Supermassive black holes from the universe's dawn.

“An AI-generated visualization of a distant galaxy, containing, besides dust, gas, and young stars, three massive, active black holes (black spheres, not to scale) with bright accretion disks. Other distant galaxies are shown in the background. And. A few stars in the foreground. Credit: MPE (generated with AI).” (ScitechDaily, Three Supermassive Black Holes Found in a Galaxy From the Dawn of the Universe)

Supermassive black holes from the universe's dawn are among the most interesting objects in modern astronomy. Reseachers found three supermassive black holes in one galaxy. And the famous “little red dots” from the dawn of time. They are so-called black hole stars. Or at least some of them are. 

Those objects should tell us about the history of the young universe. And. Those distant objects. Tell us about gravitational interaction behavior over very long distances. We know that gravitational waves have a speed. Gravitational waves travel at the speed of light. This means. That gravitation. Requires a field that carries it. When we think about gravitational interaction. 

There is a gravitational pothole or “pool” around the gravitational center. The model means that when the gravitational center spins. It rolls quantum fields into it. Then that causes a situation. That gravitational pool expands. The gravitational pool cannot expand forever because the universe is full of gravitational centers. And they form the entropy in those gravitational waves. 

That entropy destroys the gravitational pool. And theoretically. It is possible to create a model. That cuts the field. If. That field is cut. The gravitational wave and pool cannot reach that line. And theoretical antigravitation means that the field interaction between two gravitational centers is cut. Those extremely distant objects tell us about the form of things like dark matter. And maybe they tell us about dark matter. Did dark matter form before, at the same time as, or after the Big Bang? 

Or. Is there something? That forms dark matter in our universe? 

“Simulations suggest rocky planet building blocks may have begun forming just 100 million years after the Big Bang, after the first supernovae enriched space with heavier elements. Credit: Shutterstock” (ScitechDaily, Earth-Like Worlds Could Have Formed Billions of Years Earlier Than Scientists Thought)

Then we must realize that those little red dots and early black holes cause whirls. Those whirls. In those black hole stars' structures. And between black holes and their environment, quantum fields turn into matter. 

When a quantum field falls into the black hole. Following. A spiral trajectory. That forms small whirls in the contact layer. Those whirls can form elementary particles. But if those whirls form in quark-gluon plasma or atomic hydrogen, they can form heavier elements than hydrogen. So, if those black hole stars or quasar stars formed just after the Big Bang, that means it's possible. That Earth-type planet formation started much earlier. Researchers thought. 

“Astronomers have discovered a “black hole star,” an extremely bright red spot in the early universe that appears to be a new type of astrophysical object. It resembles an enormous star, but its energy production is closer to what a black hole might generate. Credit: Jose-Luis Olivares, MIT” (ScitechDaily, JWST Finds a “Star” 100 Billion Times Brighter Than Any Star Should Be)

Formation of Earth-type rocky worlds began 100 billion years after the Big Bang. This opens new models. For. Things like the SETI program. But the universe at the dawn of time is a new and interesting thing for reseachers. Many things that astronomers and cosmologists predicted existed. Black hole stars open new, yet unknown areas. For. The search for habitable planets. Theoretically. It is possible. That quasars or black hole stars could have a habitable zone. That zone could maintain life. We cannot see that life. 10 billion light-years. It is such a long distance. That light. That comes to our sensors. Left before our solar system formed. 

Because. The distance to quasars is very long. The average distance to those objects is about ten billion light-years. That means we see what the universe looked like 10 billion years ago. Their behavior suggests that the universe was denser in the past. Quasars erupt more often than modern supermassive black holes. This means that in the past. Supermassive black holes pulled more matter into them. More than modern supermassive black holes. That matter causes eruptions. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/gravity-doesnt-happen-instantly/

https://scitechdaily.com/earth-like-worlds-could-have-formed-billions-of-years-earlier-than-scientists-thought/

https://scitechdaily.com/jwst-finds-a-star-100-billion-times-brighter-than-any-star-should-be/

https://scitechdaily.com/three-supermassive-black-holes-found-in-a-galaxy-from-the-dawn-of-the-universe/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoM-BH*-1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasar

Could the dark matter be from the fifth dimension?

“A new theoretical framework suggests dark matter’s elusive behavior may arise from the geometry of a hidden fifth dimension. Credit: Shutterstock” (ScitechDaily, Could Dark Matter Be Hiding in a Hidden Fifth Dimension?)

“The geometry of a hidden dimension may naturally explain dark matter resonance and its elusive behavior. Every galaxy appears to carry far more mass than telescopes can see. That invisible material, known as dark matter, may be linked to a hidden fifth dimension whose geometry naturally shapes how dark matter particles behave, according to a theory developed at the University of Sheffield.” (ScitechDaily, Could Dark Matter Be Hiding in a Hidden Fifth Dimension?)

There is a possibility. That dark matter has two forms. The thing that binds energy. And the form that releases energy. So this means that. Dark matter. It could be a source for dark energy. The idea is that. Hypothetical dark matter particle, WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle). It can have a spin of 2-3. So WIMP rotates 2-3 times around its axle. Until it releases the light quantum. While it changes its direction. When a particle changes its direction. It must stop first. And in that process, it releases energy as a light quantum. Normally, a fermion's spin is 1/2. If the particle’s spin is 2-3. That means it stores more energy in itself. And released light quantum. It has more energy than. In the case of a “normal” fermion. 

This is an interesting question. The idea is that dark matter could be a particle that is from a different dimension. The problem with the fifth dimension. Is this. We cannot see the fifth dimension. And the reason for that is logical. The fifth dimension. It can exist only in the fourth dimension. And that means that. All dimensions are surrounded by the lower dimension. And this means the journey to the fifth dimension passes through the fourth. So the fourth dimension is between the third and fifth dimensions. Sometimes it is explained that the fourth dimension.

It’s time that runs forward. And the fifth dimension is time that runs backward. So, when the particle reaches the third dimension. It must release its energy. If it comes from the higher dimensions. This causes radiation. But it also causes evaporation. And that can create a situation where the matter or its environment binds energy very fast. That can cause a situation that we see as dark matter. 

Can dark matter be some kind of quasiparticle? 

In some dark matter models. Very fast particles that come to the Galaxy from its supermassive black holes or outside the galaxy. Create some kind of “holes” in the quantum fields in the galaxy. So, if some particles really make holes in a dense quantum field. That field tries to fill that hole or channel. And those holes can act like real particles. This means that at least some part of the dark matter particles are hypothetical WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles). They can be virtual particles. Or some kind of quasiparticles. The thing that supports this model. That is, dark matter seems to be especially concentrated in galaxies. And if the hole, or channel, forms in a dense field. That channel has a stronger effect than in a weak field. 

This means that if the dark matter is like a channel that looks like a deep exciton. It can be the reason. For why dark matter exists in the galaxies. The fact is that. All galaxies seem to have no dark matter. And this is the thing. That supports the model that WIMPs are real particles. But in some other models, an active galaxy can form a cosmic void around it. The gamma ray glow. It can push matter and quantum fields out from around the galaxy. This means that the galaxy. It can be in the cosmic void. And that can mean: it can spin faster than it should. 

Or, could WIMP be a particle? That spin is different. Than others?

But could the radiation from the center? Of the galaxies? And their black holes cause a situation. There are some particles. That spin turns very fast. This means that the gamma-ray glow pushes some particles and turns their spin into >1. 

A normal fermion has spin 1/2. If the spin turns >1, that means that those particles bind energy more strongly. The particle binds energy until its spin direction changes. So, if the particles spin. It’s, let’s say, 2-3. That means it spins around its axle 2-3 times before it releases energy. So, this means that. The particle will be far heavier. Than other particles. Same way. When it changes its direction. That particle will release. A far stronger wave quantum. Than a regular fermion. This means that the WIMP could still be the source of the dark energy. 

There is a model. There. The WIMPs, or dark matter. It has not only one shape. This means that WIMPs are multiple phenomena. This means that dark matter can be different types of things that we see.  As the gravitational effect. But then return to the galaxies without dark matter. Could it be possible that there is some kind of mass effect? What causes the situation? There, the galaxy spins too fast. It's possible that if the galaxy is very active. And it sends very strong gamma-rays. That radiation removes matter from its edge. That means that the mass is in the outer layer. Of the galaxy. It can be very thin. If the galaxy spins in a cosmic void. Its spin can be faster than that of other galaxies. 

https://scitechdaily.com/could-dark-matter-be-hiding-in-a-hidden-fifth-dimension/

https://scitechdaily.com/what-if-dark-matter-has-two-forms-bold-new-hypothesis-could-explain-a-cosmic-mystery/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-dimensional_space

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiparticle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Can the universe's expansion really slow down?

"Evidence suggests the universe’s expansion has started to slow, not accelerate. The results imply dark energy is weakening and evolving faster than previously believed. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (Scitechdaily, Evidence suggests the universe’s expansion has started to slow, not accelerate. The results imply dark energy is weakening and evolving faster than previously believed. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Evidence suggests the universe’s expansion has started to slow, not accelerate. The results imply dark energy is weakening and evolving faster than previously believed. Credit: SciTechDaily.com)

The new evidence suggests that dark energy also becomes weaker. That is one of the reasons why researchers start to think that the universe’s expansion might be slowing. This means that Einstein was only partially right. Einstein’s model suggests that dark energy has a constant, or static, power. But if dark energy is released during the Big Bang, that means the universe’s expansion causes a situation where the same dark energy must fill a larger universe. And that thing means. That dark energy turns weaker. Like all other interactions. 

Turn weaker. So can gravity win, and cause the Big Crunch? Gravity also turns weaker. That means. The expansion of the universe. Makes dark energy advance. Because distances between objects increase. This is one way to predict the ultimate fate of the universe. But if we think. That Einstein was right and the dark energy is static and constant, which means the origin of the dark energy is outside the universe. If dark energy forms outside the universe, that means there should be some kind of wave movement. 

Dark energy means. Free energy that should rip the universe in pieces. There is a possibility that dark energy. It can also have some kind of interaction with dark matter. Dark matter means. A strange gravitational effect that is the second-dominating thing in the universe. Dark matter can have a particle form. Those hypothetical particles called weakly interacting massive particles WIMPs are suggested as the things that can form dark matter. In that model, dark energy forms. During dark matter particle interactions.

What is the role of cosmic voids in dark energy and dark matter? 

But maybe dark matter. Form in entropy in energy, or quantum fields. When the universe expands, its size grows. That forms more space between particles. And then. That space makes it possible. That there form whirls and bubbles in those fields. Those bubbles are like miniature cosmic voids. And if there is some void, that means the energy field starts to fall into it. The four fundamental interactions. Gravity, electromagnetism. And weak and strong nuclear interactions. Have particle and wave movement forms. The wavelength of those interactions determines which force the wave movement transports. So, every fundamental interaction has its own wavelength. It’s possible that there forms some kind of vacuum in some of those four interactions. 

That means. If there are no weak nuclear force fields. That destroys the atomic nucleus. So do the cosmic voids, like the Boötes void, have some kind of connection with dark energy? The question is: What causes dark energy to move?  Things like cosmic voids are areas where it seems to be no matter. There is a possibility that those voids form when the universe expands. If the expansion rips an energy field in the universe. That can form the cosmic void. 

But another reason for cosmic voids can be. Some extremely high-energy reaction. That forms a shockwave that creates the void. But there is also a possibility that the cosmic void forms in situations. Where some of the four fundamental interactions are missing in some areas. If the strong interaction, as an example, is missing, that thing rips protons and neutrons in pieces. So can the bubble that forms. As an example, in a strong nuclear force field. That destroys protons and neutrons. Or maybe. The relationship between the strong nuclear interaction. Pushing and pulling effects are disturbing. This can cause the material to rip into pieces. If there is a strong radiation effect, the wavelength is the same as the size of the quarks, which can also break protons and neutrons into pieces. 

https://scitechdaily.com/is-einsteins-cosmological-constant-wrong-new-data-suggests-dark-energy-is-evolving/

https://scitechdaily.com/is-the-universe-slowing-down-stunning-new-evidence-says-yes/

https://scitechdaily.com/what-if-einstein-was-only-half-right-nasas-new-test-for-dark-energy/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boötes_Void

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

Time, gravity, and photons.

"A representation of the evolution of the universe over 13.77 billion years. The far left depicts the earliest moment we can now probe, when a period of "inflation" produced a burst of exponential growth in the universe. (Size is depicted by the vertical extent of the grid in this graphic.) For the next several billion years, the expansion of the universe gradually slowed down as the matter in the universe pulled on itself via gravity. More recently, the expansion has begun to speed up again as the repulsive effects of dark energy have come to dominate the expansion of the universe." (NASA, Universe Expansion Funnel)

When people say that time stops in photons, they mean that a photon delivers as much energy as it gets. So the photon itself has no time. But a photon's time is bound with the universe. This means that the age of photons is connected with the universe’s existence. 

The thing is that in the young universe, energy levels and scattering effects were stronger than in the modern universe or the universe where we live. The speed of light is a cosmic constant that depends on the environment. The speed of light is higher outside the atmosphere than in water or gas. 

The distance of particles and energy level, which means the power of the radiation, determines the speed of light. And the photon's speed is always the top. Because the speed of light always increases because of the weaker quantum fields and growing distance between particles, that means the photon's speed accelerates. And then we must understand that the other particles' speed compared to the photon’s speed is the same as in the past. When the entirety’s speed rises, the speed between objects seems the same. 

When we think about claiming that the universe expands faster than light, we can say yes and no. The fact is that the speed of light in the modern universe is higher than in the young universe. So there is a possibility that in the modern universe particles can travel faster than photons traveled in the young universe. But still, those other particles’ speed is lower than the photon's speed. The expansion of the universe causes light to travel faster. But because all other particles also travel faster than that, it is hard to see. 

"An illustration (not to scale) of a primordial black hole growing to supermassive size. (Image credit: Robert Lea (created with Canva))" (Space, Tiny ‘primordial’ black holes created in the Big Bang may have rapidly grown to supermassive sizes)

The other point is that. When a photon travels out from the universe, its speed should increase. But then the gravity of the entire universe pulls the photon back. It's hard to determine how fast a photon travels outside the universe. When a photon travels outside the universe, that means the universe pulls a photon into it with its entire mass. If the photon is in the universe, there is less mass behind it than outside the universe. 

In the same way, when we are at the edge of planet Uranus’s atmosphere, the gravity seems very strong. But when we drop to the surface of the stone shell or lithosphere of that planet, we face a situation where gravity is weaker than on Earth. The same way the universe can act when something is outside it. 

 When a black hole is behind a photon, that thing pulls the photon back to it. The massive gravitational effect also pulls the wave movement longer. This means that there is a possibility that the universe would be quite hard to see outside. But that is only speculation. 

The oversized black holes can form from tiny primordial black holes in the young universe. In the young universe, those black holes were closer to each other. And that caused a situation in which they collide more often than in the modern universe. 

When we think about enormous black holes in the young universe, we must realize that those black holes formed in conditions where the energy level was higher than in the modern universe. That means energy, or quantum fields, press against a black hole more powerfully than in the modern universe. That allowed the black holes to grow to an enormous size. Those black holes could form in a whirl in the powerful radiation. And when the universe expands, maybe those black holes' event horizons grow.

When the quantum fields turn weaker, that means the black hole starts to send radiation. That radiation can cause gravitational waves. The expansion of the universe can be one of the reasons why black holes sometimes separate from their material disks. And that causes the gravitational wave bursts. The expansion of the universe causes energy to move throughout the universe. And that thing is one of the things that causes the effect called time.

https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/over-massive-black-hole-young-universe

https://www.iflscience.com/are-those-eerie-oversized-black-holes-in-the-early-universe-the-result-of-direct-collapse-74341

https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12314

https://www.space.com/astronomy/black-holes/tiny-primordial-black-holes-created-in-the-big-bang-may-have-rapidly-grown-to-supermassive-sizes

Training determines the abilities of the AI.

The new remote-controlled robot uses technology that allows it to teleport all human movements to that robot's body. That thing turns so-called external, or exobodies true. That nobody can operate in every mission where humans can. This kind of body can operate as an AI-training tool. The operator controls that robot in different situations. Then that system can share its data with other full-automatic robots that operate independently. In the robot world the word “independent” doesn’t mean necessary the same as in the human world. An independently operating robot is a robot that can do its duties without human assistance. That kind of system can operate under the control of data centers. 

So, those systems use the internet for the remote control of the robot body, and that computing capacity is not high enough to run complicated algorithms that do things like walking in the city and visiting shops to buy things. The fact is that the training of the AI determines its abilities. The human-shaped robot is like a screwdriver. The AI that controls that system is the thing that makes it capable of operating in many situations. The first real robocops are coming to the streets in Indonesia. 

Many armies and civil defense and rescue organizations test robot dogs that can search things like mines. Those systems can carry lasers or even missiles in the back. So that makes them able to destroy tanks and other vehicles. Those robot dogs can have quadcopter propellers in their legs. The system can turn the twin wing rotors in the same line. And then pull them in. In use, those systems can push propellers out. Turn the legs to the side. And then turn those propellers into an X-position. 

Researchers trained the Chat GPT for space pilots. That system did its mission very well, and that means the new drones can get AI-based autopilots. And in the wrong hands, those systems are terrifying. That means basically anybody can train their own AI-based aircraft pilot that can operate drones or, why not, full-scale aircraft. There are risks in those applications. The same autopilot program that controls the drone can control full-size aircraft. 

Some researchers are worried that AI chatbots can start to create biological weapons. Those systems can make almost everything. AI-controlled laboratories are things that can revolutionize material and molecule research. That means that those laboratories can also connect the DNA molecules together. Those systems can also make artificial organisms using AI-controlled nanotechnology. 

The self-replicating or self-amplifying mRNA molecules are created for self-replicating vaccines. Those self-amplifying (m)RNA (sa(M)RNA) can also unlock new tools for controlling nanorobots if a small miniature robot can carry saRNA molecules to the right cells. And that thing can make it possible to create the system that orders those cells to die. That mRNA molecule can order the cell to shut down its protein synthesis. Those self-amplifying molecules can also act like chemical computer programs. And that makes new tools to control nano- and biorobots. 

The ability to produce and self-replicate mRNA molecules in a dish, outside the cells. That opens new paths to genetic engineering. And another thing is that this kind of ability makes it possible to create new mRNA and DNA-based computers and data storages. 

There is a possibility to create the artificial mRNA molecule that self-replicates in the dish. That thing makes it possible to create the mRNA that reprograms the cell. There are two ways to make a large number of artificial cells. The first way is to create artificial DNA or mRNA molecules. The researchers can change the DNA from inside the cell’s nucleus. The other way is to use the mRNA molecule to reprogram the cell organelle and force it to create artificial mRNA viruses. 

The new method is to create artificial mRNA or DNA molecules. Then that molecule can self-replicate. Then researchers can take cells in control and inject those mRNA molecules into cell organelles. Or they can exchange DNA from the cell nucleus. That makes it possible to create artificial cells. The difference is how to produce that genetic material. In the last case, the genetic material is produced separately from the cells. And that makes this genetic material easier to control. That material opens new doors for DNA and mRNA-based computing and controlling miniature robots. 

https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/news/2023/ai-could-be-used-to-develop-bioweapons-if-not-regulated-urgently-says-new-report

https://futurism.com/scientists-chatgpt-controls-spaceship

https://www.rudebaguette.com/en/2025/06/real-life-avatar-tech-arrives-new-capsule-teleports-full-body-human-motion-directly-into-remote-controlled-robots/

https://www.rudebaguette.com/en/2025/07/theyve-gone-full-robocop-indonesia-unleashes-humanoid-police-robots-to-hunt-criminals-and-crush-the-drug-trade/

https://www.science.org/content/blog-post/first-self-amplifying-mrna-vaccine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Messenger_RNA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-amplifying_RNA

Living fossils challenge Darwin's evolution theory.

Above: Cretaceous Loricera beetles with specialized morphology for collembolan predation (Cell.com)

The beetle that challenges Darwin's evolution theory has been unchanged for 100 million years. This beetle is one of the things. That we can call "living fossils". When Charles Darwin created his evolution theory, he involved the term "living fossils" in that model. The idea in evolution theory is that species must adapt to their environment. But sometimes evolution creates the "perfect shape" or "perfect construction". That construction can survive in fast changes in the environment. We know a couple of living fossils like Ginkgos, coelacanths, and some other creatures like a beetle named: Loriceda. 

That thing means that sometimes evolution forms creatures with versatile abilities to survive in fast, and large-scale changes in their environment. The Loriceda beetles might form in certain conditions. Where that creature had no competitors. That thing creates the idea that maybe those beetles formed in the conditions after some mass extinction. After those extinctions larger animals whipped out and that left space for the things like bugs. The thing is that living fossils are fascinating things. 

Above: Coelacanth

Above: Ginkgo

They offer a window to the past time. When we think about the need to change, we think that the environment is the thing that sets this need. In the case of other living fossil coelacanths, the reason why that strange-looking creature survived is that those, little bit pike fish-looking creatures lived and still live in very deep sea. In that deep sea, the meteorite that destroyed dinosaurs had no big effect. 

And that left those strange fishes alive. The living vegetable fossils like Ginkgo might survived because some of them were in a position where the asteroid impact didn't affect them straight. The nuclear winter after that impact freezes those seeds very fast. Before meteorites that destroyed dinosaurs, there were no competitors for those species in the group gymnosperm. 

Those species made their seeds much faster than angiosperms. The angiosperms formed the protective layer around the seeds and that made them more resistant to climate change and heat waves. The meteorite made space for those more advanced vegetables that created the protective layer to protect their seeds. The meteorite formed a situation where evolution started to favor complicated structures in seeds. That means evolution must have a reason or fast change to start favoring quality and deny large numbers of descendants. 

https://www.cell.com/the-innovation/fulltext/S2666-6758(24)00039-0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanth

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba

Fundamental AI and the fundamental plasma-ion engine

 Fundamental AI and the fundamental plasma-ion engine

Vlasiator is a fundamental AI-based system that simulates particle flow.

The University of Helsinki's Vlasiator computer program noticed interesting things in the plasma pulses in the Earth's magnetosphere. That thing is that the Earth's poles form plasma pulses in a very interesting way. The N and S poles drive plasma ions and anions through different routes.

And then those anions and ions impact together. That thing forms a thing called a plasma pulse. The Vlasiator is an artificial intelligence-based program that can also be used for making flow models. And one of the most interesting things is the ion engine that uses solar plasma to make thrust. This is one version of the Bussard Ramjet. 

The hypothetical interstellar fusion engine pulls plasma into the accelerator by using magnetic fields. And then the laser system ignites the fusion reaction. Same way in a high-voltage pulsed plasma system nuclear fusion makes plasma and thrust. 

There is no fusion ignition in low voltage plasma pulse engine (or pulsed plasma system). The impacting plasma causes reflections and increases pressure in that reaction chamber. And that is the thing, that thrusts the system. 

"Plasma eruptions in near-Earth space. The University of Helsinki’s Vlasiator model demonstrated that both magnetic reconnection and kinetic instabilities are responsible for plasma eruptions in near-Earth space, providing vital insights for space research and technology. Credit: Jani Närhi" (ScitechDaily.com/Plasma eruptions in near-Earth space. The University of Helsinki’s Vlasiator model demonstrated that both magnetic reconnection and kinetic instabilities are responsible for plasma eruptions in near-Earth space, providing vital insights for space research and technology. Credit: Jani Närhi)

But that image could also introduce the model of the plasma pulse engine system. The plasma pulse system drives anions and ions by using different routes. And then those ions and anions impact together. 

"Artist's conception of a Bussard ramjet. A major component of an actual ramjet – a miles-wide electromagnetic field – is invisible." (Wikipedia.com/Bussard ramjet)

The pulsed plasma engines are one version of the Bussard's ramjet. The pulsed plasma engines can use any gas ions and anions. The system just creates plasma and drives anions and ions through different routes to the chamber, where they hit each other. That thing forms plasma pulses like Earth's magnetic field. Theoretically, a pulsed plasma engine allows a craft that uses it to operate outside and inside the atmosphere.

Image 1 above introduces plasma pulses. And how they form. Those plasma pulses are making an interesting model of the new way to use solar power in ion engines. The idea is that the new ion engine, or plasma-pulse ion engine, uses two routes, which are positive and negative-loaded. 

Those plasma routes drive solar plasma to the chamber, where they impact together. That thing can form the plasma pulse that can drive spacecraft in the solar system. The system that pulls plasma into the tubes that drive it into the reaction chamber must not use very high-power magnetic fields.

https://scitechdaily.com/vlasiator-unveils-solutions-to-a-central-mystery-in-space-physics/?expand_article=1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bussard_ramjet

https://technologyandfuture4.wordpress.com/2023/08/24/154/