Cosmic inflation doesn’t violate energy conservation.

"History of the Universe – gravitational waves are hypothesized to arise from cosmic inflation, a phase of accelerated expansion just after the Big Bang". (Wikipedia, Cosmic inflation)

“The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system remains constant; it is said to be conserved over time. In the case of a closed system, the principle says that the total amount of energy within the system can only be changed through energy entering or leaving the system. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed; rather, it can only be transformed or transferred from one form to another”.(Wikipedia, Conservation of energy)

“For instance, chemical energy is converted to kinetic energy when a stick of dynamite explodes. If one adds up all forms of energy that were released in the explosion, such as the kinetic energy and potential energy of the pieces, as well as heat and sound, one will get the exact decrease of chemical energy in the combustion of the dynamite.” (Wikipedia, Conservation of energy)

The fact is that energy can change in the closed system if the system changes its form. So if a closed system expands there is less energy for filling the space that turns larger or smaller. The idea is similar to putting a balloon filled with water in a vacuum chamber. That system expands the balloon when the pressure decreases. So cosmic inflation means that there is less energy compared to space when space expands. The expansion is interaction. When pressure outside the system decreases the outside pressure presses it into its form. And otherwise, internal pressure pushes the system larger.

When the system’s size grows but the gas atom’s number in the system is the same, expansion decreases the power of the internal system. Energy acts in a similar way as gas. 

That doesn’t mean that the energy of the water decreases compared to outside because the difference between pressure levels stays the same. And quantum fields or energy act like water. So if we compare energy to gas or water expanding space means that pressure in the system decreases, but in the same way, differences in pressure levels in and out of the system are always relatively the same. 

If we push that ball we can increase pressure inside it. That means it's possible to affect energy density or energy strength by changing the system’s size. But the main question about the universe is this: Is the universe itself a closed system that recycles energy? Or does the universe leak, which means that the wave movement escapes from the universe faster than the universe expands? 

The universe itself is not any vacuum chamber. The space outside the universe is enormous. Or maybe it is infinite. That means there should be no resistance against the universe and its expansion from outside. But inside the universe, gravity pulls particles and wave movement back to the center of that thing. 

"In physical cosmology, cosmic inflation, cosmological inflation, or just inflation, is a theory of exponential expansion of space in the very early universe. Following the inflationary period, the universe continued to expand, but at a slower rate. The re-acceleration of this slowing expansion due to dark energy began after the universe was already over 7.7 billion years old (5.4 billion years ago." (Wikipedia, Cosmic inflation)

Above: The model of cosmic inflation. 

When the universe started to freeze, material formed that bound energy into particles. That formed space between those particles. When energy bound into material there was less free energy and that turned energy between material objects chaotic. Material is like ice bites in water. Material is one energy form. But when energy turns into material that is away from free energy. 

When we think about closed systems we must realize that those systems involve multiple internal systems. In the universe, the system is not homogenous. There are many energy levels in the universe. Materia is one energy form or densely packed energy. We must send an energy impulse to the system so that we can release energy that is stored in the material. When energy is packed in the atom or subatomic particles or bonds between atoms that energy is away from somewhere. There is a lot of energy in the universe. 

But because the universe is not endless there are limited energy resources. The thing that destroys the system is free energy. Free energy is energy that is not bound to material. And that energy causes oscillation. When we use energy we simply bind free energy into material. Materia itself is a denser form of energy. When the universe expands quantum fields in the universe turn weaker. 

That causes a situation where energy flows faster away from material and sooner or later, the material turns into wave movement. That means that the free energy in the system increases. And that causes the entropy in the system to increase. Free space in the system means that energy flows to that empty space. Energy must flow all the time. And it always travels to a lower energy level. The universe’s expansion means that the free energy state in the universe rises and rips material into pieces. That realizes energy that is stored in the material. 

So energy doesn't vanish. It just changes its form and power. But energy and information themselves are infinite. They cannot vanish. They can just turn denser or they can turn less dense. And that means there is no death in the quantum world. Energy is information and information can change its form but it cannot vanish. It can turn so weak that it's hard to see. Or it can take the form that we cannot understand. It can be so chaotic that we cannot separate and interconnect those bites into their original form. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/cosmic-inflation-violate-energy-conservation/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_of_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_inflation

Dark energy interaction. And the universe's ultimate fate.

 Dark energy interaction. And the universe's ultimate fate. 

Are dark photons the source of dark energy? 

The Australian researchers claimed that they detected dark photons. If that is true, dark photons can explain at least part of dark energy. The thing that makes photons dark is that energy flows into them. In this model, there are three types of photons. 

The black photon is a photon whose energy level is lower than in the universe's visible material. Because energy travels into those, 2D photons are lower than visible material in the universe. That makes them unable to detect. 

The reason why dark photons never reach the same energy level as regular photons or neutrinos is this. There are so many more dark photons than particles and sub-atomic particles in the universe. Energy travels to those other dark photons. 

And because the energy level in those particles near the universe or energy centers is higher than farther particles energy always travels to those lower energy particles.. Because energy travels in one direction out from the energy center. That makes it impossible to detect those particles by using reflection.

All energy falls into the outer particles. In the universe are many energy hills. And there those particles can interact with each other. 

That causes multiple impacts with radiation and those particles. And that makes those dark photons send impact radiation. In some models, the dark photon or two-dimensional photons are the base model of material. 

"A map of dark matter, spreading across the universe.CREDIT:KIPAC/SLAC NATIONAL ACCELERATOR LABORATORY" (Sydney Morning Herald/Australian researchers claim to have detected ‘dark photons)

In that model, those 2D photons also exist outside the Universe and the Big Bang transformed a group of those 2D photons into the universe as we know it.  Or maybe there is some material, which energy level is lower than those 2D photons. 

That material could be some kind of skyrmion, that turned the energy level in the point of universe negative and caused the Big Bang. But there is more about that hypothetical material and reaction at the end of this text.

Neutrino is a so-called grey photon. The grey photon means the energy flow between that particle and its environment is slow. And that makes neutrinos hard to detect. Because the neutrino has mass, that means energy travels in that particle. And in that process, it causes the emission of radiation into its quantum field. 

Bright photon whose energy level is the same as its environment. That means there is no energy flow between the photon and its environment. And that means the photon has no mass. 

And that makes those dark photons or photons whose energy level is lower than the environment hard or even impossible to detect. The dark energy could be an energy flow that travels in those dark photons. When an extremely thin energy field, called a superstring travels into the dark photon, that energy orbits the photon before it impacts it. 

In that process, it sends emission radiation as well as particles when they fall into a neutron star or black hole. In some other visions, the dark energy comes from the points where the atom's or subatomic particles' quantum fields cross. In the points where those fields impact form stretches that act like particles and send energy or radiation around them.

"The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the density parameter Ω is greater than, less than, or equal to 1. From top to bottom: a spherical universe with Ω > 1, a hyperbolic universe with Ω < 1, and a flat universe with Ω = 1. These depictions of two-dimensional surfaces are merely easily visualizable analogs to the 3-dimensional structure of (local) space". (Wikipedia/Shape of the universe)

The universe's ultimate fate. 

We know that if the universe is open. That means it's hyperbolic or flat. The Big silence is its ultimate fate. At the end of time, all material turns into wave movement. And then that universe as we know it ends its life. The Big Bang was not only one case. It was a series of effects that formed material and energy in the form as we know it. 

In some visions, the electromagnetic vacuum in quantum fields or some kind of low-energy material caused the Big Bang. If those 2D photons are outside the universe we cannot see them because energy travels into them. 

But there is one hypothetical model connected with dark photons. The dark photon is a flat particle if it exists. In some models also dark photons will split at the end of the time. When there is no radiation or no quantum fields those flat photons start to expand. 

At the ultimate end of time, they will turn into skyrmions. Which is the final form of material. Those skyrmions are forming an electromagnetic vacuum in the middle of them. And that thing can pull those skyrmions back together. 

Or if there are some kind of quantum fields or 2D particles outside the universe those skyrmions can form the quantum vacuum that causes the effect, where those quantum fields or particles drop to the point, where the universe once been. That thing can cause a powerful energy impact from the middle of that structure. The quantum fields form the standing wave and then all waves are impacted from that wave. That means the new Big Bang. 

https://www.smh.com.au/national/australian-researchers-claim-to-have-detected-dark-photons-20230927-p5e82s.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe

Could the dark energy be the result of a vacuum around the universe?

In some wild theories. Dark energy or dark wave motion forms when the tachyon hits this dimension. Dark energy is wave motion that rips the universe into pieces. 

Sometimes the source of dark energy is explained as when the quarks inside the protons or neutrons are oscillating they send wave motion. The reason for that oscillation is gluons. 

Gluons are traveling between quarks. Whenever gluon hits the quark it takes energy from it. And when a gluon that transports the strong nuclear force travels between quarks it releases its energy. 

And there is some yet unknown particle that locates between gluon and quark. When a gluon that travels between quarks impacts that yet-unknown particle. It sends radiation that wavelength is the same as that yet unknown particle. 

Is this the idea of Gran Unified Theory (GUT)?

But why strong nuclear force is so strong? The area where that strong nuclear interaction effect is very small if we are comparing it with gravitation or electromagnetism. And the idea of the GUT is this. The diameter of the affected area determines the name of the force. 

So the idea of the GUT is that every four fundamental forces, gravitation, electromagnetism, weak- and strong nuclear forces are the same force. 

A strong nuclear interaction is an interaction between gluon and quark. There is a possibility that this interaction happens when the superstrings are starting to travel between quark and gluon. When one superstring is turning to spiral and forms a quantum tornado. That effect will pull another superstring inside it.

 Then that quantum spiral starts to input energy to the quantum string that is inside the quantum spiral. That system works like a laser and the radiation that comes ends of the internal super- or quantum string pushes the particles away from the ends of that quantum channel. And that thing is the form of dark energy. 

Tachyon is the hypothetical faster-than-light particle that would not be possible in our universe. But outside the universe where nothing can slow particles, the tachyon could exist. The reason for that is simple. nothing can travel faster than light in our universe. In our universe quantum fields are slowing the speed of all particles. 

But outside our universe is no quantum fields. That means there could be tachyons. So are tachyons particles that source outside the universe? When that kind of particle hits the quantum field. It releases its energy as wave motion.  That interaction transforms the tachyon to some other particle immediately. 

So if the tachyon comes outside the universe and hits this plasma ball it sends radiation. And there is the possibility that tachyons are ordinary particles that are hitting our universe from outside it. When we are thinking of conditions that those hypothetical particles are facing when they hit our universe from outside it they are traveling faster than any particle in the universe. Gravitation accelerates them. And when they hit the plasma and quantum fields. They send radiation because their speed is too high for our universe. And that idea is that the particles that origin is outside our universe are tachyons. 

Anyway, even if tachyons existed. Their existence rests in an extremely short moment. And if tachyons are dark energy and dark matter that explains why we cannot measure those things. When tachyon comes to our universe it will immediately turn into a Higgs boson or some yet unknown particle. So that tachyon would send radiation when it turns to som another particle. And could that thing explain why the source of dark energy is unknown? If tachyon existed. Its lifetime is shorter than Higgs boson's lifetime. 

There are three places where we could find those hypothetical tachyon particles. 

1) Outside the Universe

2) Near Black Holes

3) In Boötes Void. 

In that great nothing, every particle travels faster than outside it. So when that hyper-speed particle hits the outer edge of the Boötes void that thing sends radiation. And that radiation pushes particles away from each other. So that kinds of areas can cause cosmic inflation or expansion of the universe. 

When tachyons hit the quantum field they change their form immediately, because they release energy quantum. And that makes it very hard to detect them. The theory goes like this: When a tachyon hits the quantum field, it releases its kinetic energy to that quantum field. That energy impulse covers other tachyons behind it. 

And even if tachyon existed, that particle is a very small and short-living thing. So there is the possibility. That tachyon sends radiation that wave motion is unique. And that radiation is dark energy. The gravitational effect of tachyons is dark matter But confirming this thing, is extremely difficult. And that means the tachyon can remain a theoretical particle. 

The idea of this thought is simple. Because the universe expands the energy travels from it. To the vacuum that is around it. The reason for that is that energy in the universe is higher than in the vacuum around it. And the quantum system is always attempting to reach the minimum energy level. The universe is the largest known quantum system. But there is a vacuum around it. 

And that thing causes that energy flows to that vacuum. The vaporization of material causes the energy level in the universe to rise in comparison to the material. The vaporization means that the material turns to wave motion or superstrings. So superstrings are extremely thin bites of the wave motion. 

There is a possibility that dark energy is a virtual force. That thing forms when at the edge of the universe is nothing that limits the speed of particles and light. In this text "edge of the universe" means the most out plasma the Big Bang released. And outside our universe is no quantum fields and the material is extremely sparse. In that area where the universe impacts with great nothingness material and light travel faster than anywhere else. Otherwise, the gravitation of the universe slows those particles. 

When those particles and superstrings are traveling away from the universe gravitation affects those objects. When giant galaxies are in a straight line with each other. That slows the speed of superstrings and particles. When that thing happens those things are releasing their kinetic energy as the wave motion. 

The thing with gravitation is that it's not stable in the universe. When super-heavy objects are in line gravitation is stronger. And that slowing the speed causes energy impulses. When some particle sends wave motion it sends a little bit of its mass. But the wave motion that the particle sends pushes quantum fields around the particle away. And then another quantum field must fill that thing. 

In another version, the extremely fast particles and wave motion cause an effect that there is some kind of vacuum behind them. If there is a small electromagnetic or quantum tunnel behind particles or superstrings that electromagnetic tunnel will fill by quantum fields. 

When that thing happens those fields impact each other. That thing forms virtual particles. Virtual particles act like real particles. And that could explain why we cannot see dark matter. In that theory, dark matter is the strong quantum field that acts like visible material. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%B6tes_Void

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/