The microquasar V 4146 Sgr tells. That stellar mass black holes can create as high energy levels as supermassive black holes.

"Schematic illustration of the V4641Sgr region. Credit: HAWC Collaboration" (https://wipac.wisc.edu/ HAWC detection of an ultra-high-energy gamma-ray bubble around a microquasar)

The microquasar is the binary star system where a visible star orbits a stellar-mass black hole. The most well-known microquasar is Cygnus X-1. The first confirmed black hole. The microquasar V 4146 Sagittarii surprises researchers. That microquasar sends photons. That energy level is even 200 TeV. That means the microquasar V 4641 Sgr Gives those photons an energy level that is almost the same as distant quasars that form around supermassive black holes. 

How does the stellar-mass black hole give those photons the same energy level as supermassive black holes? Microquasars form in binary star systems where a regular star orbits a black hole. The black hole pulls material inside it. And then. It can create similar relativistic jets as the distant quasars. 

The V 4146 Sgr is the binary star system where the late B class supergiant mass about three suns orbits a black hole whose mass is about six suns. The visible partner has been much bigger but the black hole pulls material from it. The V4146 Sgr tells that the beginning of the high-energy radiation from the black holes starts always in the same place. The distance between those particles to the event horizon is always the same regardless of does the radiation comes from stellar mass or a supermassive black hole. 

The particle that escapes from the black hole material disk very close to the event horizon sends Cherenkov radiation when it impacts fields and material in the outer lower energy material disk. In extremely dense, high-energy radiation the particle can jump from the vacuum pocket where it starts to deliver energy. 

That means the energy level near supermassive black holes and stellar black hole event horizon is the same. When a particle falls in a black hole the last moment when we see it is the point called the event horizon. That is the point when escaping velocity reaches the speed of light. Particles and radiation form and whirl around the black hole. 

Because radiation travels faster than the particles near the event horizon it starts to transfer energy into them. The energy level of those particles rises to an extremely high level. At that moment, the particle that is in the inner circle of the material disk can jump away from its position. When the inner particle's energy level rises high enough. It can send an energy pulse to the lower-energy particle. Then it can push that particle away from its trajectory. 

The black holes are extremely heavy objects. They might look like stable. But the shape of the event horizon changes. At that point. The photon or some other particle can escape from the black hole. That means the event horizon can fall away from those particles. 

In some models, the transition disk around the black hole forms a whirl or spiral-shaped structure where material and energy form the structure that looks like the LP disk or string-shaped spirals. If the particle travels between those spiraling strings. They can transfer energy to them. That means the energy level of those particles rises so high, that they can travel faster than the speed of light in the material that is in the transition disk. When a particle jumps out from its trajectory. It releases energy. 

In a material disk, the particle that is closer to the event horizon is at a higher energy level. When that material starts to travel away from the inner trajectory. That particle can start to send radiation because the energy level around it turns lower. Any particle that has mass cannot have unlimited slowing. That particle can slow its speed only if it can transport extra energy to the environment. 

https://phys.org/news/2024-10-earth-microquasar-emerges-source-powerful.html

https://umdphysics.umd.edu/about-us/news/research-news/1991-hawc-gamma.html

https://wipac.wisc.edu/hawc-detection-of-an-ultra-high-energy-gamma-ray-bubble-around-a-microquasar/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygnus_X-1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microquasar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V4641_Sagittarii

Mysterious quasars.

 Mysterious quasars. 

"Artist's rendering of the accretion disc in ULAS J1120+0641, a very distant quasar powered by a supermassive black hole with a mass two billion times that of the Sun."(Wikipedia/quasar)

"Bright halos around 18 distant quasars"(Wikipedia/quasar)

Virtual redshift, where a strong gravity field elongates light waves, can make a quasar seem to be at a longer distance than it is. 

Quasars are "star-like objects" whose diameter is only a couple of light years. Those objects form as much energy as entire spiral galaxies, and they form around supermassive black holes. That means a quasar is a protogalaxy that can turn into a spiral galaxy. And actually, the galaxy nucleus is a quasar.

But, if the mass of the black hole is high enough and the material around it is thin, there is the possibility that the black hole pulls all material from around it. And then that thing makes this type of roque black hole hard to detect. 

"Gravitationally lensed quasar HE 1104-1805" (Wikipedia/Quasar) Are those black holes superpositioned and entangled?

"Hubble images of quasar 3C 273. At right, a coronagraph is used to block the quasar's light, making it easier to detect the surrounding host galaxy." (Wikipedia,quasar)

Researchers say that the distance to quasars is enormous. But the fact is that the black holes elongate light waves. And that means the virtual redshift can cause an effect that quasars are at longer distances. The gravitation affects redshift like this. The stronger gravitational field elongates lightwaves more than the weak gravitational field. That means the massive objects seem to be at longer distances than lightweight objects. 

Then they are. And the reason for that is gravity pulls light waves longer. And that means the spectral lines travel more to the red than they otherwise should. Virtual redshift means that the black hole seems to be a longer distance than it is. 

"A cosmic mirage known as the Einstein Cross. Four apparent images are actually from the same quasar." (Wikiepedia/quasar)

"Sloan Digital Sky Survey image of quasar 3C 273, illustrating the object's star-like appearance. The quasar's jet can be seen extending downward and to the right from the quasar". (Wikipedia,Quasar)

The shape of the spin of black holes could explain why there is so much energy in quasars. In theories, there are two spin axles in a black hole. Those axles would be in the "X" shaped form. 

The shape of the spin of black holes could explain why there is so much energy in quasars. The idea is that the energy that makes a quasar shine at an energy level that is as high as a galaxy comes from the black hole's acceleration disk. Why acceleration disk is hotter than it should? There is a possibility that there are whirls in that acceleration disk. And the reason for that could be that the black hole spins around two axles. 

Those axles would be polar and equatorial. The equatorial axre would send the radiation beam to the point, that we think is the black hole's poles. Then the poles and polar spin happen around the equatorial axle. That means the black hole's spin axles are in an "X"-shape position. 

"The Chandra X-ray image is of the quasar PKS 1127-145, a highly luminous source of X-rays and visible light about 10 billion light-years from Earth. An enormous X-ray jet extends at least a million light-years from the quasar. Image is 60 arcseconds on a side. RA 11h 30m 7.10s Dec −14° 49' 27" in Crater. Observation date: May 28, 2000. Instrument: ACIS" (Wikipedia/Quasar)

"Quasars in interacting galaxie(Wikipedia/Quasar)

The polar spin makes a strong electromagnetic effect inside the event horizon. And that thing can make the energy impulses to the acceleration disk. Those energy impulses can make whirls in the acceleration disk. Those whirls make friction in the disk and raise its energy level. 

But that interaction is more complicated, than just energy that travels out from transition disks. The black hole causes whirls in quasars and those whirls increase their energy level because friction in gas and dust increases the energy level in the material that surrounds the supermassive black hole that might be formed when gas and dust nebula falls because of its gravity. 

Then those supermassive black holes pull gas and dust around them. The thing that makes quasars interesting is that they formed outside galaxies. And then those objects turn into spiral galaxies.

Quasars are objects, that form around black holes, and their luminosity is much higher than galaxies. The size of quasars is smaller than galaxies, and sometimes researchers introduce that quasars are protogalaxies. The galaxies would form later around those extremely bright objects. 

https://scitechdaily.com/from-quasars-to-black-holes-spectral-energy-puts-established-theories-in-question/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasar

Quasars, Planet X and gravity model.

 

Quasars, Planet X and gravity model. 

Could gravity be two forces? One with long and another with extremely short wavelength. 

In some models, the gravitation is two forces. Another gravitation is radiation with extremely long wavelengths. That gravitational wave is behind the radio waves. And the other gravitational waves have extremely short wavelengths. So they are behind gamma rays. That thing could explain why gravitation is so hard to model. 

Short-wave gravitation has a shorter wavelength than gamma rays

Long-wave gravitation has a longer wavelength than radio rays. 

If this model is right all particles inside atoms send gravitational waves. If gravitational waves have the same wavelength and same energy level they form standing waves in the atoms or between subatomic particles. That thing causes reflection in those gravitational waves because they interact the same way as all other wave movements. And in that case, the gravitational waves are turning opposite. 

If only long-wave gravitational waves can travel through subatomic particles that travel around them. This thing forms an electromagnetic or gravitational shadow behind that particle. And that shadow pulls particles backward. That means the long-wave gravitation is the thing that is called antigravity. 

The short-wave gravitation travels through particles. When it impacts the back wall of subatomic particles inside them it sends wave movement backward. And that backward traveling wave movement pushes particles forward to the gravitational center. That explains why gravitation is so special. So, at the quantum level, gravitation just breaks material. 

Another gravitational force is the extremely shortwave radiation that the source is between gluons and quarks. Another gravitation is the weakness in electromagnetic or quantum fields inside subatomic particles. That weakness in quantum fields is the electromagnetic low pressure that pulls objects into it. 

The gravitational interaction is simple. The gravitational waves form electromagnetic low pressure in the front of the particles. That thing means that gravitation interacts wrong direction. So if gravitation is two forces that could explain something about that mysterious phenomenon. In that model, gravitation is like wire or superstring that travels through particles. Particles are like pearls in necklaces. And that wave travels through those particles. During that process, the string pushes the particle in the opposite direction. 

If we think that the quantum particle is like warped or stretched paper the gravitational interaction pushes that structure. Then the particle sends radiation or wave movement backward. Another long-wave gravitation might travel sideways of the particle. And that thing makes the electromagnetic shadow behind the particle. So that means the gravitational waves with long wavelengths are the thing that pushes particles. The electromagnetic shadow pulls particles backward. 

So: 

Long-wave gravitation pushes particles

Short wave gravitation pulls particles. 

When I write that the elementary particle is like a yarn-ball I should write that elementary particle is like a yarn-ball that formed of stretched or warped superstrings. The warped superstring turns into a ball form in electromagnetic fields. 

"An artist’s impression of a Kuiper Belt object (KBO), located on the outer rim of our solar system at a staggering distance of 4 billion miles from the sun. Credit: NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (STScI)" (ScitechDaily/Modified Newtonian Dynamics: Is the Ninth Planet Hunt Revealing a New Law of Gravity?)

Planet X, or Ninth Planet tests gravitational theories. 

The name or term Planet X means a gravitational effect that causes an anomaly in Netune's trajectory. 

The problem with Planet X is it's invisible. But the gravitational effect that causes anomalies in Neptune's trajectory is real. There is some kind of lumb of invisible material in the Kuiper belt. And the problem with this lumb is that it could cause some denser points in the Kuiper belt. But there is no that kind of point. And that makes Planet X so interesting. Planet X is not confirmed, but astronomers call the mysterious gravitational effect that causes anomalies in Neptune's trajectory Planet X. 

Another mysterious thing is the X-ray flares in Uranus' atmosphere. Those X-ray flares form when some field accelerates particles that impact the Uranus' atmosphere forming X-ray flares. Some researchers think that Planet X is full of dark matter. If that lump of dark matter exists. Its only interaction with material is gravitational. If a particle goes in the dark matter glump's gravitational field it should follow the same trajectory that material follows when it falls into a black hole. 

"Artist's rendering of the accretion disc in ULAS J1120+0641, a very distant quasar powered by a supermassive black hole with a mass two billion times that of the Sun." (Wikipedia/Quasar)

Acceleration disks and anomalies in spectral energy in quasars help to understand gravitation and its interaction with other fundamental forces. 

The acceleration disk around black holes is full of extremely high-density energy. Black holes pull all material inside it. And there is also dark matter that falls in the monstrous gravitational fields. The acceleration disk will not end in the event horizon. The event horizon is the point where escaping velocity turns higher than the speed of light.  

When material falls through the event horizon it continues a spiral trajectory to the center of a black hole. At some point in that journey is the point, that dark matter interacts with visible material. That point is at least singularity in the center of a black hole. The reason for that is extremely powerful gravitation that pulls material and energy into entirety called singularity. 

Some quasar's luminosity and spectral energy levels don't match with its brightness. Researchers suspect that the reason for that energy anomaly is some wind or some other anomalous material flow in acceleration or transition disk. That model explains that the anomaly in spectral energy comes from some whirls in the acceleration disk. That thing explains the high energy level in quasars as the parasite black holes that form in acceleration disks. The energy level in that material disk is extremely high. 

And the energy may turn some small objects like asteroids or planets that fall through them into black holes. If those parasite black holes exist they send radiation beams to material around the black hole. And they might increase the energy level in the entire quasar. When those small black holes fall into bigger black holes that causes gravitational waves around the universe. 

So if something makes a whirl in that material the whirl may turn to a black hole. Or it can make extra friction in the transition disk. And maybe that extra friction turns the material or acceleration disk's energy level higher than it should be. The thing is that black holes are things that help researchers to make gravitational models. 

In some models, the impacting gravitational waves increase the energy level in the acceleration disks. If a parasite black hole exists it sends gravitational waves with the same frequency as the bigger black hole's gravitational waves. That thing can cause a situation in the quantum fields or material to start to flow sideways in acceleration disks. We can say simplified that the antigravity makes the anomaly in the energy level of quasars. 

The existence of the parasite black holes is very short-term. They form in an acceleration disk. And then they fall into a center black hole. But during that time they aim material away from the acceleration disk. 

And one thing is sure, if parasite black holes exist they send counter gravitational waves. That thing causes a situation where gravitational waves undo each other. If we want to see a situation where impacting gravitational waves undo each other, we must find objects that send the gravitational waves in the same frequency and same power. 

https://www.livescience.com/uranus-x-ray-radiation-detected.html

https://www.livescience.com/37115-what-is-gravity.html

https://scitechdaily.com/from-quasars-to-black-holes-spectral-energy-puts-established-theories-in-question/

https://scitechdaily.com/modified-newtonian-dynamics-is-the-ninth-planet-hunt-revealing-a-new-law-of-gravity/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Nine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasar

The cosmic antimatter can be one thing behind dark energy.

 The cosmic antimatter can be one thing behind dark energy. 

There is a model that so-called sub-hadronic particles could be behind dark energy. Normally, people think that electrons and positrons form the particle-antiparticle pairs. But the fact is that almost every boson and fermion has anti-particle or mirror-particle pairs. 

One place where antimatter is are protons. Protons are much more than just two up, and one down quarks. Inside protons are numerous particles and antiparticles that are far smaller than electrons. Annihilation also happens between those other particle-antiparticle pairs. 

And that means electron-positron pairs are not only annihilating particles. The quark-anti-quark pairs can annihilate into a photon and wave movement. 

Can exotic annihilation like annihilation between gluons and anti-gluons explain dark energy? 

Same way. Gluons and anti-gluons or maybe neutrino-antineutrino can annihilate in, the same way as all other particle-antiparticle pairs. And maybe that thing could explain dark energy. The Schwinger effect forms the particle-antiparticle pairs. And if those particle-antiparticle pairs are too close to each other they annihilate. 

So if quasars send radiation beams that are turning into particle-antiparticle pairs that are not electron-positron pairs that thing could explain dark energy or some part of it. This annihilation where other particles than positrons and electrons annihilate can called exotic annihilation. One example of that kind of annihilation would be a case, where gluon-anti-gluon pairs annihilate. 

The quasars and other high-energy objects like pulsars can explain cosmic antimatter.

When quasars or some other high-energy objects send their radiation and particle beams some part of that material can turn into dark matter. Quasars are objects that form around black holes. When those objects send extremely high-energy radiation. That radiation can cause a situation. That is the point where the energy beam forms a point where there is no electromagnetism or quantum fields. The high energy radiation pushes quantum fields from around it. 

A similar thing can happen between energy beams of pulsars. If the pulsar cycle is high enough. That causes a situation where quantum fields have no time to fill that hole. And that forms the WARP channel in the track of that energy beam. When that energy beam hits the matter in the Milky Way that thing can cause a situation where the punch turns the particle's spin opposite. And that forms antimatter. 

And when that energy beam is left from the black hole it travels a short time in WARP-bubble. When those particles are traveling in a warp bubble suddenly they impact with electromagnetic fields and that impact causes a situation where those particle's spin turns opposite. That is the thing that forms antimatter. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/pulsars-dark-matter-milky-way-antimatter/

https://neutrinos.fnal.gov/types/antineutrinos/

https://www.techexplorist.com/proton-complicated-expected-think-scientists/38011/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiparticle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics

Why have we not found intelligent civilizations in our universe yet?

One theory is that those intelligent civilizations are just too far away. Even if there could be over 30 intelligent civilizations in our galaxy. They can simply be too far away from us. Milky Way is a huge place. When we are thinking about the size of the Milky Way the diameter of the main gas disk is 200 000 light years. 

And there are stars outside the main gas disk. But the thing that limits the forming of lifeforms in the galaxies is that there must be elements that are required for life. And of course, there must be planets that are suitable for lifeforms. 

We know that all stars don't have planets orbiting them. There are billions of blue giants in the universe. Those stars are formed in the gas clouds that are forming mainly of hydrogen. Those blue giants and supergiants are common in the open star clusters. So the open star clusters are full of young stars. 

And they can turn into galaxies. Milky Way has been open star cluster once until there was formed black hole. And an elliptic protogalaxy formed because a black hole pulled the gas cloud into it and forms a quasar. Then formed the whirl and the material disk started to form. So there is a possibility that there are planets in the elliptic galaxies. 

There is also the possibility that larger galaxies are "hovering" gas out from the open star clusters and they cannot form planets. Another case that the galaxy cannot form is that the cosmic eruption destroys that gas cloud. But if the open star cluster is forming those blue giants would turn into black holes when they used their fuel. 

And then those black holes are starting to impact forming the quasar. In some other visions, the gas cloud collapses into a supermassive black hole. And then that black hole starts to form quasar around it. So quasars are protogalaxies. And once Sagittarius A was one of those quasars. 

Planets in young galaxies would be gas giants because there are no heavy elements yet. All elements form in the fusion reactions inside stars. And there must be enough heavy and solid elements that can form planets in the nebula that rocky planets can form. 

When the Milky Way started to form around the supermassive black hole called Sagittarius A, there were no heavy elements in the young milky way. There must be stars that can form elements like silicone and metals that form rocky planets. Many stars have exoplanets. But those exoplanets are so-called hot or cold Jupiters or other types of gas giants. 

The gas giants can, of course, have primitive lifeforms in their clouds. But that requires that the planet's temperature is low enough that there are water clouds. Water is urgent for the lifeforms as we know them. 

The water itself cannot form life. And even if there are lifeforms on some exoplanets there is a possibility that those lifeforms cannot rise to drylands because the radiation that comes from the neutron stars and black holes sterilizes the dry lands. 

The water layer also protects lifeforms against cosmic radiation. And especially gamma- and X-ray radiation that comes from the black holes and neutron stars. The high-energy electrons and other particles send high-power X- and gamma-ray bursts when they hit the planet's atmosphere. 

If the planet is too close to neutron stars or black holes those objects send the high-energy particles to the planet's atmosphere. And those particles cause very powerful X- and gamma-ray bursts that can cause a situation where the planet's dry areas are under the high-power X- and gamma-ray radiation. 

We are the luckiest species in the world. We are far away from the center of the Milky Way. Many people think that we should search for intelligent lifeforms from the center of our galaxy because there are more stars. The fact is that there are also more comets, asteroids, and more radiation. So there is a bigger possibility that the cosmic impacts destroy those planets. 

And if those planets are too close to Sagittarius A or some other black hole burns those lifeforms away. Or those planets vaporize into interplanetary nebulas that fall into black holes. 

But then we must realize that if there is some kind of civilization on another side of the center of the Milky Way we would not hear that civilization. The radiation that comes from Sagittarius A would cover all signals that come behind it. 

See also:

Black holes

Galaxies (Elliptic, and spiral galaxies)

Open star clusters

Sagittarius A

Quasars