Neutronium: material that exists only in neutron stars.

"In theory, any type of baryon, or entity made of three quarks, can bind together to any other type of baryon. However, while protons-and-neutrons can bind together to form stable bound states (like atomic nuclei), neutrons-and-neutrons and protons-and-protons do not. " (BigThink, Ask Ethan: Why don’t neutrons bind together?)

Neutronium is a material that exists only in neutron stars. Or, neutron stars are material that is as close to neutronium as possible. There are no electrons that orbit those neutrons and that means the neutron star is not exactly neutronium. "Real" neutronium requires electrons. During the supernova explosion, the energy impulse smashes the electrons into the atom's core forming the structure that is like a giant neutron. 

Theoretical neutronium would be a pack of neutrons or a "miniature neutron star". And electrons orbiting it. In some theories, high-power electromagnetic radiation like laser beams can press the electrons into an atom's shell and create a ball, where there are only neutrons. Then the system can put the high-energy electrons in orbit that structure. 

The problem is that when energy pumping ends the energy that comes out from the neutron ball pushes electrons away. If researchers use lasers to stabilize that structure sooner or later the energy level rises so high, that the lasers cannot pump energy into it. 

In a supernova explosion neutron star stores a massive energy load and the massive gravity keeps that thing in its form. If the strength of gravity is weaker than this energy load the neutron star releases electrons. Or when the structure expands the electrons will separate from those particles. And that forms the carbon star. 

There is massive gravitation. And outcoming energy forms a condition. That denies neutron decay. The neutron star itself doesn't produce energy. But plasma and other materials. That impacts its shell and causes a situation. There the energy at the neutron star's shell is at a higher level than inside it. The massive gravitation along high energy levels makes the existence of neutronium possible. 

The neutronium is a hypothetical material that includes only neutrons. The neutron star is close to that material because it includes only neutrons. However, the neutronium does not exist in other places than in those dense, hot, and heavy objects. And that means neutronium is a useless material. A teaspoon of this material weighs as much as the Earth.

Above: Hypothetically, it would be possible for identical particles, such as neutrons, to form bound states with one another if there’s enough binding energy to make it so. Unfortunately, the only place where this can occur for more than a minuscule fraction of a second is inside a neutron star, where the gravitational force adds additional binding energy to the (insufficient) nuclear binding energy through the strong nuclear force. A one-time detection of a tetraneutron state, dating back to 2016, was finally replicated in 2022, showing that dineutron and tetraneutron states can very temporarily exist outside of a neutron star. (BigThink, Ask Ethan: Why don’t neutrons bind together?) 

As we see there is the gravity that bounds neutrons together in a neutron star. But there is no weak nuclear force or electromagnetic bounds between neutrons if they form structures there are only neutrons. One of the reasons why that thing happens is this. The difference in energy levels between protons and neutrons makes energy or weak nuclear force move in the atom's nucleus. Without that flow, the weak nuclear force cannot bind particles together. 

In some models, researchers can put neutrons together by pressing more energy into another neutron than others. That thing will not work at least in long-term solutions. The problem is that energy flows to the lower energy level until the entirety has the same energy level. And in that moment all particles start to form standing waves between them. That destroys the structure. 

 If all particles are identical, that means. They have the same energy level and they oscillate at the same frequency. That thing forms a situation where all neutrons oscillate synchronously at the same time. That thing forms energy waves that destroy this structure. 

Below: Free  neutron decay. (Wikipedia, free neutron decay)

One of the reasons for stable neutronium is impossible in nature. Is the short lifetime of neutrons. Neutron exists for only about 15 seconds and then it decays. And deliver energy. That energy destroys the structure. 

The energy falls to the neutron star but it cannot break its structure even if it jumps out from the middle of it. The massive gravity keeps the neutron star in one form and the energy that this thing creates keeps those neutrons existing. But when a neutron comes out from the atom's core its lifetime is about 15 seconds. And the "neutron graphene" could exist only in very high energy levels. 

Theoretically is possible to create a 2D neutron structure by pressing neutron clouds from both sides using massive high-power radiation. But that thing requires very much energy and the only thing that can make that material is high-power antimatter systems that create antimatter-matter annihilation between some other 2D material layers. 

The annihilation vacuum bomb can create short-term neutronium. The system would be the ball. The annihilation happens between graphene layers and it could create so much energy that it can smash electrons into the atom's core. That turns all particles into neutrons. The neutron star is a very dense and hot object and gravity on that object is extremely strong. 

The annihilation reaction around the molecular clouds can have enough energy to press electrons into the atom's core. And that should make the structure. That is similar to a neutron star. The mini-neutron star's existence is from a couple of seconds to minutes. The problem is that the annihilation vacuum bomb will turn into radiation during that process. 

Or maybe high-power laser systems can press neutrons into that structure. The problem is that the neutron net or neutron graphene requires so much energy that the system is not suitable because it's so expensive to use. The neutron graphene would be the strongest structure in the universe. But the problem is how to stabilize it. In some very futuristic visions, the spacecraft has a special fusion or antimatter reactor that covers its entire shell. 

The fusion acts as the electromagnetic press that happens on both sides of the neutron structure. And there the neutron net can stay. The problem is that the high-power fusion must happen symmetrically around the neutron net. And the temperature in that system would be billions of degrees. So that thing is possible in the far future. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/neutrons-bind-together/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_neutron_decay

Protons and B-mesons challenge the Standard model.

"Quark and gluons inside a proton. Two up quarts, one down quark, gluons holding them together. Credit: Brookhaven National Laboratory." (ScitechDaily, Science Made Simple: What Are Protons?)

Proton: the particle that cannot decay. 

The thing that makes protons so interesting is that they cannot decay. Or nobody saw that protons can decay. The complex inner structure of a proton is the reason why it exists longer than a neutron. The energy can travel to those pockets when it travels down quark to two up quarks. And that shares energy flow into the larger area than in neutrons. In neutrons, two down quarks transmit energy into one up quark. 

That thing means that the up quark turns into the antenna that transmits energy into one point. And that energy breaks the shell of the neutron. The energy jumps from the quantum field between those three quarks and pushes them away. 

The proton involves a more complex structure that can pull more energy into it than a neutron that has only three quarks. There are also antimatter-matter particle pairs in neutrons. There is some other particle between those particle pairs. And that denies the annihilation. But if something pulls the quantum field fast enough out that makes space between those particles. 

Then those particle-antiparticle pairs could annihilate and that shockwave can destroy the proton. But as we know, nobody saw that happen. The fact is that the proton's internal structures expand when the proton expands. And that means the lifetime of the proton is very long. The proton is a particle that challenges the standard model. 

Another thing that can challenge the standard model is B-meson. 

Could there be some small, yet unknown hadron? Protons and neutrons are both hadrons. Their lifetime is different. The neutron decays in 15 seconds and the proton can last as long as the universe is. There is one interesting question: can hadrons form internal structures? Or can hadrons be inside other hadrons? The mesons are hadrons like protons and neutrons. 

"In particle physics, a meson is a type of hadronic subatomic particle composed of an equal number of quarks and antiquarks, usually one of each, bound together by the strong interaction. Because mesons are composed of quark sub-particles, they have a meaningful physical size, a diameter of roughly one femtometre (10−15 m), which is about 0.6 times the size of a proton or neutron. All mesons are unstable, with the longest-lived lasting for only a few tenths of a nanosecond. Heavier mesons decay into lighter mesons and ultimately into stable electrons, neutrinos, and photons. (Wikipedia, mesons)

"In particle physics, a hadron is a composite subatomic particle made of two or more quarks held together by a strong interaction. They are analogous to molecules, which are held together by the electric force. Most of the mass of ordinary matter comes from two hadrons: the proton and the neutron, while most of the mass of the protons and neutrons is in turn due to the binding energy of their constituent quarks, due to the strong force." (Wikipedia, Hadron)

Normal particles decay into the same particles. Or there is a certain cycle. Or some other dominating actor like spin or energy level determines how those particles decay. And their decay productions. 

W-bosons can decay to a lepton and antilepton (one of them charged and another neutral)[d] or to a quark and antiquark of complementary types (with opposite electric charges ⁠±+1/3 and ⁠∓+2/3⁠). Those bosons are the transmitters of the weak nuclear force. (Wikipedia, W, and Z bosons)

As the authors of a brand new paper, published in late November of 2024 in Physical Review Letters, note, all of the decays that involve B-mesons decaying to either:

two pions,

two kaons,

or one pion and one kaon,

(Big Think, How B-mesons are threatening to break the Standard Model)

Kaons and pions are hadrons as well as protons and neutrons. The main question is: do those hadrons (muon and pion) form after the decay of the B-meson? Or do the bonds inside the B-meson cut in different places during the decay process because of some asymmetry? But is that asymmetry in energy or materials? 

"B mesons are an important probe for exploring quantum chromodynamics. They consist of an antibottom quark paired with an up, down, or strange quark. B mesons decay via multiple pathways, several of which result in the production of π 𝜋 and K mesons. Measuring these rare branching fractions. Set limits on new particles." (https://physics.aps.org/articles/v17/s142)

The problem is that B-meson is not an elementary particle. The non-elementary particle should decay through particles that form it So the problem is that there should be something wrong if the decay productions are always different. In the case of B-mesons, the decay is similar to W-boson decay. And that thing means. That the B-meson acts like an elementary particle. There are theories that it's possible. That the hadrons can form internal structures. 

The protons and neutrons are both hadrons. Hadrons are subatomic non-elementary particles. They act like elementary particles. There is a possibility, that some of those particles that we see as elementary are the hadron inside other hadron. And that means the standard model is the thing, that requires some actions like updating. 

https://bigthink.com/hard-science/will-protons-last-forever-why-scientists-are-searching-for-signs-of-decay/

https://physics.aps.org/articles/v17/s142

https://www.quantamagazine.org/inside-the-proton-the-most-complicated-thing-imaginable-20221019/

https://scitechdaily.com/cracking-the-proton-code-unveiling-the-secrets-of-the-universes-building-blocks/

https://scitechdaily.com/ghostly-neutrinos-provide-groundbreaking-new-way-to-investigate-the-structure-of-protons/

https://scitechdaily.com/science-made-simple-what-are-protons/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_meson

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons#W_bosons_2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

The WARP bubbles. And faster-than-light technology.

 

Every day neutrons travel faster than light in a short moment. That thing makes the blue shine of nuclear reactors. The same effect is used in neutrino detectors. When neutrino impacts with water it slows its speed and sends a blue-light flash. 

In some models, the future spacecraft are forming WARP bubbles underwater. The air bubble. That surrounds the craft, allowing it to travel faster than light in the water. When the craft removes the WARP bubble around it, that system allows the craft can travel faster than light in less than a second. The idea is that the system benefits the Cherenkov effect. 

Because nothing that has mass can slow immediately the craft travels faster than light underwater in a short moment. And then it can jump to the fourth dimension. The Cherenkov radiation forms when the particle that impacts water slows its speed and sends blue-light shock wave. 

There are made quantum-size and short-term WARP-bubbles in laboratories. But WARP technology is still in beta-model. In some versions, the neutrons will collide in front of the antimatter engine nozzle. And then the antimatter engine shoots the particles through those bubbles. All that is written about WARP technology tells about theoretical systems, that can make the craft travel faster than light. 

The WARP system is called Alcubierre drive. The problem is to deny the energy travel out from the craft when it reaches the speed of light. And one answer could be that the antimatter and matter would explode at the front of the craft. And that allows energy to travel to the craft's body in critical moments. 

Some versions of the theoretical  Alcubierre drive the craft to shoot antimatter- and material particles to the front of it. When that happens in the speed. That is very close to the speed of light that pumps energy inside the craft in the critical moment it allows the craft to jump to the fourth dimension. 

WARP bubbles are shove fields. That isolates the structure from its environment. The problem with this bubble's creation is to deny a couple of things. The biggest problem is that the system must deny the form of "hairs".  

The hairs are wave movement that is traveling out from the object. So the WARP bubble must be "slight". The system must make a so-called "cold" WARP bubble there is an impact wave around the electromagnetic vacuum. The problem with the hot bubble is the electromagnetic hair that causes EM friction. And this can slow the speed of the craft. 

The idea of the WARP bubble is that it allows material and photons to travel without the effect of electromagnetic wave movement or scattering effect that can slow the speed of those particles. There is the possibility. The cloud of superpositioned and entangled electrons or photons is creating a bubble around the craft.

There are a couple of hypothetical models of how to make a WARP bubble. 

1) The system can use the antimatter impact to create the electromagnetic bubble. At first, the spacecraft would surround by a ball of superpositioned and entangled particles like electrons. Then antimatter impact pushes quantum fields from around the craft. 

2) The impact of neutrons. In that model, the system uses small-size neutron balls, neutron beams, or neutron bubbles. Those things are forming similar effects with impacting neutron stars. And then those impacting neutrons are forming the WARP bubble around the craft. 

3) Making the craft very hot or high energy. In that version, the high-energy craft or its body pushes quantum fields from around it. Then the cations and anions can be pulled out from the craft by using magnets. 

4) The WARP bubble can form underwater. In that model, the air bubble is forming the bubble where ions, electrons, and photons travel faster than in water. Then the system must just remove the WARP bubble from around that object. That makes the craft travel faster than light in water in less than a second. So could that time be enough to jump that craft to the fourth dimension? 

In some other models, the system uses skyrmions for that purpose. Then the antimatter explosion pushes quantum fields out from the structure. And then the network of superpositioned and entangled particles are closing outside quantum fields away from the bubble. There is a total vacuum in the WARP bubble. And there all particles could travel at the same speed. 

There are some models where the craft uses WARP bubbles for only a short moment. When the craft reaches a speed, that is the same as photons in an absolute vacuum it removes WARP-bubble from around it. That thing causes a similar effect that causes Cherenkov radiation. 

The idea is that the craft would drop away from the third dimension in that case. So when the craft accelerates to the highest possible speed and the WARP bubble is removed the impact energy turns that thing into a black hole or makes it jump to the fourth dimension. 

In some other models, the rocket engine that is used in spacecraft forms the WARP bubble to the front of the antimatter engine nozzle. Then the particles would shoot through that thing. That allows them to travel faster than usual. 

https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/329631-scientists-havent-created-a-warp-bubble-but-theyre-a-bit-closer-to-testing-one

https://www.fanaticalfuturist.com/2022/02/worlds-first-real-warp-bubble-created-by-accident-as-scientists-mull-future-warp-drive/

https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/what-is-cherenkov-radiation

https://phys.org/news/2017-01-alcubierre-warp.html

https://phys.org/news/2015-11-dont-superluminal-einstein-universe.html

https://www.space.com/real-uss-enterprise

https://theconversation.com/new-warp-drive-research-dashes-faster-than-light-travel-dreams-but-reveals-stranger-possibilities-158070

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcubierre_drive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation 

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/