Europa’s oceans are silent.

"Cutaway illustration of Europa’s icy crust, subsurface ocean, and possible vents that transport material to the surface. Credit: NASA" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Say Europa’s Ocean May Be Too Quiet for Life)

Jupiter’s  Europa-moon oceans can be dead. So, new research suggests. That there are no lifeforms under that moon’s icy surface. When we think about Europa’s oceans. The Europa moon's oceans. They are not like oceans on Earth. Those oceans remain liquid because the gravity of that moon is very weak. Jupiter’s gravity causes powerful tidal waves. Under. Icy shell of that interesting moon. This tidal force causes the water whirl around that moon’s core. 

"A new study led by Paul Byrne, an associate professor of Earth, environmental, and planetary sciences, raises doubts about whether Europa’s ocean could support life at its base. By analyzing the moon’s size, the composition of its rocky interior, and the gravitational pull it experiences from Jupiter, the research team found little evidence that Europa has the kind of active geology thought to be essential for life. Their results suggest the moon lacks tectonic movement, hydrothermal vents, and other forms of underwater activity that could supply energy to living systems." (ScitechDaily, Scientists Say Europa’s Ocean May Be Too Quiet for Life)

And this thing makes the magnetic field for that moon. The magnetic field. Denies cosmic radiation and radiation that comes from Jupiter’s plasma ring from destroying water molecules on the Europa moon. Europa is the icy water moon. This means that magma, which is the liquid rock under Earth’s shell, is replaced by water in Europa. 

Magnetic field. Forms when the magnetic mineral dust in the water spins around the core of that moon. So, can there be lifeforms in that moon’s ocean? The thing is that there are no things like fish. The creatures that researchers may hope to find are primitive bacteria-type organisms. If those organisms exist, their metabolism will be very slow. 

There is a possibility that those organisms can synthesize oxygen from water. Using electrolysis, which can form when the noble and base metals are near each other. This electrolysis might not be very effective. But if there are no beasts in that ocean, that can be enough for those organisms to maintain their processes. Those things are only guesses. But the thing is that. This moon can also be dead and cold. But the thing is that Europa itself is interesting. That moon can tell. About conditions. What is on icy planets, and why can those planets that can be giant ice giants exist? 

There may be no geothermal energy in Europa. This means that the core of that moon. It can be. A very small. Thing. Without radioactive material. And the energy that keeps the oceans liquid forms when tidal forces and the cryovolcanos cooperate. The cryovolcano forms low pressure. Under the moon’s icy shell, that weak gravity keeps water molecules separate. The tidal forces. Puts those molecules in motion, in the weak gravity. Because of. In weak gravity, water can be liquid in far lower temperatures than on Earth. If there are lifeforms, those lifeforms can hover in the freezing water rather than be on the bottom of the moon. 

We can determine life as a self-replicating structure. Those structures can react and interact with each other. The fact is. Nobody knows what organisms on other planets or moons look like. Some models suggest that. On very low-temperature moons or planets, DNA can create ice bites. These are DNA-controlled. There is a model. That alien organisms can be water ice. And theoretically. The nanobubbles can form a similar structure to the DNA. Those things cannot be stable on Earth. But. In very low-energy, stable conditions, it is possible that the self-replicating structures can exist. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-say-europas-ocean-may-be-too-quiet-for-life/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(moon)

Did JWST-telescope find life in Jupiter's Europa moon?

 Did JWST-telescope find life in Jupiter's Europa moon?

"NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope has detected carbon dioxide on Europa, Jupiter’s moon, suggesting it might have conditions suitable for life. The discovery points to exchanges between the moon’s icy surface and its subsurface ocean, emphasizing Europa’s potential in upcoming space missions. This illustration depicts a plume of water vapor that could potentially be emitted from the icy surface of Jupiter’s moon Europa. Credit: NASA/ESA/K. Retherford/SWRI" (ScitechDaily.com/Life on Jupiter’s Moon? NASA’s Webb Finds Carbon Source on Surface of Europa)

JWST telescope found carbon from the Europa moon. That means it didn't find any kind of lifeforms, but it found an element vital for life. It means that the Europa is a more interesting moon than ever before. The idea of the life in the Europa's ocean is not new. Carl Sagan introduced the first idea for that thing. 

At that time Europa's ocean's existence was only speculation. During Sagan's lifetime his scientific work time. There was no confirmed rocky exoplanet either. Sagan introduced the idea that Jupiter's atmosphere could hover jellyfish-looking organisms. Carl Sagan introduced that idea in Carl Sagan's Cosmos-TV series in 1980. 

The image above is the artist's impression of the jellyfish-looking organisms that hover in Jupiter's atmosphere. 

There is a layer in Jupiter's atmosphere where some kinds of organisms like bacteria. Or something like jellyfish can live. The problem is that the wind and radiation in Jupiter's atmosphere are strong. Same way, if the flow in Europa's ocean is very strong, that can cause a situation where amino acids cannot form. 

And then astronomers confirmed the liquid water's existence under that moon's ice shell. And that thing boosted thoughts that maybe there were some amoebas or bacteria under that ice shell. The water protects the lifeforms against Jupiter's radiation and that means there could be some primitive organisms under the ice, that might use volcanic heat as an energy source. These kinds of organisms are found near so-called black smokers on the deep ocean bottom. Similar organisms may live under the ice shells of some distant ice moons. But confirming that thing requires a submarine that can dive in the Europa's oceans. 

https://scitechdaily.com/life-on-jupiters-moon-nasas-webb-finds-carbon-source-on-surface-of-europa/

Researchers possibly found carbon from Jupiter's Europa-moon ocean.

    Researchers possibly found carbon from Jupiter's Europa-moon ocean. 

But first thoughts about the journey to Jupiter. 

Maybe AI-controlled robots make the first journey to the Jupiter system and they can collect samples from those moons. The flight time to Jupiter is long even if we would use nuclear thermal propulsion. So before we can even think that we could send a manned flight into Jupiter. 

We must wait for fusion and antimatter engines that will open the path into the entire solar system. In Jupiter's system, the probe or spacecraft operates with smaller shuttles that collect samples from those moons. The researchers must confirm that there are no harmful organisms in those oceans before they make the site. 

In some visions, the astronauts who travel to Jupiter in the future would live in a space station that hovers in those hyacid oceans. In those visions, water in those oceans can be used as drinking water and as a fuel source. There is a vision that the electrolysis system splits water split into hydrogen and oxygen. 

Those conventional fuels are used in contact shuttles. That could operate in Jupiter's system and collect samples from its moons. That crew that can travel to Jupiter can be AI-controlled robots. The problem with that journey is that it takes a very long time. And that means the astronauts should spend a long part of their life on that journey. 

Arc jet engines are a good tool for small shuttles that operate in Jupiter's system. 

Another thing is that water is a good propellant for arc jet engines and nuclear thermal engines. An arc jet engine is an electric rocket system that uses an electric arc for expanding propellants. So in that engine system electric arc replaces combustion. 

And the only necessary thing is that the propellant expands in heat. Water is one of the promising propellants for those engines because it is easy to get and handle. But Arc jet engines can also use hydrocarbons like methane or any other liquid gas. 

And that means the same systems can used in Jupiter's atmosphere those electric engines make it possible to create the next-generation aircraft that can operate at orbital trajectories as well as in the atmosphere. The difference between arc jet and nuclear thermal propulsion is that the arc jet can use any type of power source. 

If the Arc jet engine uses liquid hydrogen or liquid helium that thing causes very strong expansion in the propellant. That means the system can cause remote power sources like radio masers or lasers to transmit power to those systems. The other thing is that theoretically, the small shuttle could use even chemical batteries for making electric arcs. But nuclear energy is an ultimate tool also in those cases. 

When that crew returns to Earth, the system uses probably nuclear thermal propulsion. Nuclear rockets can use water as a propellant, that is driven through the nuclear reactor. Maybe things like antimatter or fusion rockets can someday make the journey to Jupiter possible. But the journey is too long for humans even if we would use nuclear thermal engines. 

NASA's vision of a nuclear-powered JIMO (Jupiter's Icy Moon Orbiter) probe. That could take samples from Jupiter in the future. That vision is from the year 2004, and from those days technology has advanced. Things like technological advances like the serious R&D process in portable nuclear reactors, fusion and plasma technology, and AI mean that maybe that vision is closer to turning reality than we ever thought.  

 Researchers possibly found carbon from Jupiter's Europa-moon ocean. 

Europa is the smallest of Galilean moons. Europa is mentioned, as the most promising place in our solar system, where could be active bacteria. And if the carbon in the subsurface ocean of that small world is confirmed, that is one step closer to confirming the existence of the extraterrestrial primitive lifeforms. 

Carbon is a vital element for life. And a long time researchers played with the idea that maybe Jupiter's icy moons and oceans below their icy surfaces host life. When researchers confirmed that Ganymede and Callisto also have oceans below their icy surface that thing became more topical than ever before. The gravity on those moons is lower than Earth and even Earth's moon. 

And that means water can be in liquid form at lower temperatures than on Earth. Also, the tidal forces of Jupiter keep those oceans open. The magnetic field around those moons protects water molecules against cosmic radiation. Because those large oceans are under ice shells. That thing makes it possible that there could be some kind of primitive lifeforms in those oceans. 

The innermost of Galilean moons is IO.  It is the densest of those four moons. Sulfur volcanoes are covering that strange world. The Io could formed of silicates and the tidal forces keep it's core liquid. Those volcanoes send particles to space. And they sometimes travel to other Galilean moons. Also, icy geysers on Europa send particles around Jupiter's system. 

And that thing gives an idea that if there are some lifeforms under those moon's icy shells they could travel between those moons. The source for that hypothesis is Earth bacteria. Some bacteria on Earth create spores that make them very resistant to outcoming effects. 

https://interestingengineering.com/science/jupiters-icy-moon-europas-subsurface-ocean-may-host-carbon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Callisto_(moon)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_(moon)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Io_(moon)