stars and planets or black holes pulled that gas away from those holes in the nebula. Or, maybe the extremely powerful supernovas blew cosmic gas away from that point. 

JWST found new data to explain how spiral galaxies form. There are two structures in the spiral galaxy: thin and thick. The thin disk can form earlier and then the thin structure's gravity starts to collect the thick structure around it. Those two structures move at different speeds and that causes problems with the models. 

The spiral structures that move at different speeds create the whirls that start to collect material into them. So, the star formation begins in those points. That thing explains the star, planet, and finally neutron star and black hole formation as the whirls that form around material. Or actually, all particles in the universe from the quark to the most massive objects form from whirls.

"Webb/NIRCam composite images of a quarter of the team’s sample sorted by increasing redshift. Image credit: Tsukui et al., doi: 10.1093/mnras/staf604." (SciNews, Webb Sheds New Light on Structural Evolution of Disk Galaxies)

If the whirl is large enough it can press the particle or any other object into one entirety called a singularity. The particle that spins at a very high speed binds quantum fields around itself. And how big an object can that process form? That depends on the energy level of that particle. The energy transfer into that particle continues until it can push that whirl away from it. So theoretically one single particle like a proton or electron can form a supermassive black hole. But that requires an absolutely stable environment. 

The requirement is that the particles can form such a large whirl and bind energy or quantum fields into it so fast that it cannot push that energy away. That means the particle must spin with an extremely high speed. The idea is that the black hole or any other structure in the universe creates a whirl around it. An interesting thing is that all objects from stars to planets are forming from whirl-shaped structures. The spiral galaxy is actually the supermassive black hole’s material disk. That disk keeps the supermassive black hole in its form. Without that disk, the energy that is trapped in the black hole will be released. 

The black hole’s relativistic jet tells that the gravity center is a structure that aims, or conducts energy somewhere else. Energy travels to the black hole’s spin axis and there forms the relativistic jets. The main problem is: is the source of the relativistic jet outside the event horizon or inside it? In a wormhole model, the black hole forms a gravitational tornado. The structure forms a situation where a gravitational field or quantum field forms a tornado-shaped structure. The idea of that phenomenon is that if the gravity field turns into a spiral, then that thing causes a situation where there is no gravity field in the black hole’s spin axis. Maybe that channel explains the relativistic jet. 

https://esawebb.org/wordbank/electromagnetic-spectrum/

https://www.sci.news/astronomy/webb-structural-evolution-disk-galaxies-14026.html

Exoplanet GJ 1214 b the super-Venus.

 

"Artist’s impression of GJ 1214 b passing in front of its host star. The “transit method” allows astronomers to study an exoplanet by seeing which wavelengths of light dim when the star’s light passes through the exoplanet atmosphere. Credit: NAOJ" (ScitechDaily, James Webb Unveils a Mysterious Planet Unlike Anything in Our Solar System)

Maybe the existence of liquid water is more individual than previously thought. 

"GJ 1214 b may be cooler than any other known transiting planet prior to the discovery of Kepler-16b in 2011 by the Kepler mission. Its equilibrium temperature is believed to be in the range of 393–555 K (120–282 °C; 248–539 °F), depending on how much of the star's radiation is reflected into space." (Wikipedia, GJ 1214 b)

The exoplanet  GJ 1214 b is a so-called mini-Neptune. That planet is classified as "super-Earth. Its surface temperature is about 120–282 degrees Celsius. An interesting thing is this exoplanet can researched. While it travels between its M-type dwarf star and Earth. When that star's radiation travels through its atmosphere, it sends the spectral image of the elements in that atmosphere. That thing tells about conditions in that very strange world. ScitechDaily tells about exoplanet GJ 1214 b like this.

"Instead of a hydrogen-rich super-Earth, or a water world, the new data revealed concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) comparable to the levels found in the dense CO2 atmosphere of Venus in the Solar System. However, there were still many uncertainties in the new data." (ScitechDaily, James Webb Unveils a Mysterious Planet Unlike Anything in Our Solar System)

The JWST telescope detected that this exoplanet has a dense CO2 atmosphere. That means the exoplanet GJ 1214 b is rather so-called "super Venus than "Super Earth". That thing means that the GJ 1214 b is one of the most interesting exoplanets in the universe. The quite low surface temperature tells that the high carbon dioxide level on the planet's surface can make liquid water possible also in planets that are outside the habitable zone. 

Otherwise, the high CO2 level can turn the planet at a theoretical habitable zone into a burning hell. That means the habitability of the planet might be more individual than researchers thought. So carbon dioxide can play a bigger role in life than previously predicted. If Earth loses all its carbon dioxide or greenhouse effect that turns Earth into a frozen planet covered by ice. So, the greenhouse effect is one thing that affects the planet's ability to support life. 

 "The detected CO2 signal from the first study is tiny, and so it required careful statistical analysis to ensure that it is real,” explains Kazumasa Ohno. “At the same time, we needed the physical and chemical insights to extract the true nature of GJ 1214 b’s atmosphere from Everett Schlawin’s study.” Then  Ohno took the lead, using theoretical models to run a plethora of “what if” scenarios about the atmosphere of the planet. Out of all of these models, the ones that best fit the data all suggest a carbon-dominated atmosphere, like a “super-Venus.” (ScitechDaily, James Webb Unveils a Mysterious Planet Unlike Anything in Our Solar System)

https://scitechdaily.com/james-webb-unveils-a-mysterious-planet-unlike-anything-in-our-solar-system/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJ_1214_b

There is CO2 in Jupiter's icy moon Europa. (Also, primitive organisms can travel between planets as spores)

 There is CO2 in Jupiter's icy moon Europa. 

There is a potential hub for extraterrestrial life in Jupiter's Europa moon. The JWST telescope found carbon dioxide from that icy moon. And that thing increases the possibility that there are some kind of primitive lifeforms under the ice of that moon. 

The CO2 emission can form in other chemical reactions. But one source of carbon dioxide emission is always lifeforms. The metabolism in cells forms that gas. That's why carbon dioxide emission on Europa moon is interesting and same time scary thing. 

If there are some kind of lifeforms under the ice of those icy moons those lifeforms could be similar to lifeforms that live around the black smokers at the bottom of the ocean. And that possibility causes re-estimation about the possible manned- or unmanned flight to those moons. If there is some kind of life forms. It's a risk. That Earth viruses infect those lifeforms. There is a possibility that the virus stays "alive" or can keep its ability to transfer genomes to other species over a long journey. 

Otherwise, those lifeforms might infect humans. When we are dealing with extraterrestrial lifeforms, we are facing things that we can't imagine. We have no idea what kind of lifeform that thing is. And we don't know anything about how it exchanges its genomes. Only one virus from Earth could be devastating to those lifeforms. But otherwise, those primitive lifeforms can infect people, who work with the samples. 

"Observations from the James Webb Space Telescope have led two independent studies to suggest that the CO2 ice on Jupiter’s moon, Europa, originates from its subsurface ocean. These findings offer new insights into the composition of Europa’s internal ocean, which is considered a prime target in the search for extraterrestrial life." (ScitechDaily/Potential Hub for Extraterrestrial Life: Webb Observations of CO2 on Jupiter’s Moon Europa)

"This graphic shows a map of Europa’s surface with NIRCam (Near Infrared Camera) on NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope in the first panel and compositional maps derived from Webb’s NIRSpec/IFU (Near Infrared Spectrograph’s Integral Field Unit) data in the following three panels. In the compositional maps, the white pixels correspond to carbon dioxide in the large-scale region of disrupted chaos terrain known as Tara Regio (center and right), with additional concentrations within portions of the chaos region Powys Regio (left). The second and third panels show evidence of crystalline carbon dioxide, while the fourth panel indicates a complexed and amorphous form of carbon dioxide. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Gerónimo Villanueva (NASA-GSFC), Samantha K Trumbo (Cornell University), Gerónimo Villanueva (NASA-GSFC), Alyssa Pagan (STScI)" (ScitechDaily/Potential Hub for Extraterrestrial Life: Webb Observations of CO2 on Jupiter’s Moon Europa)

Also, primitive organisms can travel between planets as spores

Also, primitive organisms can travel between planets as spores. And that makes it possible that red dwarfs can be multi-planet ecosystems. That requires that the sender planet's gravity is weak enough that spores will travel out from its gravity field. And the other planet's position or gravity field must be that those spores will travel to that other planet. 

By the way, it's possible that the fungi. Or anthrax-bacteria-type lifeforms can send spores between planets. Cosmobiology experts created a model for interplanetary ecosystems for red dwarfs. And their planetary systems. Those planetary systems are small. And their star is colder than the Sun. So that is why bacterial spores can travel between those planets. 

There are observations that Callisto- moon's atmosphere contains CO2. There is also organic dust on those moon's icy shells. And there is a model. That there could be a Gaia-type-organism. That could exchange genomes between those Galilean moons. 

It's possible. Primitive lifeforms can travel between planets. Researchers can use the same model for all closed planetary and subplanetary systems like Jupiter's moons. If there are similar chemical and physical environments. Those planetary systems are smaller and their star is colder than the Sun. And there the bacteria spores can survive longer time than in our solar system. And in those solar systems organisms can exchange genomes between planets. 

There are also three other moons around Jupiter with oceans below their shell. In some models. There are primitive organisms also under those other Galilean moon's icy surfaces. Maybe those lifeforms are like fungi or anthrax bacteria that can create spores with very high survivability. The distance between Galilean moons is not very long. 

And that thing creates a model. That those lifeforms can exchange their genomes through space. The idea is that primitive lifeforms can send spores between the lifeforms on different moons. Those Jupiter's moons are quite close to each other. And the bacteria spores can easily survive over those distances. So it's possible that also primitive lifeforms can send living spores through space. And those spores can be viruses that can transform other lifeforms into another. 

https://scitechdaily.com/potential-hub-for-extraterrestrial-life-webb-observations-of-co2-on-jupiters-moon-europa/

Did JWST-telescope find life in Jupiter's Europa moon?

 Did JWST-telescope find life in Jupiter's Europa moon?

"NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has detected carbon dioxide on Europa, Jupiter’s moon, suggesting it might have conditions suitable for life. The discovery points to exchanges between the moon’s icy surface and its subsurface ocean, emphasizing Europa’s potential in upcoming space missions. This illustration depicts a plume of water vapor that could potentially be emitted from the icy surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa. Credit: NASA/ESA/K. Retherford/SWRI" (ScitechDaily.com/Life on Jupiter’s Moon? NASA’s Webb Finds Carbon Source on Surface of Europa)

JWST telescope found carbon from the Europa moon. That means it didn't find any kind of lifeforms, but it found an element vital for life. It means that the Europa is a more interesting moon than ever before. The idea of the life in the Europa's ocean is not new. Carl Sagan introduced the first idea for that thing. 

At that time Europa's ocean's existence was only speculation. During Sagan's lifetime his scientific work time. There was no confirmed rocky exoplanet either. Sagan introduced the idea that Jupiter's atmosphere could hover jellyfish-looking organisms. Carl Sagan introduced that idea in Carl Sagan's Cosmos-TV series in 1980. 

The image above is the artist's impression of the jellyfish-looking organisms that hover in Jupiter's atmosphere. 

There is a layer in Jupiter's atmosphere where some kinds of organisms like bacteria. Or something like jellyfish can live. The problem is that the wind and radiation in Jupiter's atmosphere are strong. Same way, if the flow in Europa's ocean is very strong, that can cause a situation where amino acids cannot form. 

And then astronomers confirmed the liquid water's existence under that moon's ice shell. And that thing boosted thoughts that maybe there were some amoebas or bacteria under that ice shell. The water protects the lifeforms against Jupiter's radiation and that means there could be some primitive organisms under the ice, that might use volcanic heat as an energy source. These kinds of organisms are found near so-called black smokers on the deep ocean bottom. Similar organisms may live under the ice shells of some distant ice moons. But confirming that thing requires a submarine that can dive in the Europa's oceans. 

https://scitechdaily.com/life-on-jupiters-moon-nasas-webb-finds-carbon-source-on-surface-of-europa/

The first exoplanet that JWST found has no atmosphere.

Above: Artist's impression of exoplanet LHS 475 b

Even the perfect size of an exoplanet doesn't guarantee that there are lifeforms. The exoplanet LHS 475 b is 99% of Earth. But the problem is that it doesn't have an atmosphere at all. Or an extremely thin atmosphere. In the last case, the planet captures star wind around it. That means the extremely thin atmosphere could be external. And that is a remarkable thing. The LHS 475 b orbits the red dwarf star in the Octans constellation 41 light years from Earth. 

 Even large rocky planets can be without an atmosphere. And that expands our knowledge of planets. The exoplanet LHS 475 b is the first exoplanet found by the JWST telescope. But that planet is extremely hostile to lifeforms. So even a large size doesn't guarantee that the exoplanet has an atmosphere. 

But the reason for the lost atmosphere is also interesting. The lack of atmosphere can be the reason for the lack of a magnetic field. In that case, the solar wind blows the atmosphere away. And if that thing is true, there is a possibility that the planet is a so-called "zombie world" where is no radioactive material left. 

And that thing means that the LHS 475 b could be a very old planet. There is a possibility that this exoplanet is sometimes born near some other star. And then supernova- or nova eruption pushed it away from its orbiter. Then another star could capture that rogue planet. Those kinds of things are making LHS 475 b very interesting. 

https://astrobiology.com/2023/01/webb-discovers-lhs-475-b-an-earth-sized-rocky-planet.html

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/no-atmosphere-jwst-exoplanet/

https://webbtelescope.org/contents/media/images/2023/102/01GNVWTAZKPVD1GNC0HZF52YTB

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/

The new images of the Orion nebula are here.

New systems and new accuracy are bringing new details to well-known objects. The JWST-telescope is bringing a new view to the Orion nebula. And as you see the details are fascinating. The young star in the nebula rises its energy level. That thing causes incredible lightshow. 

The Orion nebula is an incredible target. Stars are forming all the time in that nebula. Which makes it an interesting target if researchers want to observe the birth of stars. The shockwaves in that nebula are causing that there are lots of young stars. 

There are a couple of details about those images that are interesting. One of those details is ghostly "hooded characters" or filaments in the nebula. Another is the waveform that is formed. There is also a chess-button looking structure in that nebula. 

When the energy level of the star changes. And the young star in its cocoon is also an interesting detail. Those details are marked in the second image. The image source is ScitechDaily.com. 

Images: https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-blown-away-by-first-breathtaking-webb-space-telescope-images-of-orion-nebula/