Spectroscopy tells new things about asteroids.

 Spectroscopy tells new things about asteroids. 

"Two very different asteroid families may share the same ancient roots, linked by a rare mineral fingerprint and revealed through cutting-edge polarization studies. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Rare Space Dust Reveals a Shocking Link Between Very Different Asteroids)

Those asteroids that seem different might have their origins in the same body. 

New spectroscopic tools offer a window to asteroid chemistry. And that brings big surprises to researchers. The new observations tell. That asteroids might have an origin in the same body, even if they have different chemical compounds. And if those asteroids have chemical backgrounds that are far different from each other, that tells us that the bodies where those things are separated are very big. That opens a new way to see the solar system’s chaotic past. 

"This animation shows how an asteroid would appear during different phases depending on its location relative to the Sun, similar to how the Moon has phases. Credit: Caltech/IPAC/K. Miller" (ScitechDaily, Rare Space Dust Reveals a Shocking Link Between Very Different Asteroids)

"This image shows how an asteroid would appear during different phases depending on its location relative to the Sun, similar to how the Moon has phases. Credit: Caltech/IPAC/K. Miller (ScitechDaily, Rare Space Dust Reveals a Shocking Link Between Very Different Asteroids)

There might be many other planets than the planets that we know in the young solar system. Some of those planets were destroyed in cosmic collisions. An interesting question is, how far those planets turned into solid form. When they faced their fate in the cosmic collisions. The asteroid’s rocky form suggests that its origin was in rocky planets or dwarf planets. 

The shape of those asteroids is sharp, and they seem like stones. That we see in quarries. Those signs indicate that the point where these stones separated during impact was in solid form. If the object were liquid, those asteroids should look smoother. And their shape would be more like a ball.  There is a theory that some asteroids in the asteroid belt and Kuiper Belt formed when some rocky planets collided. A recently mentioned theory tells that. The asteroid belt formed when a rocky planet was destroyed in cosmic collisions. 

Researchers said that those asteroids’ mass is not high enough. That they have formed a planet in the past. The fact is that most asteroids are quite small. And if we count the dust from the asteroid belt into the asteroid belt’s asteroid mass, that can be enough for quite a large planet, or protoplanet. And gas giants, Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, and Jupiter, clean their trajectories from smaller objects. Some of those large planets’ moons were asteroids before those gas giants captured them. And those giant planets can also drive asteroids a long distance from their original position. The chaotic past in our solar system is a very interesting period. Meteorite bombing was very intense, and Earth also faced the cosmic impact that separated our Moon from our planet. 

https://scitechdaily.com/rare-space-dust-reveals-a-shocking-link-between-very-different-asteroids/

The mystery of Mars is growing.

"This graphic shows the long-chain organic molecules decane, undecane, and dodecane. These are the largest organic molecules discovered on Mars to date. They were detected in a drilled rock sample called “Cumberland” that was analyzed by the Sample Analysis at Mars lab inside the belly of NASA’s Curiosity rover. The rover, whose selfie is on the right side of the image, has been exploring Gale Crater since 2012. An image of the Cumberland drill hole is faintly visible in the background of the molecule chains. Credit: NASA/Dan Gallagher" (ScitechDaily, Life on Mars? NASA’s Curiosity Rover Finds Prebiotic Clues in a 3.7-Billion-Year-Old Rock)

The new observations about Martian rocks uncover long carbon molecules. Those molecules can be the remnants of ancient life. Or maybe some other thing formed them. When probes research red planet. we can see ancient lakes and rivers. 

Today those lakes and rivers are all gone. The reason for that is that the Mars' atmosphere is very thin. And that allows cosmic radiation to impact Mars's surface. 

There could be bacteria or proto-bacteria on that planet. But then some cosmic catastrophe like an impact with some big asteroid or protoplanet blew lots of material from the red planet to space. And it's possible that this impact also pushed Mars away from its original place. But was Mars closer, or outer from the sun? That is a good question. Another good question is: how big Mars was before those cosmic catastrophes? There were many catastrophes in the Mars-planet youth. 

"A view of Mars’s north polar cap, reconstructed from various spacecraft data. The spiral troughs that dissect the cap are visible. Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio" (Astronomy, Ghost rivers, hidden lakes: The long search for water on Mars)

This river delta looks like a pituitary gland. "Glacier-like features, where a mass of material appears to have flowed downhill between two ridges, hint at where ice probably accumulated in the past in the mid-latitudes of Mars. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona" (Astronomy, Ghost rivers, hidden lakes: The long search for water on Mars)

"A close-up of Mars’ south pole shows a thick ice cap, thought to be made up of frozen water and frozen carbon dioxide. Credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin/Bill Dunford" (Astronomy, Ghost rivers, hidden lakes: The long search for water on Mars)

We see only the last version of that planet. The Mars planet didn't form the entire Asteroid belt. But there can be some remnants of the Mars-planet's ancient lithosphere. Those river and lake remnants are formed after the last catastrophe. And it's possible that the cosmic ice ball hit Mars at that time. That causes interesting thinking experiments. The Mars planet's gravity is very weak. If we compare it to Earth's gravity. 

That means the cosmic snowball would not heat so much as if it hit Earth.  So those cosmic snowballs can carry protobacteria to Mars. The big problem is this. Where came from water. What formed those ancient lakes and rivers come from? If we think that the red planet has been heavier and bigger before it lost its lithosphere. 

So, did the planet Mars impact with the icy moon or some icy dwarf planet like Jupiter's Europa moon? That can explain those ancient lakes and rivers. If Mars really lost its lithosphere in some impact it should vaporize the water and throw that water, what existed before the impact to space. 

We know that the biggest asteroid Ceres is mainly water. So there should be other ice asteroids in the asteroid belt. The depth of those oceans is unknown. But if the water that formed the Martian lakes and rivers remnants we see came from somewhere else the best candidate can be the water dwarf planet like Europa. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/ghost-rivers-hidden-lakes-the-long-search-for-water-on-mars/

https://scitechdaily.com/life-on-mars-nasas-curiosity-rover-finds-prebiotic-clues-in-a-3-7-billion-year-old-rock/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Internal_structure

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars

Can we ever reach other solar systems or even Mars?

"Every vision is a joke until the first man accomplishes it; once realized, it becomes commonplace.

–Response to a reporter's question following criticism in The New York Times, 1920" (Wikipedia, Robert Goddard)

That is a good question. That depends on what the word "ever" means. If we determine the word "ever" in human lifetime we face one interesting thing. Maybe we who were born in the 20th century will not see that Mars trip happen. And it takes a far longer time to create a large-size stable colony. In the same way, we cannot think that things like Alcubierre's drive will not complete our lifetime. 

Manned journeys to other planets than Mars are possible. But the risks are too high. Or the journeys to other planets than Mars, Venus, and Mercury take too long. And we cannot expect that people would spend lots of time in their lifetime in some spacecraft. Jupiter is too far for even the nuclear rockets and all nuclear rockets are CAD images on computer screens. And maybe we will not send the interstellar probe to Alpha Centauri in the next 200 years. Those things are purely theoretical. 

But then we can look at history. We must realize that airplanes or heavier-than-air aerial vehicles flew first time in 1903. The Russian researcher Konstantin Tsilokovsky (1857-1935) made theories about flight outside the atmosphere in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. That man introduced the idea of the space elevator. In 1945 Arthur C. Clarke (1917-2008) introduced a model of geostationary satellites. Making communication satellites possible.  

Chinese invented rockets in the 13th century. The thing is that Robert H. Godard (1882-1945)invented the liquid-fueled rockets. However, the Chinese invented the powder rockets hundreds of years before Goddard. 

The Chinese used rockets in the 13th century. 

"Robert Goddard, bundled against the cold weather of March 16, 1926, holds the launching frame of his most notable invention—the first liquid-fueled rocket."  (Wikipedia, Robert H. Goddard)

"irst successful flight of the Wright Flyer, by the Wright brothers. The machine traveled 120 ft (36.6 m) in 12 seconds at 10:35 a.m. at Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina. Orville Wright was at the controls of the machine, lying prone on the lower wing with his hips in the cradle which operated the wing-warping mechanism. Wilbur Wright ran alongside to balance the machine, and just released his hold on the forward upright of the right wing in the photo. " (Wikipedia, Wright Flyer)

"The starting rail, the wing-rest, a coil box, and other items needed for flight preparation are visible behind the machine. This is described as "the first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air, powered flight" by the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, but is not listed by the FAI as an official record." (Wikipedia, Wright Flyer)

"V2-Rocket in the Peenemünde Museum" (Wikipedia, V-2 rocket)

"The Apollo 11 Saturn V rocket launch vehicle lifts-off with astronauts Neil A. Armstrong, Michael Collins and Edwin E. Aldrin, Jr., at 9:32 a.m. EDT July 16, 1969, from Kennedy Space Center's Launch Complex Pad 39A." (Wikipedia, Saturn V)

"The Space Shuttle Discovery and its seven-member STS-120 crew head toward Earth-orbit and a scheduled link-up with the International Space Station. Liftoff from Kennedy Space Center's launch pad 39A occurred at 11:38:19 a.m. (EDT). Onboard are astronauts Pam Melroy, commander; George Zamka, pilot; Scott Parazynski, Stephanie Wilson, Doug Wheelock, European Space Agency's (ESA) Paolo Nespoli and Daniel Tani, all mission specialists." (Wikipedia, Space shuttle)

Above: SpaceX Starship

2013 Lockheed Martin concept image of the SR-72 (Wikipedia, Lockheed Martin SR-72)

Artist's concept of a Skylon reaching orbit (Wikipedia, Skylon)

"The Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application (NERVA) was a nuclear thermal rocket engine development program that ran for roughly two decades. Its principal objective was to "establish a technology base for nuclear rocket engine systems to be utilized in the design and development of propulsion systems for space mission application" It was a joint effort of the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), and was managed by the Space Nuclear Propulsion Office (SNPO) until the program ended in January 1973. SNPO was led by NASA's Harold Finger and AEC's Milton Klein." (Wikipedia, NERVA)

NASA artist rendering, from 1999, of the Project Orion pulsed nuclear fission spacecraft. (Wikipedia, Project Orion (nuclear propulsion)

Daedalus spacecraft concept. (Wikipedia, Project Daedalus)

Robert H. Goddard (1882-1945) made the world's first liquid-fueled rocket in the year 1926. In fact, things like V-2 (A-4) rockets and the Saturn V rockets used a similar fuel pumping system. That Goddard used in 1926. So Wernher von Braun didn't invent liquid fuel rockets. But then we must remember that in the 1970's things like space shuttles were science fiction. Things like hypersonic flight in the atmosphere were hype in the 1990's and today there are plans for making hypersonic aircraft. 

The hypersonic shuttle can use scramjet engines in the atmosphere. Then the iris at the front of the scramjet will close. And the system starts to pump internal oxygen to those engines. That can make the new types of space shuttles possible. When we think about advances in rocketry we must realize that the Musk's SpaceX Starship project has one problem. Musk's Starship is so noisy. The next revolution can be the airplane that can raise airborne from regular airports. Fly to the edge of space. And then launch their rocket engines. 

But then to the interstellar and interplanetary journeys. The fact is that the safety of nuclear rockets is problematic. There is the possibility of making interplanetary probes that use things like an antimatter-cathode engine. That engine creates anti-electrons called positrons in the particle accelerators that are connected to its solar panels. The other track drives electrons against those positrons. 

The system can inject some propellant like hydrogen, water, or hydrocarbon into the combustion chamber. Those systems can open our path to the entire solar system. But stars are too far for us. As we have seen from history. Technology advances very fast. And maybe our grandchildren can make the interstellar probes possible. 

Advanced robotics and AI make it possible to create unmanned systems that can travel hundreds of years. Those systems can travel to other solar systems in time when their creators already die when they arrive. Then sooner or later we or our descendants must make the choice. Will they die when the sun grows into a red giant? Or will they travel into the other solar systems? Or maybe they can create a system that allows them to transport themselves into the past? That system can be the large-scale Tipler cylinders. But who knows the future? 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcubierre_drive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Aerospace_HOTOL

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Tsiolkovsky

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_SR-72

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NERVA

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Daedalus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn_V

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylon_(spacecraft)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spaceplane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SpaceX_Starship

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-2_rocket

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warp_drive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_brothers

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Flyer

Solar sails are promising tools for space research.

"This artist’s concept shows the Advanced Composite Solar Sail System spacecraft sailing in space using the energy of the Sun. Credit: NASA/Aero Animation/Ben Schweighart" (ScitechDaily, Tumbling in Orbit: NASA’s Test of Advanced Solar Sail Technology Encounters Early Challenges)

NASA's solar sail technology faced early challenges, but it seems promising. Solar sail technology is an interesting tool for traveling inside the asteroid belt and between Earth and Mars. If the spacecraft can use solar sail technology at least during the early journey to Mars. That technology saves energy and fuel. 

When the craft starts to travel back to Earth the solar sail can brake the nuclear thermal rocket. There are two ways to use giant mylar structures for that purpose. One simply opens the sail behind the craft. 

Then the solar wind pushes the craft backward. And that slows its speed. Or the nuclear thermal engine can use the sail as a break chute. The system can aim the thrust to that sail, slowing the speed. The nuclear rocket can change the exhaust gas line which minimizes thrust. This makes it possible to use solar sails for braking systems. 

In some versions of the hypothetical interstellar probes, they slow their speed using solar sails. When those, still hypothetical probes will close the Alpha- and Proxima Centauri systems they can use the solar sails to slow its speed. 

Artist's impression of Daedalus, the interstellar probe concept. 

The nuclear thermal rockets can also use solar sails to travel to Mars and that gives them the ability to maneuver at trajectory. The fact is that the solar sails have limited operational area in the solar system. 

However, researchers can use that technology in the systems that might someday take samples from the Sun to Earth. Those next-generation versions of the Parker probe can dive into the Sun's atmosphere and capture ions from there. Then the solar sail will transport those ions to Earth. 

The solar wind gives thrust to the craft. And when it travels to Earth. When that probe travels near Earth the laser or ion beams that shoot against the solar sail will slow its speed and those ions from the Sun can carried to the laboratory. 

The technology that allows to creation of solar sails can be used to create giant radar antennas that can packed into small spaces. The solar sail or space probe can travel to Jupiter and its icy Moons. Or the Martian orbiter. Map the surface and subsurface areas of the red planet. The radars that use long wavelengths can see things from underground. 

Those systems can search underground ice and caves. Advanced radar systems can see things, like underground nuclear laboratories. The solar sail can also equipped with an iron net, that acts as a radio telescope. The large radio telescope that will travel outside the Solar system makes that thing possible. 

Solar sails are systems that are promising for near-Earth journeys outside of the Sun. Because the system is based on existing technology there are radio telescopes and radars that can also connect to that structure. 

The solar sail can be a suitable tool for long-term missions inside the asteroid belt. And the fact is that one system must not be suitable for everything. 

The solar sail can give thrust and speed for things like Jupiter probes. The solar sail can open in the last stage of gravity acceleration. And that can make the flight time to Jupiter shorter. 

https://scitechdaily.com/tumbling-in-orbit-nasas-test-of-advanced-solar-sail-technology-encounters-early-challenges/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Daedalus

New study claim that aliens don't visit us because our solar system is so boring.

Image 1:) Cosmic (neural) web. 

Well, there are lots of studies. That tries to answer the biggest question in astronomy, why we don't have contact with alien civilizations? Are we alone in the universe? The fact is that we are alone until we will get the first confirmed extraterrestrial message. 

Or we will capture alien spacecraft. Or some kind of alien bodies that confirmed having extraterrestrial origin. Of course, there are many stories about captured alien spacecraft. And there is the film called "alien autopsy". Some explanation for that film is that the thing that opened in that famous film is some kind of mechanic robot. 

That kind of robot could be the Pentagon's military secret. And that could be the reason, why "alien autopsy" looks like a hoax. The reason for that could be that the autopsied alien is made of non-organic material.

One of those explanations is that our signals would not yet reach the alien civilizations. Only intelligent civilizations can make radio telescopes. 

And they are targets of SETI (Search for extraterrestrial intelligence)  programs. But the question is: "where are aliens, and why don't they answer?". 

Image: 2) Is this some kind of robot? That explains the foam rubber and strange things around that film. In that case, the thing that people see in that controversial film could be the multi-channel controlled robot.

If that thing is a robot. That robot can have its radio receiver in every joint. That thing makes that robot could move like a human. The microphones in the ears transmit sound. In the eyes of the system are cameras to transmit things that this robot sees to the controller. 

Or, maybe the "alien autopsy" is a hoax, but why nobody tried to earn money by using that thing? One of the answers could be that the hypothetical aliens don't use regular radios for communication anymore. 

In that case, the aliens can use quantum-entanglement-based communication. That quantum-entanglement-based communication can happen through wormholes. And in the wildest theories, the cosmic neural network is the reason for this kind of communication system. 

The speed of gravitation is the speed of light. But there is a possibility to create a wormhole between stars by using spacecraft. That travels near the speed of light. So pulling the wormhole or gravitational tornado through the Sun and Alpha Centauri takes four years. The system uses superpositioned and entangled black holes that are pulled separately. 

The communication from Alpha Centauri would be effective. But communication from the Sun to Alpha Centauri would be challenging because the energy level of the Alpha Centauri system is higher than near Sun. And energy always travels from the higher level to the lower. 

And, then that wormhole could use in communication. But that requires an ability to form a stable gravitational whirl. And that requires an enormous energy source. But if aliens use that kind of communication tools. 

They might reject the traditional radios as communication tools as unnecessary things that belonged to the museum. Why should they use unnecessary communication tools? 

And another version is that those alien civilizations are not interested to answer us. Or, maybe our radio signals never reach other solar systems because our transmitting capacity is so weak. 

There are many explanations for why we cannot make contact with another civilization. One is that we are so low technical level. That aliens are treating us like some very primitive tribe. Maybe aliens think that our planet is in a civil war. And that's why they are not interested to talk with us. If they use radio transmissions at all. 

The BLC-1's origin was in the direction of Proxima Centauri. Not at Proxima Centauri. 

The BLC-1 (Breakthrough Listen Candidate one) is sometimes called: "the signal from Proxima Centauri".  The origin of that signal is not confirmed. 

It could be a manmade satellite. That was in the same line as Alpha Centauri. But the frequency of that signal that Parkes telescope captured is interesting. 

The more accurate way to say that thing is "BLC-1" is the signal, that came from the direction "Proxima Centauri". So the signal seems to come from the direction of the closest solar system of the Sun. 

But the origin of that signal remains unknown. If that signal was synthetic, the thing that it happened only once tells that this signal was meant for the alien's internal communication. 

The BLC-1's purpose is other than an alien attempt to make contact.  If the purpose of the BLC-1 was to make contact, why did that unknown sender not resend that signal? 

Same way, if the origin of that signal was natural. Why that action happened only once? Was there some unique material that sends to the BLC-1 and earlier Wow! signal? 

There is suspicion that those signals were manmade. And the argument for that is that the red dwarfs cannot maintain intelligent lifeforms. But otherwise, that signal could form by the automatic probe. Or there is some satellite in the same line as Alpha Centauri. And Proxima Centauri is part of the Alpha Centauri system. 

But the thing is that radio telescopes listen only to radio frequencies that are appeased for scientific purposes. So, there is no allowance to use those frequencies for any kind of radio transmission. Or those scientific telescopes should not listen to other frequencies. 

The BLC-1 was a signal, that used the radio frequency that is very usual in satellite communication. So, does Parkes telescope listen also synthetic frequencies? Or is there something that is hidden? 

When we are trying to think about some extraordinary signals, Like Wow! and BLC-1 signals could be of alien origin. The thing is that those strange signals never happen again. And that tells us that the signals were not meant for us if they were synthetic. But the thing that supports alien theory is that those signals were unique. 

If those signals had a natural origin. The thing that makes it interesting is that those natural phenomena should happen more than once. There are no unique natural reactions. And that thing makes those signals interesting. 

https://planetary-science.org/astrobiology/seti-program/

https://www.sciencealert.com/new-study-suggests-aliens-dont-visit-us-because-our-sun-is-too-boring

https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2020/12/31/breakthrough-listen-seti-technosignatures/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_autopsy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Centauri

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLC1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wow!_signal

Image 1:) https://skyandtelescope.org/astronomy-news/best-image-yet-cosmic-web/

Image 2: ) https://foundfootagecritic.com/alien-autopsy-1995/

About particles, what is elder than our solar system

About particles, what is elder than our solar system

In the beginning, we must understand that the Sun is not the eldest star in our galaxy, and our galaxy is not probably the eldest of the galaxies in-universe. So when we are thinking about the possibility that the particle that is elder than the Sun has been found on Antarctica, we must realize that the small particles are coming from another solar system all the time. 

Here I mean the grain of sand-sized particles must be most common visitors, and some of them are coming from very long distances. The reality is that the small particles are aways more common than large particles, and that thing means that most visitors in our solar system must be farl smaller that the famous Oamuamua. 

The visitors like Oamuamua and other asteroids are not the most common particles in the Universe, and if the visitor from another solar system would come to our solar system it must have enough energy to win the effect of the solar wind, or otherwise, the particle would be pushed away from our solar system. But because Oamuamua came to our solar system there must be smaller particles, what we cannot see, and what also comes from the long distances. 

So could this type of gran of sand-sized particle drop in the Antarcean, or does it burn in the atmosphere? 

There is no straight answer to that kind of question. We must think the situation that the grain of sand would be covered by the ice layer, which means that this kind of bite of sand can be dropped to the ground, and if that dropping point is Antarctica, that kind of sand bite would contain very important information like minerals from the other solar systems. 

If the stone is elder than the Sun or our solar system, we can try to determine the atomic and isotope structure of the minerals, and also search the possibility to find the remains of cells or other living organisms. And that data can help us to find out, why life has been grown on our planet?

Even if the fossils of bacteria do not exist, the meteorite would tell us about the solar system, which might be destroyed by supernova a long time ago. But also those bacteria or some other organisms might have formed on Earth, and they would be a slip in the void of the rock after it has been dropped on Antarctica.

This kind of thing is a very fascinating opportunity to see what kind of minerals and gasses would be in the other solar systems. But first, we must find the particle, what we can prove come from another solar system, and one of the best proof is that the meteorite, what researchers are observing would contain a certain level of some isotopes. 

If we would have some fossils of the living cells, we could use C-14 or some other radioactive method for making those determinations. But if the bite does not contain organic material the only way to determine the age is to find out the isotope structure of the bite. That structure tells something about the origin of the meteorite. Problem is that those things, that the researchers can find out are directional, and the thing is that we don't know all asteroids in our solar system. 

The moons of planet Mars, Phobos, and Deimos are unique, so-called carbon asteroids. They are opening the eyes of the astronomers, that there could be single asteroids in our solar system, which might be different than others. And there could be more about this kind of carbon-asteroids, which are far smaller than those two asteroids. The relativity of elements can be unique in some asteroids, and when we are thinking about the protons and electrons, those nucleoids or sub-atomic particles are formed during the Big Bang. 

And that thing tells also something, about the conditions, where the particle has been formed. If the materials are containing metals like iron and nickel, that tells that it could be from a similar planet, what Earth is. If that kind of planet has been destructed in the supernova explosion, this means that the planet could have some kind of lifeforms. 

https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/solar-system-formation

Black holes in our solar system

 

Black holes in our solar system

Under this text is a link to an article that is published in the Business Insider magazine. There is writing about the possibility that we have a black hole in our solar system(1).  

There is one very interesting thing Could we have a black hole in our solar system? (2) Could this be possible? When we want to observe black holes, we must realize that we cannot get observations straight from the black hole. We see the disk of material around it, and here I must say, that we see only the radiation, what comes around the black hole. But inside the point, where escaping velocity would across the speed of light we cannot get the observation. 

And that means that we see black holes only when something drops inside them. So if the black hole is orbiting the star in the area, where is not material, that thing would cause that the radiation, what comes from the black hole would be very hard to notice. Or in other scenarios, the material that is dropped in the black hole is pure helium or hydrogen, because the black hole would act similar way with planets, and they will sweep other particles from their trajectory. 

That means that the light particles, that are dropped in the black hole would not send very strong radiation, which is hard to detect from the Earth, because it is sending in the form of X-ray frequency. That weak radiation would be lost in the background radiation. There have been speculations that near our solar system can be the very small black hole, what size would be about basketball. 

But what could form that kind of black hole? The answer would be that the antimatter explosion could form those really small black holes, which can exist about thousands or millions of years. Those periods are extremely short if we are thinking them at the point of view of the ages of stars like the sun. But even if those black holes would vaporize in a short period, that thing will take a very long time, if we compare that thing to the lifetime of a human. 

The vaporization time depends on the things, how much material the black hole can pull inside. And the stars would give the energy to those black holes, which means that the existing time of the small black holes is extremely hard to predict. The vaporization means that sometimes the black holes are losing photons, and what smaller the mass of this supermassive particle goes the loss of photons would increase. 

And sooner or later the black hole has finished its existence. When a black hole is in the space, the black holes cannot get anything to eat, and that means that they cannot get more energy. But if the black hole is near the star, that will feed it with energy, and that kind of thing can increase the lifetime of the black holes, which is extremely small. 

(1)

https://www.businessinsider.com/astrophysicists-found-black-hole-in-solar-system-planet-2019-11?utm_content=buffer194e2&utm_medium=social&utm_source=facebook.com&utm_campaign=buffer&r=US&IR=T

(2)

https://www.livescience.com/tiny-ancient-black-hole-planet-nine.html

Image:

https://www.spaceanswers.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/10/Black-hole-in-Solar-System.jpg

Ozma messages and alien autopsies

Ozma messages and alien autopsies

Could the stars, what selected to targets for Ozma message (1) be too young? That is the key question in that early SETI program (2). The age of Epsilon Eridani (3) is about 400-800 million years, and that means that it is a very young star, the distance to that star is about 10,47 light-years. The age of Tau Ceti (4)is about 5,8 billion years, and it locates 11,9 light-years from Earth, and that means that there is a possibility, that there could be civilization, what is at the same technical level with us, or at least the age of civilization would be the same. 

If we are thinking about the Tau Ceti, that star would be more promising than Epsilon Eridani, if we would look for intelligent lifeforms. But there is no detected civilization, and the skeptics asked are we wait to see the civilization, what has advanced the same way as we? Or is the evolution of the hypothetical planet chosen the same route, what it is chosen on Earth? But there is a strange theory, that somebody wanted that Ozma was failed. 

The selection of Epsilon Eridani for the target to those messages might mean, that there was not even wanted to get answers, or the answer should come from the colony of some interstellar civilization. So the only realistic source for the answer what comes from the endemic and intelligent life forms could come from Tau Ceti. 

If we are thinking about messages like Ozma, we can say that it might be lucky for us, that aliens might not answer. But there is a possibility, that the alien's radiotelescopes just looked another direction when those messages arrived at their stars. Maybe they have observed our solar system in the last year, and noticed, that no messages are coming, and then they have turned their antenna to another direction, and then the Ozma-message was coming.

But there is a possibility that the "Wow!" signal (5) could be the answer. We can say that there might be multiple possibilities, why SETI has been officially failed to see aliens. Search for extraterrestrial intelligence is not the same as making contact with them. 

The Ozma-messages send to the Epsilon Eridani and Tau Ceti in 1963 and the message has reached those stars in the 1970s and the answer would get in the 1980s if the aliens would answer immediately. And that thing is one of the biggest problems with that kind of research. Those stars are mentioned to be too young for the advantage of intelligent lifeforms. 

So the idea of Ozma was probably finding the intelligent alien species and the thing was that we cannot even know was the transmitting power powerful enough that the message could even know at those stars. If those messages were sent in the frequency of the hydrogen alpha emission that thing could be lost because the Sun is acting like some very powerful ECM system, which covers the signal. 

Or maybe we haven't got an answer yet. If we are thinking about an alien civilization, what might be located near Epsilon Eridani that civilization would be the colony? So could that hypothetical colony have even authorization to make contact with other intelligent lifeforms? And if we are thinking about the alien scientists and their officials, would they answer immediately, if they get that kind of message?

 When we are thinking about messages, what might come from another solar system, there is a possibility that the receiver would not even recognize those messages. If the receiver would not separate the signal from the natural radio signals that means it would not even try to open that kind of message, because it would not notice them. Do you think that SETI is a similar program with some kind of "Echelon"? (6) 

In the eavesdrop projects, the operators would even know that the sender of the message is human. And they know that the message existed. In the SETI program, the researchers would not even know, where they must look for those messages, and they don't even know that some radio signals can be a signal, what can be opened and what is sent in purpose. 

The other question is, could we even break the code? If those aliens would send the message to us, there are lots of problems even in this case, where the message is meant for opening. The smallest one would not be the language barrier, because we cannot even know what kind of language those aliens speak. And if the message is meant for internal communication with aliens, that means that it might be encrypted by using quantum computers. So could we break that kind of code?

What if the famous"Alien autopsy" was fake?

In that case, we must ask, why that fake tape was made? Was it covered for hiding the existence of living alien creature? Or was it created for tempting possible aliens to some kind of trap? When that tape was made, there is some kind of reason for that. And there is a possibility that it was made for confusing something, and the attempting was to capture the spacecraft, what might make the most interesting and revolutionary aircraft design possibly.

(1)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Ozma

(2)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_for_extraterrestrial_intelligence

(3)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epsilon_Eridani

(4)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_Ceti

(5)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wow!_signal

(6)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECHELON

Image:

https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/00/CSIRO_ScienceImage_4350_CSIROs_Parkes_Radio_Telescope_with_moon_in_the_background.jpg

If you want to find an alien, you must prepare a long search.

If you want to find an alien, you must prepare a long search.

If we want to find aliens, we must realize that there are many things, what we must consider, before we even can hope to find something, what would seem like even primitive life forms. Finding the habitable planet is a little bit more complicated thing that finding some Jupiter-type worlds, and then calculating the Kepler's radiuses. The thing is that the position to the planet is not everything in the forming of lifeforms. Also, things like molecular nebulas between star and planet affect that thing, and then the thing that might make limits to that phenomenon is that if the solar system is in the straight in the line of the eruption of some magnetar or black hole. 

That kind of thing can cause that the surface of the planet would sterilize immediately. If we are thinking about locked planets the main problem in those words is that the dayside is extremely hot, and then another side is extremely cold. That effect causes horrifying wind, which can melt the entire lithosphere or vaporize the ice.

That effect would cause that the temperature of the planet would be stabilizing, and then the planet forms again and again, when the wind stops to blow when the cloud layer covers the entire planet, and the lithosphere is turning to solid. We must realize that this kind of exoplanets is the most extreme, and this means that they are not common cases in that kind of thing.

So the locked planets might be more kindly than this kind of case, and here we must understand another thing, every exoplanet on the universe is not KELT9b type super hot words. In this kind of case, the extreme words are like bright stars, what are covering more common planets. Human nature is interesting because we want to see extreme, but at the same time, we are forgetting that the habitable planet is like a more common than those extreme words. We can say here that we can compare exoplanets with the sportsmen, and say that every sportsman in the world is not taking part in extreme sports cases. That means that every sportsman in the world is not triathlons. 

But the problem with the habitable planet is that there is not melted iron raining from the skies, and the distance to the central star is bigger than some comet planet, which will shine red and orbits the star in 19 hours. There are not lava lakes and crushing gravity on a habitable planet. And looking at those planets is difficult. When we are looking at the changes in the brightness of the star, we must use a microscope to see those changes. Or otherwise, we must look at the changes of brightness around the star if the planet would not cover the plate of the star. And then we must have time to collect data for seeing those changes. 

If we are thinking about the habitable planet, what orbits the similar star what the Sun is, we must have very much time for collecting that database because the orbiting time would be very long. The things that are disturbing those measurements are interplanetary nebulas, and many other things. The data must analyze very carefully, and probably the finder of that "Earth number" two would be artificial intelligence. 

Anyway those effects to the brightness, what that "New Earth" would cause to the brightness of a sun-type star is small, which means that the data must analyze by using extreme accuracy. And for that operation where the data would be collected would need extremely large telescopes, and reserve them for years for that purpose. Winds are blowing gently, and they don't melt the surface. When we are talking about the Super-Earths, we can ask ourselves one question. Can we say the planet, what has the size of two Earth masses as Super-Earth? 

When we are thinking that kind of cases we must realize, that the planet what has two Earth masses one-kilogram particle would weight two kilograms. And here we are facing one little but also an interesting question. What we can expect, when we are looking for a habitable planet? Can we expect to find the planet, what is exactly like Earth, and should we expect that there is also the United States of America on that particle? 

This means that why we must always think that the aliens would have similar bodies, they would have similar physiology and culture with us. In some cases, we have seen a really interesting thing, and that is maybe aliens would call themselves as aliens, and call their planet by using the name, what we are using in our star catalogs. 

But in fact, those aliens might be far away from us, even if they are looking like humans. When we are thinking about some SciFi movies, we are facing scenes, where aliens are shot by using rifles. The thing is that there is a possibility that the alien, what would live in the rubber suit might be some kind of slime. 

That intelligent slime would stand the normal bullets. Or aliens might have a nervous system and organs, which is different than we have. That means that those aliens would not need to have brains, in the same way, what humans have. Their nervous system would be created by multiple smaller nervous centers, which makes it more permanent against physical strikes than the strikes, than human bodies. 

If we are thinking of the hypothetical slime alien as the body snatcher, we must realize that the alien must not be very big. The thing that it would slip inside the body, and then set in the certain point of human brains between cortex and bottom of the brains, what makes it possible to start to play the brain core. This type of alien would take the body of humans or monkeys and every animal under the control. 

And at the end of this text, I must say that if we would find the alien clone and want to destroy it by using a gun, that thing would not be a very effective method. The thing is that those scientists, who are created that hypothetical thing need only the DNA of that creature and they could create synthetic DNA by using nanotechnology. 

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/astronomers-find-water-on-an-exoplanet-twice-the-size-of-earth/