Can the universe's shape explain dark matter?

If we think of visible matter, or the visible geometry of the universe, as a disk. Round plate or ball. Galaxies and most of its matter are at the edge of this structure. This means that the edge of the universe is at a higher energy level than its inner structure. That means It’s hard to see matter that is “behind us”. In those models, the universe is a round structure. Galaxies. And other visible matter is mainly in the ring or ball around that larger structure. If we are in that plasma ring, the rest of the universe is hard to see. The model is like we are in a cloud. And anyway, our own galaxy, stars, and the plasma halo in the galaxy. 

They disturb observations. This means. Our own galaxy covers lots of things, even between galaxies. And if we are in the giant plasma ring that surrounds the entire universe. That means energy or wave movement also travels in the middle of the universe. There, it reflects. And that makes the universe act a little bit like a giant vacuum bomb. The universe is full of macro- and micro-scale structures. 

And all of those structures send wave motion. Those waves have the same wavelength. 

As. Their sender’s size or diameter is. This means that the universe is a very complicated structure. Full of substructures. And that forms another conclusion. The mistake with dark energy. It can be that. Reseachers thought that this energy is uniform. Dark energy can be multiple different waves with different wavelengths. When. Particles like free quarks, other fermions, and bosons evaporate. They send waves that travel at the speed of light. When. A gravitational wave leaves the supernova. Exploded two billion light-years ago. The gravitational wave reaches us two billion years after the explosion. The reason why we cannot see the Big Bang is this. Photons. That event sent. Travel ahead of us. We cannot see photons from behind. 

We can see reflected photons. Or photons coming into our direction. When the Big Bang sent photons. Those photons travel through space. There is nothing. That can reflect them. This means that those photons cannot reach us. But if we someday see one photon. That is from the Big Bang. That means it reflected outside the universe. 

In the same way, there is a model. That dark energy could be the same as dark matter. 

When lower-energy waves hit the galactic halo. Lower-energy waves. Pull that halo toward it. Dark energy can form in particles. That have a very low energy level. When those particles evaporate, they send wave movement into their environment. That wave movement can have a higher energy level than the environment it travels through. But the wave can have a lower energy level than the galactic halo. Most known galaxies are in so-called local galaxy clusters. 

Galaxy clusters, or local clusters, form superclusters. This means there are multiple plasma layers with multiple energy levels. The halo around galactic superclusters has a lower energy level than the halo around galaxy clusters and individual galaxies. The superclusters form megaclusters. 

So that means the energy level of the wave that impacts those plasma structures. They can have a higher energy level than the plasma around galaxy superclusters. So the same energy can push galaxy superclusters. But pull local clusters. This means.  If. The energy wave's energy level is lower than the energy level in the halo surrounding a galaxy. That wave cannot pass the galaxy halo. The same way a wave can travel through the energy that surrounds a galaxy megacluster. This means that the wave has a higher energy level than the plasma halo around the megacluster. But its energy level can be lower than in a subcluster. 

Another thing. What makes calculations hard is recoil. When particles evaporate, they send photons or wave motion. That. Wave movement. And photons cause recoil. So at the far edge of the universe. Particles evaporate very fast. In. Cosmic vacuums or voids. Particles evaporate very fast. Energy always travels to a lower-energy environment. This means that A recoil is asymmetrical at the edge of cosmic voids or at the edge of the universe. That recoil pushes harder toward the outside of the universe. We see a complex interaction that includes low-energy radiation. Recoil and waves that left billions of years ago. 

The size matters in cosmological models.

“Two images from the Quijote simulations used in this study. The panels show the same region of the Universe, but in different cosmological models. The top image corresponds. To the standard ΛCDM, adiabatic cold dark matter model, while the bottom image shows a universe with massive neutrinos and modified gravity. “(ScitechDaily, AI Learned the Rules of the Universe and That Became a Problem)

The differences are subtle, but they reveal how changes in the underlying physics can affect the formation and distribution of cosmic structures. Credit: Francisco Villaescusa-Navarro (ScitechDaily, AI Learned the Rules of the Universe and That Became a Problem)

The term ACDM can also mean : the associated critical data model. That is the critical tool, when the sensor. It transmits information to the AI. 

AI can help cosmologists, but it can also become a problem. 

The method researchers call transferable learning can help them develop new models in cosmology and many other things. The term transferable learning. Means when the system learns something. It can apply. That learned thing. To other similar cases. So, when AI sees similar curves in some other cases. It can use things that it has already learned. To that other problem. This means that. The researchers must not always. Begin the training process. From the beginning. 

The AI can search for similarities for the new thing in its memory. And if there is a match. That thing means that the AI. It can use that model for reaction. This should make AI more effective. The problem is this. The AI selects its sources using statistics. And that can make it hard to bring new data for the AI. Old research. They are very often-used sources. If somewhere is the new data. Before, nobody used the new data as a source. Old data dominates search engines. The AI is an excellent tool. When it must collect and analyse data from the galaxy movements. 

But in cases like supermassive neutrons, the AI is in trouble. The AI is the best in business. When it must analyze precise information. Things like galaxy clusters and their movements are precise information. But in cases like supermassive neutrinos. The AI is not very good. At things where it must create models for new physics. When AI must observe phenomena. It can interpret them as the same. Even if they are different. Or in the cases. 

There are some observations. Objects’ temperatures change. The AI might not know that the object’s temperature can change virtually. Because if something travels between the telescope and the object. That means. that the brightness or temperature. That reaches the observer changes. The AI might not notice things like clouds. In the Earth's atmosphere. Or other surprises when it observes some targets like Cepheid variables. If the system doesn’t know about that thing. It can recognize the Cepheid variable as a new star. If it doesn’t know that the star is a Cepheid. 

When AI tries to analyze a certain point. That thing is very hard to do. But when AI must analyze. A very large entirety. The AI becomes more effective. The AI sees things. Like movements of galaxy clusters. And it can make. An analysis of the changes in those movements. We can use fuzzy logic to analyze how the star clusters move in the galaxy. But then we face a problem. If we try to predict. The movement of the galaxy. In its supercluster. That is hard. 

We must know the entire system to make. A complete analysis with high precision. 

The problem is in perspective. The thing that seems large on Earth. Seems very small in the scale of the Sun. And the sun seems very small in the scale of the galaxy. When the scale of the system turns bigger. The forces in the system are also stronger. In big systems. The phenomenon scale is larger. But they affect more slowly. From our perspective. The forces that travel between galaxies take millions of years to reach other galaxies. The distance between the Andromeda galaxy and the Milky Way. It is 2.6 million ly. So light travels 2,6 million years from that galaxy to the Milky Way. And that means that any force traveling between those galaxies needs 2,6 million years for that trip. 

When we try to create a model. Of how one small sand bite behaves in a river. We must know many things. Like changes in the forces that affect the sand bite. But if we want to predict how the sand bottom behaves in the river. We can make that calculation very easily. When we think about galaxies. Stars are like sand bites on the bottom. 

One star’s behavior is hard to predict. But the entirety is quite easy to  calculate. And then we can go to bigger systems. In galactic superclusters, the galaxy is like sandbite on the bottom of the river. The force that affects the entire galaxy. Must be much harder than the force that affects sandbite. But millions of galaxies. They send. A very much. Energy. Many sudden things can happen in the galactic superclusters. Those events might not. Seem.

Like a very sudden thing. But an eruption in the core of the galaxy can start in milliseconds. Shockwave travels across the galaxy at the speed of light. So, if the star is at a distance. Of two light-years from the eruption source. The shockwave of radiation. It travels to that star. So, if Sagittarius A erupts violently in the core of our galaxy, the Milky Way. The radiation travels to Earth 26.000 years. The distance between Earth and that supermassive black hole. It’s 26.000 ly. The material, or plasma shockwaves, travel far behind that radiation shockwave. And the distance between plasma and wave movement increases all the time. 

 But. If things like supermassive black holes are in the trajectory. That makes them collide. That thing is very hard to change. When we face things like galactic superclusters. Things that happen on that scale seem very slow. But forces that put galaxies. To turn their trajectories into travel. At the speed of light. The force. That affects things. Like, turn their trajectories. Must affect a certain time with a certain force. 

If we want to create an AI that analyzes galactic clusters star by star. We cannot make that thing. In the galactic scale, it suddenly happens. Violent eruptions. Those eruptions can break the entire model. In the scale of superclusters, events like supernovas don’t have enough force to affect the macrosystem. But a supernova could destroy things like dwarf galaxies. But if the supernova explosion happens in dense star clusters. That shockwave. Can. Launch other supernova explosions. 

https://scitechdaily.com/ai-learned-the-rules-of-the-universe-and-that-became-a-problem/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A*

About dark energy. And its existence.

"Astronomers say a new analysis has reinforced one of the most important discoveries in modern cosmology, finding that the universe is still expanding at an accelerating rate."(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Confirm Dark Energy After Shock Challenge Rocked Cosmology)

"The result counters a controversial claim made in late 2025 that suggested dark energy, the mysterious phenomenon thought to drive the universe’s accelerating expansion, might be weakening. If true, that claim would have called into question decades of research and a cornerstone of modern astronomy."(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Confirm Dark Energy After Shock Challenge Rocked Cosmology)

Astronomers confirmed dark energy. And that means the universe’s expansion continues to accelerate. So, dark energy will not turn weaker. It’s possible that because the gravitational effect between objects decreases. And the relation between gravity and dark energy changes. This means that the gravitational effect turns weaker. And the dark energy effect turns stronger. The fact is that. Also, visible energy interacts with structures in the universe. And at the beginning of the universe. Objects were closer. But things like plasma and energy were “denser”. 

So, that means that the energy effect in the young universe was stronger than in the modern universe. Dark energy is a wave motion. That originates in the unknown. There is suspicion that dark energy has its origin. In the particles, superstrings. The superstring forms a whisk-shaped structure. 

The expansion of the universe puts that structure to oscillate. Those superstrings´ oscillation. It forms a wave movement that they transmit around the universe. In that model, the dark energy is a wave movement. Its origin is in very small particles. The number of those particles is in this model. A very high. And that explains the effect of dark energy. It is visible only in relation to the large-scale structures. 

So, could those particles that form dark energy be photons? Photons are the ring- or a donut-shaped structure. And that means photons could focus energy. In the middle of it. In that case, the photon could focus energy. Like the Higgs field in the middle of it. That point. It can turn into a quantum-sized quasar. This means that the photon. It can theoretically form. 

The quantum-size Kugelblitz black hole. In the middle of it. There is a possibility that a photon traps a neutrino in the middle of it. And electromagnetic radiation affects that photon. Or the neutrino spins very fast. That thing can turn a neutrino into a quantum-sized black hole. And that could be a source. For dark energy. In some other models, A wave string travels. Through a photon. That string. It can act as the thermal pump that transports energy out from the photon. If that happens fast enough. The photon turns invisible. And it collects energy for that thermal pump. 

This means that dark energy must have an internal source in our universe. But before we see a particle that transmits dark energy. We cannot be sure what that strange force is. That rips the universe in pieces. This means that dark energy is formed when the universe is born in the Big Bang. The problem is this. If. The level of dark energy is always the same. 

And the universe expands. This means that. The dark energy. It does not have a connection. With the Big Bang. The energy level. The amount of dark energy should decrease when the universe expands. If that energy was released from the Big Bang or some ancient particles, send it. Before they turned into some existing elementary particles. If the source of the dark energy is lost. That energy should turn weaker. And that causes an interesting idea. 

The image of a photon. 

What if the source of dark energy is outside the universe? Things like antimatter-matter annihilation outside the universe. It can be the source of dark energy. 

This means that. It’s possible that there are some kind of radiation sources. People tried to explain dark energy. As evidence of a multiverse. In this theory, dark energy has a source. In other universes. In some other model. The dark energy forms when a hypothetical tachyon particle enters our universe. The entropy and scattering effects outside the universe are very low. 

So, these particles can travel faster. Than. They travel in the universe. This means that a tachyon is a particle that travels faster than it should. So when some particle comes from outside the universe. In the universe. That particle can travel faster. Than. It can travel in the universe. This causes an effect. The particle must slow its speed. The particle must release its energy. For slowing. This means that dark energy. It can be some kind of Cherenkov radiation. 

Cherenkov radiation forms when. A neutron comes out of a nuclear reactor. In a short moment, that particle travels faster than light travels in water. The neutron must slow its speed. And it sends a blue light shockwave. The same thing makes the sky blue. When a neutrino or electron hits the atmosphere. It travels faster than light does in the atmosphere. And this means. Those particles release their kinetic energy as the blue light flash. 

But if dark energy is some kind of Cherenkov radiation. That doesn’t mean that the source of those particles is in the other universes. The dark energy is visible only between galaxy superclusters. All galaxies have halos around them. That means that. The galaxies might be surrounded by a similar plasma halo that forms a heliopause around the Sun. The plasma bubble or standing impact wave. Forms when solar wind impacts stellar wind. The stellar wind. It is the particle flow from other stars. 

In the same way, galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters are probably surrounded by impact waves that form. When particle flow from other structures impacts the particle flow. That comes from galaxies in our clusters and superclusters. If those impact waves exist. They would be denser points in the universe. This means that. Scattering effect. It is stronger in that structure. This means that. The speed of light in that plasma wave is a little bit lower. 

The speed of light in and outside those plasma bubbles. So when a particle impacts that plasma bubble. It releases its energy into that plasma wave. This means the energy that the slowing particle sends. Continues as a wave in that plasma halo. This causes an effect. The plasma ball sends energy. Into the middle of it. This means. That this oscillating plasma interacts like a vacuum bomb. The energy that the plasma ball sends inside it. Reflects back. And that can mean that the plasma balls are the source of that mysterious energy. 

Or maybe particles that travel through wormholes. Are. The source of dark energy. The wormhole. It is a hypothetical energy tunnel. Through space and time. The energy level of those particles is higher than it should be. And they should release their energy. In the form of some kind of radiation.If there is no entropy in front of the particle that travels in a wormhole. Nothing limits its speed.  In the same way as when high-energy particles come out from galaxy superclusters, they send energy to space that is at a lower energy level than they are. 

Sometimes it is suggested that the dark matter particles form dark energy. When they evaporate. This would be an interesting idea. But nobody has seen dark matter. 

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1131610

https://www.msn.com/en-us/science/astronomy/astronomers-debunk-controversial-study-confirm-universe-still-expanding-at-accelerating-rate/ar-AA25tzft

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/06/260612032030.htm

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-confirm-dark-energy-after-shock-challenge-rocked-cosmology/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-leap-scientists-reveal-the-shape-of-a-single-photon-for-the-first-time/

https://spaceeyenews.com/dark-energy-acceleration-confirmed/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

String theory and quantum gravity are new challenges for physics.

“Artwork illustrating how string theory emerges from a few simple mathematical assumptions about particle collisions. Credit: AI-generated art by Clifford Cheung.” (ScitechDaily, Physicists Found String Theory Without Even Looking for It)

How to combine quantum gravity with large-scale gravity? 

String theory explains matter as the oscillating strings. Those strings can rotate, and that explains phenomena like quantum gravity. This means that. At least some part. Quantum gravity could form when photons. The ring-shaped strings. Changing their form. When a superstring moves. There forms the small quanutum low-energy vacuum behind it. The other part of the quantum field tries to fill that point. And then two quantum waves impact. 

That causes reflection in that field. That reflection is very weak. But there are lots of superstrings in the universe. And that is one explanation for dark matter. And that could explain dark energy. As well. The model is that dark energy could form when cosmic micro- or quantum-sized vacuums collapse. When that collapse happens. The effect is the same as in vacuum bombs. Those falling vacuums collect quantum fields or energy. 

In the middle of them. Those vacuums can also act like particles. The thing that causes the destruction or collapse in those microvacuums is the expansion of the universe. The expansion opens the superstring structure that forms. Inside them. That causes a situation where the quantum field travels in that vacuum. That causes an energy impulse to this structure. 

In some other models, the dark energy forms when gravitation puts quantum fields into motion. That causes the effect. It puts. Particles and quantum fields around them to glow. 

That model explains why we cannot see dark matter particles. So, dark matter is in this model. A very large-scale quantum gravitation effect. That forms between particles. In this text, the “particle” means the gravitational center. 

Quantum gravity forms when a spinning string pulls a quantum field or smaller strings around it. The problem is this: reseachers have problems fitting quantum gravity with large-scale or normal gravity. It’s possible that there are two versions of gravity. The short- and long-distance gravitation. Quantum gravity means. Gravitational effect between single particles. 

Wikipedia describes that thing like this: 

“Quantum gravity (QG) is a field of theoretical physics that seeks unification of the theory of gravity with the principles of quantum mechanics. It deals with environments in which neither gravitational nor quantum effects can be ignored, such as in the vicinity of black holes or similar compact astrophysical objects, as well as in the early stages of the universe, moments after the Big Bang.” (Wikipedia, Quantum gravity)

Quantum gravity is one part of cGh physics. 

“cGh physics refers to the historical attempts in physics to unify relativity, gravitation, and quantum mechanics, in particular following the ideas of Matvei Petrovich Bronstein and George Gamow. The letters are the standard symbols for the speed of light (c), the gravitational constant (G), and the Planck constant (h).” (Wikipedia, cGh physics)

That is the key problem with the Grand Unified Theory, GUT. And the Theory of Everything, TOE. There are models that suggest gravity, or quantum gravity, is not a single phenomenon. The idea is that.

 

“Diagram showing where quantum gravity sits in the near-cube hierarchy of physics theories. Note that electromagnetism and quantum field theory in curved spacetime are added in as an extra and distinct item.” (Wikipedia, cGh physics)

Maybe. Some part of gravity. Or. Gravitation. Forms. When a spinning particle forms a quantum spike. The spin of particles is often 1/2. That means the particle wobbles back and forth. But then. We must realize that a particle is surrounded by its quantum field. That field. 

Or, the halo of the particle has spin 1. So the halo around the particle travels around it. And if the shape of the particle is like a whisk. That causes a situation. There is a hole between the particle and the field. That hole pulls  photons away from the particle. The quantum spike forms from that quantum field. And we can call that thing the quantum tornado. 

That quantum spike that is similar to the whirl that forms at some planets' poles pushes against other matter. This spike pulls particles and strings away from its route. If that spike hits the lower energy matter, energy starts to flow from the particle to the lower energy matter. That forms energy asymmetry. 

That energy asymmetry causes a situation in which the particle loses energy from its other side. Then the energy from its other side tries to fill this hole. That forms an energy flow to the lower energy object. And that energy flow drives the particle. To the lower energy object. This means that the field. Or quantum wind pushes particles all the time. Together. This means that this model forms interaction only in short distances. But those strings can also pull energy out from the other quantum fields. 

This kind of large-scale quantum effect can be measured only around objects like black holes. The idea is that. When a quantum spike travels through matter, it acts like a thermal pump. That thermal pump cools the particle. And that causes a situation. Outside, quantum fields are traveling to that particle. 

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-found-string-theory-without-even-looking-for-it/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGh_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_everything

What if all we thought about dark matter is wrong?

What if all we thought about dark matter is wrong? 

Above: Cosmic gamma-ray background.

So, what makes gravitational waves and gravitational fields move? That is the key question in dark matter research. There are suggestions that the gravitational effect that we know as “dark matter” can be quantum-sized black holes, or some kind of particles like axions. The problem is that nobody has seen any axion yet. And if somebody says that the still hypothetical free graviton particles are the thing that forms dark matter, the next question is: what are gravitons? Are they quantum-size black holes?

Gravitons are theoretical gravitation transporter particles. Those particles are things that cause gravitational waves moving. But another thing is that dark matter can be anything that we can imagine. The only known fact is this: there is some kind of gravitational effect whose origin is unknown. 

All four fundamental interactions are some kind of radiation. And each of those interactions has its own individual wavelength. Each fundamental interaction, gravity, strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, and electromagnetism, has its own individual radiation type. 

Then we can think about the shape of materia. The particle is like a whisk. The strings that form the particle shell have a certain height. When a particle spins, it binds energy into it as kinetic energy. Sometimes a particle’s energy level turns higher than its environment. And in that moment particle sends waves. Those waves’ wavelength is the same as the particle’s diameter. But the height of those strings also causes limits in that interaction. Strings on the particle’s shell touch the field. Those strings are like flaps on paddlewheels. Their height determines the wave types that the particle can bind to. If those strings are high, that particle can bind a longer wavelength. 

There is one rule for interaction. Radiation or water must have access between those flaps. If the paddlewheel or propeller spins too fast, that causes an effect called supercavitation. The water has no time to fall between those flaps or between the propeller’s blades, which causes the paddle wheel or propeller to spin in a bubble. And that causes an interesting hypothesis. 

Could there be a particle that spins so fast that it causes supercavitation in the quantum fields? Can some particle spin so fast that it can make a cavitation bubble in the gravitational field? If that particle exists, that means gravitation will not affect that particle. Gravitation affects that particle’s quantum bubble. But it doesn’t affect the particle itself like other particles. If particle groups like hadrons spin very fast, their quarks can turn into a straight row. 

That spin can cause a situation where quantum fields or radiation travel to the axle of that particle row. And that can make the particle a hard target for observers. Fast spin can also throw radiation past the particle. This makes it invisible. But can that thing be possible with elementary particles? And can some particle throw gravitational radiation, or gravitational waves, past it? That causes an effect where gravitational waves slide over particles without causing interaction. But can this be true? Heaven knows. 

And in that case. Longer wavelengths. Like electromagnetism covers other, shorter wavelenght below them. That means electromagnetic force covers weak and strong nuclear forces. And gravity below it. If something pulls the G-field into something, that field pulls other fields to that particle. 

There is a possibility to press all parts of an atom into one entirety called a singularity. The reason why we cannot see the singularity is that its so smooth. Those superstrings on its surface are so low that they can bind only short-wave radiation. That means the particle will be surrounded by the standing gravity field. The singularity harnesses the G-field that transports other fields to the singularity.  How long will that singularity remain? As long as the outside fields can press that thing into one entirety. 

But there is a possibility that if the particle spins very fast. That causes a situation where longer wavelengths have no time to fall between those strings. That means the extremely fast-spinning particle drives fields past it like a stealth aircraft. The idea is that the G-field is the shortest wave radiation, and the fastest spinning objects can cause a situation where the only thing that can interact with that particle is the G-field. The G-field is the only thing that has time to fall between those strings. 

This causes another very interesting question. Can there be a so fast-spinning particle that even the gravity field, or G-field, has no time to fall between those strings? If that kind of particle exists. That would be the revolution for physics. 

https://www.space.com/astronomy/dark-universe/what-if-weve-been-thinking-about-dark-matter-all-wrong-scientist-wonders

The String theory and the 5-plet problem.

"Concept image of strange particles in an atom." (InterestingEngineering)

The 5-plet is a strange 5-particle group detected in the Large Hadron Collider that can challenge String theory and give answers for Dark Matter problems. The problem is that the 5-plet must not exist in the String model. But it still exists. When we think about String theory itself, that theory seems to give answers to every problem in the universe. String theory has the same problem with the Big Bang theory. That theory is commonly accepted, even if it's incomplete. String theory is made for filling the Big Bang theory giving answers to where the material that formed the Big Bang came from. The purpose of String Theory is to answer the question: What “exploded" in the Big Bang? 

String theory is not the same as the Grand Unified Theory, GUT. Some people think that the String theory gives answers to all problems in the universe. 

That is not even close to the truth. The String theory handles small parts of the entirety. And the thing that supports some kind of superstring’s existence is the cosmic web. The main idea of the String theory is that the internal superstrings or energy channels form a dimension. And the universe is like a bubble in one extremely large superstring. Those strings also form material and everything. And every single particle is a bubble in a superstring. We often forget that the Superstring theory is a repair tool for the Big Bang theory, which should explain where the material and energy came from. 

(InterestingEngineering)

The problem with the Big Bang theory is this: it doesn’t answer one of the most critical questions in physics. Where did that energy that formed the Big Bang come from? The Big Bang theory's basement is in the wave-particle duality, WPD. That means wave movement can turn into particles and particles can turn into wave movement. But without wave movement, there are no particles. So there are many updates in the Big Bang theory. The most modern model is that time itself formed the Big Bang. And the Big Bang was rather the Big Burst than the single Bang. That means in modern models the Big Bang was a series of events that formed the material in the form as we know it. 

That means the Big Bang was some kind of annihilation, but it doesn’t answer where those particles that formed the annihilation came from. One of the suggestions for that question is that there formed a giant black hole that exploded.  That black hole could have formed from wave movement that existed before the Big Bang. Or, another suggestion is that the hypothetical black hole was a remnant of the universe that existed before our universe. The multiverse model explains the space as a dimension where Big Bangs happen all the time. And universes form in the crossing points of other universes' radiation. That radiation pushes particles or wave movement into the points where their gravitational effect starts to form new universes. 

But proving that the model is not a very easy thing. If there is material outside the universe, that material is so cold that we cannot see it. But the multiverse is a logical conclusion that begins from the galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters. The idea is that the universe itself is part of a larger entirety. But then we face another way to answer the problem of where everything came from. That answer is written in a very incomplete Brane theory. The idea is that the dimension or third dimension simply collapsed. That opened the channel from the fourth dimension straight to the second dimension. That energy channel formed the event called the Big Bang. If that model can be true the 3D material cannot close that channel because its energy level is too high. 

https://interestingengineering.com/science/ghost-particles-that-could-snap-string-theory

https://penntoday.upenn.edu/news/things-know-can-data-large-hadron-collider-snap-string-theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality

Cosmological crisis, and why some stars seem older than they should.

"Scientists have made a new calculation of the speed at which the universe is expanding, using the data taken by the powerful new James Webb Space Telescope on multiple galaxies. Above, Webb’s image of one such galaxy, known as NGC 1365. Credit: Science: NASA, ESA, CSA, Janice Lee (NOIRLab), Image Processing: Alyssa Pagan (STScI)" (ScitechDaily, Hubble Trouble Solved? Webb Telescope Finally Cracks the Universe’s Growth Mystery)

The cosmological crisis should be over. Researchers compared the latest data with distant objects, including black holes and red giants, against the cosmological standard model. Those new observations are in line with the standard model, and that thing solved the crisis. The crisis formed when the universe seemed to expand faster than it should. The question is this: can the universe be a little bit asymmetrical? 

The asymmetry can form for many reasons. One of the reasons why those cosmological asymmetries can form is that the supermassive black hole(es) that could formed just after the big bang can roll material into it. That forms the hole in the material.  And when material travels past that black hole there forms a large pothole in the quantum field. So, if the black hole forms in the young universe just after the big bang it turns into the supermassive black hole. 

So, if part of the material falls back into the black hole, that hypothetical case means that the black hole at the center of the universe gets a companion black hole. The idea is that after the Big Bang which was a series of events. 

Where the material reached the form as we know it. If in a young super energy level universe forms a "Kugelblitz" black hole that black hole will turn supermassive. The denser energy state means that the black hole is very small in a high-temperature universe. But the black hole is an interaction. And when outcoming pressure turns lower that means the black hole can expand its event horizon. 

The idea is that the singularity sends a very high energy, short-wave radiation. That radiation forms a false vacuum around the singularity. The false vacuum forms when a fully symmetrical particle called singularity vaporizes. When that singularity vaporizes it acts similar way as an ice bite that melts in the room. 

There is an interesting theory that the black hole is a false vacuum or vacuum. In the last case, the cosmic void just collapses. If there is some kind of material cloud in the middle of that thing.  Then there forms a formation in the middle of the vacuum that acts like a thermal pump. Actually, the bubble that the energy field cannot press together can also act as a black hole. The idea is that the structure that moves energy or quantum field in two directions can act as a black hole. 

The false vacuums can interact similar way as black holes. The idea is that the false vacuums can surround all gravitational holes or gravitational centers. The question is: what happens if material and energy travel past the gravitational center at a very high speed? There is the possibility that the very fast-moving material and energy flow around the gravity center just pulls that object with it. That means the high-power energy forms a vacuum around the object. 

And that object can vaporize leaving the bubble behind it. If the extremely fast-spinning quantum field around that bubble can keep its form. That can mean that the black hole can be the bubble in the fast-spinning quantum field. 

There is the possibility that sometimes the false vacuum interacts with its environment like a black hole. There is the possibility that a false vacuum accelerates energy flow that jumps over the vacuum. That causes a situation. Where that energy acts like a thermal pump. That pulls energy out from a vacuum. 

That turns deeper and deeper. The idea is that there are also other types of things than just singularities that can form an effect that looks like black holes. And maybe all black holes are not similar. There might be many different types of black holes. 

"Artistic impression of a neutron star that is ‘evaporating’ slowly via Hawking-like radiation. Credit: Daniëlle Futselaar/artsource.nl" (ScitechDaily, Space Everything Evaporates: From Neutron Stars to You, the Universe Is on a Clock)

All material will evaporate. That means material turns into wave movement because the quantum field, or Higgs field turns weaker. And it cannot resist energy flow out from particles. Or it cannot press particles into their form. 

If a star goes into a cosmic bubble or cosmic void that can cause that energy to flow out from the star faster than it should. That can cause opposite time dilation where time moves faster than it should. 

Time dilation is a two-way effect. The time slows in the object when its energy level turns higher. But if the object gets into the cosmic void that causes energy to flow out from that object faster. The cosmic void that forms around the object can turn time travel faster than usual. Time dilation means that when energy flows from the object determines how fast the time moves or travels. 

Another name for the time is the speed of the particle vaporization. When a particle delivers energy it turns older, and when a particle receives energy it turns older. It's possible that very high-energy stars can blow the bubble around them. Or they can travel in the cosmic void, which can cause the opposite time dilation which means the star seems to be older than it should be. 

But the other thing that may look interesting is stars that seem to be older than the universe. There can be situations in which the blue supergiants or hydrogen stars can go near black holes. The black hole can pull material out from the hydrogen star. And then. Another thing is that the black hole can cause time dilation. 

The time dilation can explain why some stars seem to be older than they are. Another thing is that the black holes or their transition disks send energy flow that heats stars around them. When sometimes that energy flow turns weaker that can cause a situation. That causes situations where particles can deliver a little bit too much energy, and their energy level turns lower than it should be. 

In a high energy stars the hydrogen atoms or subatomic particles can also spin very fast. That spin can cause time dilation. In that case, the time should look slowing. But then the high-energy star can blow energy and material away from its environment. That means the energy flows out from the star. And that can form electromagnetic low pressure around the star. That means energy flows away from the star faster than it should. And then that thing makes time move faster than it should. This kind of cosmic void around the stars can explain, why some of them look older than the the universe. 

https://scitechdaily.com/everything-evaporates-from-neutron-stars-to-you-the-universe-is-on-a-clock/

https://scitechdaily.com/hubble-trouble-solved-webb-telescope-finally-cracks-the-universes-growth-mystery/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_vacuum

Can photons be the source of mysterious dark energy?

"NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope observed Herbig-Haro 49/50, an outflow from a nearby still-forming star, in high-resolution near- and mid-infrared light. The young star is off to the lower right corner of the Webb image. Intricate features of the outflow, represented in reddish-orange color, provide detailed clues about how young stars form and how their jet activity affects the environment around them. A chance alignment in this direction of the sky provides a beautiful juxtaposition of this nearby Herbig-Haro object (located within our Milky Way) with a face-on spiral galaxy in the distant background. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI. (ScitechDaily, Webb Telescope Reveals Hidden Galaxy Behind “Cosmic Tornado”)

The quantum source for dark or invisible energy. 

The photon is like a quantum ring. That ring can focus energy in the middle of it. The spinning photons can create quantum-size tornadoes that are similar to but smaller than plasma tornadoes that the spinning galaxies form. 

The third image in this text introduces how gravitational ("gravity") waves form. In the cases. That two black holes orbit each other. Those black holes collect energy between them. And then that energy is the thing that forms gravitational waves. 

All particles form similar energy hills between them. If they orbit each other. 

Black holes are strong but the same way as sensitive interaction. The plasma ring that surrounds the black hole makes the energy dam that closes the black hole inside it. The energy that is stored in a black hole tries to come out from that thing. 

Energy always travels away from the higher to the lower level. And as long as that plasma field around the black hole keeps energy inside that thing. But if that plasma field's energy decreases energy breaks out from the black hole. 

In the same way, all other particles are surrounded by a quantum field. That quantum field locks the particle into its form. The spin of the particle is normally 1/2. Pulls energy from that field. But if that quantum field is gone the particle turns into wave movement. 

"A new theory, that explains how light and matter interact at the quantum level has enabled researchers to define for the first time the precise shape of a single photon. Credit: Dr. Benjamin Yuen" (ScuitechDaily, Quantum Leap: Scientists Reveal the Shape of a Single Photon for the First Time) 

As you see the photon looks like the plasma ring. That means photons can focus energy in the middle of it.

That causes the question: can a photon be the quantum structure behind the dark energy? Every single photon formed in the Big Bang. Or the beginning of the universe. The universe's expansion means that photons are at a longer distance from each other than in the birth of the universe. That can explain why dark energy seems to turn weaker. The photon could also send the quantum-scale tornadoes through the universe. And that can be the source of the hypothetical superstrings. 

Same way. Electrons and other subatomic particles collect energy hills between them. When quarks spin or hadrons that involve those quarks spin. They form energy hills inside protons and neutrons. Those energy hills form between quarks. 

And because there is no place there that energy can go. The neutrons divide quite fast. There are also other particles than quarks in protons. And that offers places where those energy hills or standing energy waves can go to those pockets. And that makes protons unable to divide. 

When we think of things like black holes as structures there the fast a rotating ball harnesses energy from radiation that the plasma ring sends and stores that energy into the kinetic form. In that model, the particle binds energy. Energy escapes from the spin axle. Because standing waves pull energy away and that forms the quantum tornado. That thing can explain things like dark energy. 

Also, there is not so strong plasma ring at that point. Energy can travel out of that structure easier than on the "orbiter" of the black hole their plasma ring presses against the black hole stronger. Because most of the plasma that keeps the structure in its form is at the black hole's orbiter. That creates asymmetry in plasma interaction. 

The plasma ring around the black holes can offer an explanation for the gravity waves. When that plasma ring, or material disk gets more material it sends an energy impulse to the event horizon. That makes the black hole expand. When that plasma ring's energy level decreases. 

That makes situations. Where energy travels out from the black hole. 

So decreasing the energy level in the plasma ring allows more energy to travel out from the black hole. If that plasma ring is lost. The black hole will vaporize or release all its energy away. 

Can photons be the source of the dark energy and superstrings? In that model, the photons form a quantum ring that pulls energy into the middle of it. In the same way, the plasma ring pushes energy into the black hole. 

Photons are like quantum versions of that plasma ring. They can also form standing waves in the middle of them. In this model, a photon sends wave movement into the middle of that ring-shaped structure. That energy or wave movement can go in opposite directions from inside that quantum ring. That thing can explain why dark energy is like the straight-wave movement and why it can interact only with the global-scale structures in the universe. 

Photons can also spin and create tornado-shaped structures in energy fields. Those structures are so small and weak that we cannot directly see them. Galaxies can form macro-scale tornadoes in the universe. The photon that is the ring-shaped structure can create quantum tornadoes through the universe. And maybe those quantum tornadoes are the missing superstrings. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/is-dark-energy-getting-weaker-new-evidence-strengthens-the-case-20250319/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-leap-scientists-reveal-the-shape-of-a-single-photon-for-the-first-time/

https://scitechdaily.com/webb-telescope-reveals-hidden-galaxy-behind-cosmic-tornado/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

Does Dark Energy evolve?

"Dark energy might not be a constant after all. DESI’s analysis of millions of galaxies shows signs that it could be evolving, hinting at a major shift in cosmology. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, A Hidden Shift in Dark Energy Could Rewrite the Laws of Physics)

"The latest findings from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) challenge long-held beliefs about dark energy." (ScitechDaily, A Hidden Shift in Dark Energy Could Rewrite the Laws of Physics)

Dark energy might not evolve. But relations between four interactions, electromagnetism, weak- and strong nuclear forces, and gravity evolving

When other energy forms turn weaker. Increases the role of dark energy in the universe.  So when the universe turns colder it uncovers the dark energy. When other interactions turn weaker. 

That raises the dark energy role in the system. That we know as the universe. 

In the universe, dark energy doesn't probably evolve. But its interaction evolves. Because the universe itself evolves. 

Maybe dark energy itself doesn't evolve. But the universe evolves. That means in the young universe the universe itself was hotter. The universe's size was smaller. That means the interactions had different types of strength than in the modern universe. The energy level in plasma between galaxies was hotter. 

And that means also electromagnetism pushed galaxies away. In the young universe, dark energy interacted with electromagnetism because young galaxies were closer to each other and material was denser. That means the material between galaxies and galaxy clusters was hotter. 

When the energy level between galaxies and galaxy nebulas was hotter that caused a stronger electromagnetic push-effect. That means the nature of the universe and the relations between interactions change. 

The universe is a complex environment. And the entirety of the different interactions. The gravitation is not the only interaction. Things like material vaporization cause the effect. That wave movement pushes lightweight particles away from each other. Cosmic superstructures like the cosmic web cause the effect that gravity is not homogenously spread all around the universe. Those cosmic webs and material centers form asymmetry in gravity fields. And that puts material in the move. 

We can say that dark energy is like all other energy forms. It has an effect on large-scale structures in the universe. The shape of that energy is and is not a mystery. Dark energy is wave movement. 

Which could have an extremely short or extremely long wavelength. 

If the dark energy has an extraordinary wavelength it's hard to see. 

Let's say that the dark energy has a light-years-long wavelength. Or, a very short wavelength it is impossible to see changes in dark energy's energy level. And those changes are things that we see when we observe radiation. 

Dark energy has an effect. Only on the biggest structures in the universe. That means that even in galactic superclusters gravity wins. So that energy interaction is visible only between galaxy superclusters. 

That means that energy can affect the lightest particles in the universe. Those lightest particles form the biggest entireties in the universe. The question of dark energy is this: what makes that energy move? 

That energy can have an effect on the large plasma structures in the universe. And in some visions dark energy forms in some kind of energy vacuum. Those vacuums cause energy asymmetry in the structures around the galactic supergroups. It's possible that dark energy forms when material between galactic superclusters vaporizes. 

So the origin of that energy can be in some particles like neutrons,  gluons, or neutrinos that vaporize or turn in the wave movement. When particles like neutrons decay they release gluons and quarks around them. Gluon doesn't exist for a long time in that low-energy environment. And it can be the key to dark energy. 

And somebody suggested that the origin of this mysterious force is in other universes. Also, things like quantum-size black holes are suggested. Being the origin of that mysterious energy flow. 

The plasma clusters can be many times bigger and heavier than all galaxies in the galactic superclusters. When something puts that plasma move it moves galaxies with it. It's possible. That other radiation covers dark energy below it. 

But then we can say that dark energy evolving. Energy itself might not evolve but the universe around us evolves. The energy level in the universe decreases. That causes material vaporization. Or, the material turns into wave movement. That turns the material lighter. In the young universe electromagnetic interactions were stronger than in the cold universe. The universe expands. But the galactic clusters are reduced. Distance between local clusters decreases in superclusters. 

And that turns their size smaller and lighter. That decreases their quantum gravity. Quantum gravity can have a longer distance effect in stable conditions where disturbing radiation doesn't cover that gravitational effect under it. 

Plasma in those superclusters is hotter and the material in them turns denser. But that means the distance between the edges of the superclusters is increasing. That means the universe between those superclusters turns colder. That means the nature of the universe changes. 

Differences in global scale energy levels turn higher. And that causes particles and energy to travel faster. When a particle travels in a cosmic vacuum it vaporizes faster than otherwise. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-hidden-shift-in-dark-energy-could-rewrite-the-laws-of-physics/

https://scitechdaily.com/is-the-universe-changing-breakthrough-data-suggests-dark-energy-is-evolving/

Three red galaxies at the edge of the universe.

"These three "red monster" galaxies, found just 1 billion years after the hot Big Bang, are dusty, massive objects with more than 100 billion solar masses worth of stars inside. Unlike more modern massive galaxies, where no more than 20% of their gas has been converted into stars, these galaxies are two-to-three times more efficient, raising questions about how they formed and grew up to exhibit these apparent properties." (BigThink, What do JWST’s “red monster” galaxies mean for cosmology?)

The JWST telescope found three red galaxies. Those galaxies existed in the universe that was only one billion years old. And that can mean that those three galaxies cause the need to adjust the cosmological models. It's possible that Einstein's theories are not suitable for the young universe. The red color means that the galaxies travel straight away from us. And those galaxies might be on the opposite side of us. 

The big question is this. How those three galaxies could be so big? In some ideas, there could be some cosmic void around the supermassive black holes. That cosmic void could boost the black hole's pulling effect. The cosmic void around black holes can make material fall near black holes faster than just gravity allows.  

The cosmic void has a larger surface area than a black hole, and material should also fall into cosmic voids. And maybe that is the thing that made those galaxies grow faster than expected. In some models, the cosmic voids form the supermassive black holes. The cosmic void makes material fall into it. And in the middle of that thing forms the material center. 

Those galaxies have active black holes. And maybe there are stars. The heavy element formation needs only the impact waves or shockwaves that cause fusion. Things like supermassive black hole's relativistic jets can form heavier elements. As well as stars from them in fusion reaction. When elements impact each other and form new heavier elements we can always call that event fusion. 

In some models the Milky Way, our galaxy is in the middle of cosmic void. The size of that void would be about 2 billion light years. The thing that this void tells is this. There was some force like a very strong eruption in our supermassive black hole, Sgr A* that blew gas and dust away from around our Galaxy. 

That can tell that the Milky Way collides with some other galaxy. The impact between two supermassive black holes could turn the Milky Way and that other galaxy into giant elliptic galaxies. And then that form turned back to a spiral galaxy. 

That means light travels faster or without standard disturbance. If that model is true, the energy travels faster away from the Milky Way's edge than in normal galaxies. That means that this thing makes it necessary to adjust the cosmological models. The thing is that the Milky Way is not as typical a galaxy as we wanted to think. 

But the problem is that the young universe was different from the universe. Where we live. The density in the young universe was higher. The difference between energy levels were smaller. And that means energy moved slower in that hotter universe. Maybe those three red galaxies were the first galaxies that formed. Those galaxies named S1, S2, and S3 are interesting because they are so big. Those galaxies are larger and heavier than researchers think. 

The major question in the element formation is this. Did elements form before stars? That means: were there some other heavier elements that existed before the first stars were born? The model is that things like collimations. of neutron stars form heavy elements. So if we think that black holes existed before stars those black holes could collide and send shockwaves that can turn hydrogen also into heavy elements. 

The question about the galaxies and planetary formation is when the first planets start to form. Or rather, when the first solid elements formed. For a long time, people believed that the stars were the only things that could form heavier elements than hydrogen. But then researchers noticed. High-energy reactions can form heavy elements like gold and iron. 

The neutron star collimations make the pressure wave that forms fusion and those heavier isotopes. That means it's possible that a black hole's relativistic jets can also push light atoms like hydrogen against each other and form fusion and heavier elements. That means heavy element formation doesn't need stars. They need only an energy punch that creates the fusion. 

When we think about supernova explosions there the intensive pressure- or shockwave travels through the universe. That impact front creates the fusion reaction that can send energy into those bubbles. And that energy is the thing that pushes material and weaker quantum fields into the form that we call singularity. A black hole's plasma halo is an interesting thing. But the same way. We can think that the event horizon is the gravitational halo around the black hole. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/jwst-red-monster-galaxies-cosmology/

https://www.businessinsider.com/we-live-inside-cosmic-void-breaks-cosmology-laws-2024-5

https://www.thebrighterside.news/post/the-milky-way-may-reside-at-the-center-of-a-2-billion-light-year-wide-cosmic-void/

Researchers think that Einstein's theories don't stand on the edge of the Universe.

"Gravitational lensing of distant galaxies by the galaxy cluster Abell 2390, observed by the Euclid satellite. © ESA/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/NASA, image processing by J.-C. Cuillandre (CEA Paris-Saclay), G. Anselmi" (Unige, Einstein’s equations collide with the mysteries of the Universe)

There is not very much research where the Theory of General Relativity is tested in extremely low gravity and energy levels. Those theories are well-tested around black holes. But there is not very much data about things like how gravity waves or some other waves or particles interact in conditions. Where energy travels out from them very fast. 

The edge of the Universe is a mysterious place. There the energy and material face lower than exists our Universe. Or otherwise saying the energy in our Universe faces a cosmic void. Energy travels from space filled with quantum fields and wave movement to the cosmic void or into cosmic nothing. That space is not possible in the Universe. There are no absolute vacuums in the Universe. That we know. That means energy can travel only out from the Universe. 

When we think about energy fields there is a thin string. Those strings are so-called time arrows (or arrows of time). The time arrow means the particle or energy beam that travels in the Universe. When that time arrow releases its kinetic energy. It transfers it to other particles. So when a time arrow travels forward, it pushes energy to particles around it. And then that thing pushes those particles back in time. 

Then we can think of the time arrows as energy fields that travel out from the point where the Big Bang happened. When the distance between the time arrow and the Big Bang turns longer. There is space between those energy strings. That space means that more energy will travel between those time arrows. And that space makes it possible for particles like photons to start to make curves between those time arrows, like energy beams and particles.  The energy level between those beams or time arrows turns lower. 

That means at the edge of the universe could be very extraordinary gravity waves. Those gravity waves can have a structure where they have two wavelengths. The normal gravity waves and other waves or strings connect them into one bigger entity. Or maybe there are so-called spiral gravity waves that travel forward like serpentines. But that is only theory. 

And that means the particles start to deliver energy or wave movement faster than previously. That means time travels faster in particles at the edge of the Universe. The edge of the universe is a mysterious place, as I wrote before. There the particle travels out from the universe to the place, where there is no energy at all. 

When we think about the shape of the Universe, we must realize that the Universe is a so-called false vacuum. The thing that limits the speed of light is for example quantum fields. Or scattering effect. When a particle travels from a false vacuum to a real vacuum there is nothing that can limit its speed. But the other thing is that energy travels out from the particle faster than in the Universe. Those things are not researched very much. 

https://www.unige.ch/medias/en/2024/les-equations-deinstein-se-heurtent-aux-mysteres-de-lunivers

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_relativity

JWST telescope observed distant galaxies that challenge the standard cosmological models.

"The James Webb Space Telescope reveals surprisingly bright early galaxies, indicating they may have formed stars more rapidly than expected. This challenges traditional views on galaxy formation and could lead to revisions in our understanding of the universe’s structure. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Webb Telescope Uncovers Bright Ancient Galaxies That Challenge Cosmic Theories)

JWST is the most advanced tool ever sent to observe the universe. The new observations challenge the existing models of the universe and star formation in the early universe. JWST observed galaxies that formed about 300 million years after the Big Bang. Those galaxies have active growing black holes inside them. 

That means galaxy formation started earlier than expected. The young universe is one of the greatest mysteries in the world. The main question in the Big Bang model is where the energy that the Big Bang released came from. The energy was first and then came black holes. 

But then we face high energy conditions that allow some reactions. That is impossible in the modern universe. The energy level in the young universe was higher. But differences in energy levels were lower. And that means the universe was more stable than it is now. The expansion happened at the edge of the energy ball. But there was no horizontal, or crossing internal energy flow. 

Today we can say that the Big Bang was not a "bang". It was a series of events that turned material into the form as we know it, at some point after the Big Bang formed particle-antiparticle pairs. And then those particle pairs annihilated. The material took the form as we know it. After that "first" annihilation. 

Material in the young universe was not similar to material in our universe. It's possible that also other fermions than just up, and down quarks and electrons formed material. 

If we think about the wave-particle duality and its relationship with the Big Bang model we must realize that there should be some kind of whirl or energy beam that traveled through the wave field. That energy beam could cause the Schwinger effect and form the first particle-antiparticle pairs. 

That means there should be something that forms those energy beams. And there must be something that resists that energy beam. In wave-particle duality that energy beam that travels in an energy field forms two whirls that condense energy into particles. 

If there was some kind of energy field before the Big Bang. It is possible. The detonating Kugelbliz black hole released energy that formed the universe. Kugelbitz black holes are not possible in our universe, because there is so much turbulence. 

Those theoretical Kugelbltz black holes form when high-energy photon pushes wave movement or superstrings away from each other. Then those superstrings or very thin energy fields fall back. And then they start to wrap around each other. This thing forms a black hole. But that process requires a very stable environment. 

Things like the multiverse and other kinds of theories are made to explain the universe or the origin of things that formed the Big Bang. One explanation is that there was a universe before our universe. That theory is called. Phoenix universe. If the ultimate fate of the universe is the Big Crunch that means the entire material of the universe falls back in the black hole. That should mean that material travels back in time to the point where everything started. 

But all cosmological models are theories. Some evidence supports and sometimes the same evidence denies them. The models of things like wave-particle duality require that there was some kind of field and energy from the Big Bang should press against that field. So where does that field come from?  The energy level in the universe is higher than outside its border., That means energy flows away from the universe. And that's why we cannot see energy fields outside the universe. 

If there is an energy field outside the universe the energy or wave movement that travels out from the universe should form wave-particle duality when it hits that field. There, outside the universe, the Schwinger effect forms particles that do not exist in our universe. 

It's hard to see things outside the universe. The scattering effect and brightness of stars and galaxies cause light pollution. But when we think about the Big Bang we must remember that still today we are inside the Big Bang. That's why it's hard to see things like global energy fields. The universe is not strange. It's stranger than we ever imagined. 

https://scitechdaily.com/webb-telescope-uncovers-bright-ancient-galaxies-that-challenge-cosmic-theories/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelblitz_(astrophysics)

The Universe did not begin from "nothing".

  The Universe did not begin from "nothing". 

The reason why, the Big Bang is so hard to understand is that: there should be material or some kind of quantum field before that event. So if the Schwinger effect formed material that requires that there were quantum fields or quantum foam before the event called the Big Bang. The fact is that the Big Bang was a series of events that formed all the material and energy that we know. And the material is one form of energy. 

The Big Bang never ended. We are living in the Big Bang that continues until time in the Universe ends and all material transformed into wave movement. The Universe is the Big Bang's remnant.  It's temperature decreases all the time. 

The modern universe is the fading remnant of that energy eruption that was the beginning of known material and energy.  Because the energy level in the universe decreases. As the size of the Universe increases we can say that the change is only a stable thing in that system of all confirmed material and energy. 

Material is one form of energy. And particles are thicker points in quantum fields. Swinger effect where two crossing energy fields turn into quarks requires that there is some kind of quantum field. The Big Bang can form material only if it sends some kind of shockwave into the quantum field around it. That shockwave turns the quantum field into particles. 

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The cosmic inflation

The history of the universe involves a stage that we call inflation. Term cosmic inflation means that the ratio of matter and energy to the volume of the universe is decreasing. In the young universe, material was more homogenous than in the modern universe. Gluons were the first particles that formed. The first plasma was gluon plasma, and then whirls of that gluon plasma formed quarks. 

The next step from gluon plasma is the quark-gluon plasma. If gluons send energy into space, that energy impacts only another gluon. The repelling effect of that radiation is more powerful than in a heterogenous universe that is full of different-sized particles. 

The inflation continues. The reason for that is that the universe expands. The expansion decreases the density of material and radiation. So maybe we should say that there are two stages of cosmic inflation. The hot and very fast inflation. And cold and slower inflation.  

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The Big Bang was not a "bang" that happened in total emptiness. There is no "nothing" or "empty" in the quantum world. And that means the Big Bang was the interaction between two quantum fields. There were some kind of quantum fields or quantum foam before the Big Bang. In all possible interaction models. 

The reason for that is that the Schwinger effect where the energy field will turn to material requires two crossing quantum fields. The impact of those quantum fields forms whirls that are turning to material.  Schwinger effect form always particle-antiparticle pair. And if the Schwinger effect formed the Universe. 

It means there should be at least the hypothetical "anti-universe" or antimatter universe. Time travels forward in the antimatter universe, but the particles are their mirror versions. In a hypothetical antiuniverse, electrons have a positive electric load, protons have negative electricity, and neutrons spin oppositely. 

There is the possibility that the Schwinger effect formed material from the quantum foam in the phenomenon that looks like the vacuum bomb. First, some effect formed shockwave or electromagnetic vacuum or void in the quantum foam. Then that vacuum fell. Or outside quantum field pressed it together, and quantum foam impacted in the middle of that bubble. Impacting quantum fields just reflect from the center of the bubble. 

And the pressure wave travels back and forth. During that movement, it collected energy into it. Sooner or later that extremely powerful radiation formed the bubble that continues its expansion. When the energy level turned low enough those chaotic energy fields formed first gluons. 

https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/deep-space/a44938366/was-our-universe-created-by-black-hole/

The gravitational waves can bring us back to the point where everything began.

    

Gravitational waves are a new tool for researching the universe astronomers observe the most distant objects. To find things that happened a long time ago. 

Gravitational waves can tell about things that happen behind a black hole's event horizons, but they can also use to detect black holes.  If a black hole's transition disk is weak. 

Or if its distance is very long. It's possible that X- and Gamma ray radiation. That comes from the black hole disappearing in X- and Gamma-ray background. 

Galaxy GN-z11 is the most distant galaxy that we ever saw in history. The distance to that galaxy is 38 billion light years. So we see what happened in that galaxy 38 billion years ago. 

The reason why researchers are observing extremely distant galaxies is that particles that are traveling across the universe are taking plague to their core. That plague involves information about the universe that the particle touched. 

Another reason that those distant galaxies can uncover is the place. Where the Big Bang happened. There is a possibility that at that point is the black hole that stored the information about the Big Bang.  If that hypothetical supermassive black hole in the center of the universe is real. This thing would be the biggest event in the history of cosmology, 

But even the most distant galaxies will not help us to see the event called the Big Bang. The reason for that is simple. Those galaxies formed after the Big Bang. 

But can we find the Big Bang? Or can we get information about that event? There is one little possibility to see the photons or something. That are remnants of the Big Bang. 

The theory of the Big Bang goes like this. All visible material and energy in the universe are released in this event. 

Theoretically, it is possible. That part of that material and energy formed a black hole. If researchers can find the first black hole. There could be stored photons that involve information about the Big Bang. 

The idea of this hypothesis is that the black hole can trap some photons at the point of the event horizon. The time is not moving at that point. So black holes can store information from the Big Bang. But there is one requirement. The black hole must be formed during the Big Bang. Otherwise, it cannot trap the right photons. 

When we think about the first photons or information that Big Bang released we cannot see that information because that information travels away from us. The problem with photons is that we cannot see them from backward. We can see photon that travels to us.

But we cannot see photons. That travels in the opposite direction to us. Or we cannot see photon that travels ahead of us. There is a possibility that we can see the photons that are stored in the event horizon of the black hole. The gravitational waves of extremely old black holes can tell many things about the chaotic young universe. 

When the universe was very young and hot it was a chaotic mixture of photons, electrons, and other elementary particles. Then there was formed the central. That central could be a black hole that formed. The first whirl in the chaotic universe in which the temperature was extremely high. The whirl created the sub-whirls in the chaotic quantum-gluon plasma. And maybe those whirls formed material. 

https://scitechdaily.com/revealing-the-start-of-time-itself-ripples-in-the-fabric-of-the-universe-may-peer-back-to-the-beginning-of-everything-we-know/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GN-z11

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/

How fast is the growing speed of the Universe?

How fast is the growing speed of the Universe?

The shape of the universe.

What is the shape of the universe? (1) This is a very good question because that speed can explain, why we cannot see the location of the big bang. In somewhere past the cosmologists got a fascinating idea that galaxies would be in the layer of the ball, what is called as the universe, and then by searching the directions of the galaxies, the researchers could define the point, where the big bang happened, and then the telescopes would be turned to the "south pole" of the galaxy.

One of the things is that I'm talking here the direction of the galaxy, what is to the direction of the point, where the big bang happened as the "south pole", and in fact, the black holes might have polar like planets and stars. The idea was simply the position of the galaxy is telling, where the big bang was, and then the telescopes would easily find that point.

And then the astronomers were looking at the stars more and more effective telescopes, and they noticed that there were many galaxies in location, what supposed to be in the direction of the big bang. But as you see the scientists must sometimes adjust their theories, because observations are chancing our knowledge.

The idea of a two-dimensional ball-layer changed to the combination of the multiple models, and the thing, what kind of model of the universe is used depends on the scale. as you might know, the Universe is very big, and if we would look at things by using the very large scale model, we would think that the universe is the straight layer, and that model could be suitable in the local galaxy group.

But then the thing, what is called "U-shaped" or saddle from would turn to dominate, if the scale is smaller, and the observed area, of the universe, is getting bigger. Then the universe is turning to the ball, if the area, what observer sees is big enough. And here I must say, that the observer is always hypothetical. I have thought the universe as the 3D ball-layer, where the galaxies are in the different locations and positions, and the width of this layer is extremely large.

Why the expansion speed of the Universe is slower than it should (2)

By using the most modern telescopes, we can see the distances of billions of light-years. That means that we can see objects from that distance. The distance of a farthest known galaxy is 13 billion light-years and the size of the universe is 46 billion light-years. So we see things, what is happening in the 13 billion years ago.

But when we are thinking that we cannot see the big bang, there is one very interesting theory, and that thing is that the beginning of the existence of the expanding speed of the universe was near the speed of light. And then it started to slow. There should be something, that slows that speed, and that would mean that there is a massive black hole in the place, where the big bang has happened.

The real number of expanding the speed of expanding the universe is about 67 meters per second, and that means that there is something, that would break the expansion speed. That thing could be the mutual gravity of the galaxies, the dark material, and the last hypothesis is that in the center of the universe is the giant black hole, what is larger than any galaxy, and that thing would pull the galaxies to it. This thing makes science very nice before we can create and confirm the models of everything, we must realize, that everything is possible in the world, where black holes are dominating their environment, and massive eruptions are disturbing the harmony.
(1)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe
(2)
https://www.avaruus.fi/uutiset/kosmologia-ja-teoreettinen-fysiikka/maailmankaikkeuden-laajenemisnopeus-ei-tasmaa-olemme-jattaneet-jotain-huomioimatta-kosmologisessa-mallissa.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe

Image:

https://scx2.b-cdn.net/gfx/news/hires/2014/compactgalax.jpg