Researchers measured time in a quantum system without a clock.

"Time at the quantum level may be far less mysterious than it seems. Physicists have found a way to measure how long ultra-fast quantum events actually take—without using a clock at all. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, Physicists Measure Time Inside Quantum Events Without a Clock)

When researchers measure time in a quantum system, they cannot  use a clock. One of the reasons for that is that the clock must be positioned in the system. Another thing is that. Every quantum system distorts time. The measuring quantum system is difficult. Because the measurement tool. Must not touch it. The system has no time to see. When the reaction begins, start the timekeeping. And stop the clock when the system sees. The end of the reaction. Things. The surrounding energy level and quantum evaporation in the system determine the time in the system. 

Measurement of time without a clock is very difficult. But researchers measured time in a quantum system without a clock. One of the most important things in the measurement. It is. Important to realize that the time in a single quantum particle is not the same as the time in the entire system. When the spin of the particle accelerates, time moves more slowly for it. But if the particle suddenly slows its speed, it delivers energy to its environment. And that also increases free energy in the quantum system. 

“At the quantum scale, events unfold at speeds that are hard to comprehend. Processes such as tunneling or an electron jumping to a new energy state after absorbing light can occur in just a few tens of attoseconds. That span is so brief that even light would not be able to cross the width of a small virus in the same amount of time.” (ScitechDaily, Physicists Measure Time Inside Quantum Events Without a Clock)

The measurement happens by comparing the spin of the electrons and photons. Or the system doesn’t measure the spin of the particle. It follows the routes. By which photons excite and de-excite particles. Those routes through which excitation happens differ. And those routes disturb each other. That causes a difference in the spin. 

 “When light excites an electron, the process does not follow a single path. Instead, multiple quantum pathways are possible. At the same time. These paths interfere with one another, and that interference leaves a distinct signature in the spin of the emitted electron. By tracking how this spin pattern changes with the electron’s energy, the researchers could calculate the duration of the transition itself.” (ScitechDaily, Physicists Measure Time Inside Quantum Events Without a Clock)

The knowledge of how time affects. Entering quantum systems increases the knowledge of that strange world. We can say that every time a particle delivers energy to another particle, time moves more slowly in the receiving particle. When a particle delivers energy, time moves faster in the particle. This makes calculations quite difficult. When a particle travels through an energy shell, it receives energy. And that wobbles time in that particle. These kinds of things can cause situations where energy travels out from a particle. Faster than usual. That increases free energy in the system. 

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-measure-time-inside-quantum-events-without-a-clock/

The Higgs boson collapse and how it ends the universe?

“This abstract illustration depicts a bubble-like multiverse. (Image credit: MARK GARLICK/SCIENCE PHOTO LIBRARY via Getty Images).” (Space.com, The Higgs boson could have kept our universe from collapsing)

There is a theoretical model that the cosmic microvoid can pull a single high-energy photon out from particles like electrons. The Higgs boson collapse means a situation where. The Higgs boson suddenly turns flat like a pancake. That could happen. If the Higgs boson starts to spin so fast that it turns into a flat.  If that happens, energy travels to the edge of that fast-spinning object. The difference between Higgs boson evaporation and Higgs boson collapse is that. The Higgs boson collapse doesn’t release any energy to the environment. 

The Higgs boson still exists. But its shape is turned. If the flat Higgs boson continues its spin, there is a possibility that the particle starts to collect lots of energy into one point. The fast-spinning particle collects energy. Into it. And then energy travels to the edge of that particle. In evaporation. Particle turns into energy. That was stored in it. When the Higgs boson collapses, the quantum fields around it try to fill that point. The fast-spinning boson acts like a thermal pump that transports energy out from that point.

Could that destroy the entire universe? Nobody knows. There is a possibility that the Higgs boson can cause the vacuum decay. There, the universe is filled with cosmic micro- or quantum voids. If a particle gets into a cosmic microvoid, that thing rips the particle into pieces. The reason for that is that the cosmic microvoid increases the speed of energy flow out from the particle. The cosmic microvoid forms. A zero-energy area around the particle. It means it acts a little bit like annihilation. This effect releases free energy into the system. And that can cause. Fatal and global effect on the universe. 

In the cosmological models, the universe began its existence in the Big Bang. There is a limit in the size of the universe. The universe is surrounded by the shockwave. That shockwave. Means. That there must be some kind of quantum field outside the universe. This kind of shockwave causes reflection into the universe. There is a possibility that this shockwave, if it exists, can explain why we cannot see other universes. 

But what happens if that shockwave doesn’t exist? The expansion of the universe would be faster. The reflection from that hypothetical shockwave increases the level of free energy in the system. That free energy causes. The expansion of the universe. This shockwave acts like a vacuum bomb. The reflection travels in the middle of the universe. And then returns to the shockwave. If one of those energy impulses is strong enough, it can push that shockwave out. That releases free energy from particles. This can cause a chain reaction. There, the universe ends its existence. In cosmological models, the geometrical shape of the universe is like a plate or a wheel. 

The fact is that. The single photon can cause a local effect that expands into global form. The energy starts to travel between some of the most common particles. The photon can split in two, and that means the high-energy photon that hits some of the most common particles in the universe can cause resonance between those particles. That harmonic resonation can release so much energy that it rips all particles. Into pieces. The possibility of that is almost zero. But it's possible. That. The so-called cosmic void can pull a photon away from a particle. 

There is a possibility that the Higgs boson collapse turns its environment into a cosmic nanovoid. That nanovoid causes a situation where photons or electrons start to lose energy. I chose those two particles for this text, for example, because they are the most common free particles in the universe. Two things make those particles dangerous. The first one is that they are the most common particles in the universe. The second one is that those particles are so small. That. They send a wave movement, which can hit. 

Straight to the bonds that connect quarks together. If an energy impulse hits those bonds, it travels to the quarks. And then. If that energy kick is strong enough. That releases the energy. That is stored in bonds to space. This process increases energy in the energy wave. 

The chain reaction goes like this. The Higgs boson collapse happens near an electron or photon. That cosmic nanovoid pulls the photon to that point. Then that photon sends an energy wave that hits other photons. This thing causes an effect. In which photons or electrons start to send other photons asymmetrically. When those most common particles start to send photons. Only from another side. 

That thing can cause a chain reaction, where more and more particles start to send energy through the universe. That thing forms a harmonic wave that travels across the universe. That wave can destroy material in two ways. The shockwave can transport so much energy into the atoms that the strong nuclear force cannot keep quarks in the hadrons. The reaction where strong nuclear interaction releases its energy. This releases energy to that shockwave. This thing is theoretically possible if the energy wave can begin its journey through the universe. 

Another way is that an increase in free energy can make a hole. Into that shockwave. Or fast reflection pushes that wave out, which surrounds the universe. This forms the situation. That we can call the quantum pressure decrease. When quantum pressure decreases. That pulls the quantum field around atoms and subatomic components out. That releases energy. That is stored in those particles and the bonds between them. This can cause a chain reaction that can destroy all material. Or it will not destroy the entire material. It rips the hadrons, protons, and neutrons into pieces. 

https://www.livescience.com/higgs-particle-universe-collapse-in-multiverse

https://www.science.org/content/article/tiny-black-holes-could-trigger-collapse-universe-except-they-dont

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higgs_boson

Russia is preparing to test a nuclear-powered cruise missile.

    Russia is preparing to test a nuclear-powered cruise missile. 

Russia is preparing the Novaja Zemlya missile test site for the nuclear-powered 9M730 "Burevestnik" (NATO codename CSS-X-9 “Skyfall”)nuclear-powered cruise missile test. The “Skyfall” missile basically uses similar technology. Which the 1950s’ Project Pluto used. But the technology that "Buresvestnik" uses is more sophisticated. Computers and AI make those systems possible. 

Today, technology is more advanced than in the 1950s. And things like reactor cooling systems are more advanced. Skyfall uses a nuclear reactor. To expand air, which gives the system virtually unlimited operational capacity. The “Skyfall” or “Burevestnik” missile’s nuclear reactor rotates an electric engine that uses blowers and compressors. Launch can happen by using a rocket booster or from a high-speed aircraft. 

The blower makes it possible that the “Buresvestnik” could use regular runways. And it will not need those rocket boosters. Is there a drone version of that missile that can return independently to the base, under development? 

https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/krnd.htm

Artist's view of Bartini A-57. 

The reported range of that nuclear-powered missile is about 20,000 kilometers. The nuclear-powered ramjet engine can give the system hypersonic speed. And that system will be the deadliest tool. That has been developed after the Cold War. The “Skyfall” is the missile that can operate. With things like Fractional Orbital Bombardment systems, FOBS. The nuclear-powered missiles can also operate as so-called sub-orbital FOBS. 

These are weapon versions of  atmospheric satellites. The operational altitudes of those nuclear-powered missiles can be very low or very high altitudes. They can change their altitudes from the surface to high altitude. The power gives the missile the ability. To make an unlimited number of maneuvers. Those nuclear-powered missiles are hard targets for defense. Damage in the nuclear reactor’s shell delivers nuclear waste to the ground. Another thing is that. The “Skyfall” or “Burevestnik” can be a test platform for the new. And more advanced, and more capable systems. 

If that missile operates as it should, the road will be open to the nuclear-powered versions of the Tu-160 “Blackjack” bombers. And maybe there are plans for nuclear-powered space shuttles that can operate in the atmosphere. As well as in orbit, at least at a low Earth orbiter. Those aircraft can accelerate in Earth's atmosphere. And then jump out to space. The nuclear-powered rocket or ramjet engine can use atmospheric air that it expands by using a nuclear reactor. Then the nuclear-powered system jumps out from the atmosphere. And it starts to use the internal propellant. 

The nuclear reactor can use any propellant that it can expand with its heat. That means. The nuclear-powered aircraft or shuttle can theoretically collect and return samples. From the other planets' atmospheres. Those shuttles can also give an ultimate ASAT and strike capacity to the air force that operates them. Roberto Bartini introduced the idea of a nuclear-powered space shuttle.  Or an amphibious space shuttle. That system is based on cancelled A-57.  That nuclear-powered space plane would use water as an operating platform. The system can fill its propellant tanks with water. 

Then the shuttle rises into the air. And then. The system can use air-breathing nuclear engines in atmospheric flight. Then the system can jump outside the atmosphere. And start to use its internal propellant, which can be water. Or hydrogen and oxygen that the reactor expands. The last case requires the internal electrolytic system, but a nuclear reactor can boost the power of a regular rocket engine. 

https://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/russia/krnd.htm

https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/putin-appears-ready-test-new-missile-he-prepares-trump-talks-researchers-say-2025-08-13/

https://worldview.stratfor.com/article/russias-new-arms-gives-us-room-pause-missiles-putin

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M730_Burevestnik

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bartini_A-57

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Pluto

Time, gravitation, dark matter, and resistance.

If we think about the image above this text. We can say that the black holes can be the place. Where time arrows impact. The light cone. Our time cone is an introduced model. Where time turns opposite in the black hole. The thing is that when the escaping velocity reaches the speed of light time stops. And when escaping velocity crosses the speed of light. That turns time the opposite.  So there is a point. Where time doesn't move. 

That means that there is a layer between two opposite traveling time arrows. The term negative time means that something brings information from the future. The structure of the black hole can press information against the time. Past is at a higher energy level than the future. So time normally moves in one direction. But if the energy level rises high enough it can press information against the information flow. 

That thing causes extreme turbulence and entropy in the system. And entropy is one thing that makes it so hard to see the future. The entropy resorts or confuses information into a form that we cannot detect. Without that turbulence it is possible to see what happens in the future. When time arrows or light cones impact they send information into the hypersurface of the present. And maybe that thing explains the material disk and its position. In that model, the entropy in the black hole pulls energy from the past and future and puts them into impact. That image forms a highly entropic point and spreads information into the layer. 

Dark matter means the gravitational effect that origin is unknown. In some models, the dark matter or that gravitational effect can be the energy or wave movement pulses that travel around some kind of strings. There is a possibility that those strings are the quantum potholes that form behind particles that travel against time. When the particle’s energy level rises too high the time starts to dilate in it. 

That means the particle starts to leave behind the present moment. And there is a pothole forming behind it. We can see the gravitational pothole’s extreme version as a black hole. There is a halo and material disk around every single black hole. So, it's possible. That a photon is the halo around a quantum-sized black hole. The black hole doesn’t create energy, it collects energy from its environment and then focuses that energy. If we think that a black hole is a quantum pothole through space and time, the reason why we cannot see it is that there is no resistance in that pothole. 

Without resistance there is no reflection and that makes those objects invisible. If the quantum field that hits some other system cannot transfer energy to those particle’s quantum fields that system is invisible. The reflection means that the traveling field injects energy into those particle’s quantum fields. And when their energy level turns higher than the environment they send energy impulse or wave movement. If a particle spins at a very high speed. And by collecting a quantum field in the middle of it it can form a quantum stick. 

When there are lower energy levels at both sides of the quantum stick, or stick-shaped quantum field, or, “quantum lightning” that lower energy area pulls energy out from particles through that stick. That forms the quantum low-pressure that pulls quantum fields to that particle. And then that effect pushes the particle into its form. So we can extend that model like this. The ultimate version of that thing is black holes and their relativistic jets. 

When those, maybe, ring-shaped quantum fields travel forward those things take a little bit of energy from quantum fields with them. That thing means that the quantum fields are traveling to that string and that might seem the material. It’s possible. That energy that travels in the cosmic web makes the effect that we can call dark matter.  But everything is possible. 

Black holes can spin at 80% of the speed of light. When a black hole forms there is an electromagnetic vacuum or extremely high entropy point in the universe. When quantum fields fall to that point they push particles and other fields away. The system forms an extremely large whirl around it. Without that whirl, the black hole will detonate. The whirl around the black hole pushes against it. And then that outside whirl that we see as the galaxy denies energy escape from the black hole. 

So, a black hole simply collects and aims energy from around it. Sometimes the black hole cannot aim energy out from it. That separates it from its quantum fields. And that causes a situation where the black hole spins empty. At that moment black hole sends gravitational radiation. 

We can think that in the black hole, time starts to move backward. That means a black hole pulls energy from around it and transports it to the past. If we think that there is a high entropy in the gravitational pothole that means those energy, or quantum fields have no resistance. And that makes those black hole’s gravitational fields so strong. 

So, if a particle or object starts to travel back in time that thing creates the channel behind it. And that channel pulls everything in it. We can think that the situation is like somebody putting a stone in a fast-moving river. There is a pocket forming to the side that is opposite to upstream. That thing is like a shadow that forms on the opposite side of planets when the sun illuminates them. When a particle starts to travel in time it starts to travel against the flow. 

When a black hole spins, that spin binds energy into the black hole. When the energy level rises it tries to break out. And the way out is at the point where a relativistic jet leaves the black hole. The relativistic jet has an extremely high energy level. And it transfers energy into particles around it. We can connect that model with the time arrow. When a time arrow moves forward it transfers energy to another time arrow or particles, causing time dilation, and that pushes them back in time. 

First-time researchers detected negative time in quantum systems. That thing means that the arrow of time, or simply the time arrow can explain gravity. So if we can connect the entropic gravitational model and the time arrow model we can think that in the system there entropy is very high but with a limited size time can travel other way or turn negative in some of those particles. That means those particles will exist in the past. And if time is like energy flow there forms the “shadow” or “bubble” to the past side of those particles. That shadow is the gravitational pothole. 

The thing is that in the system there is space where it is possible that some particles spin faster than light in a very short moment. The idea is that the particle sends an energy impulse that takes it into the quantum bubble or WARP bubble. At that moment the particle is in a vacuum and nothing limits its speed. The idea is that the speed of light is higher outside the galaxy than in the galaxy. Same way the speed of light is higher outside the universe. There are no quantum fields that limit the speed of the particle. But there is no known quantum field that resists energy flow out from the particle. And if a particle goes to that space, the lack of resistance turns it into wave movement. 

https://www.ecoticias.com/en/scientists-detect-negative-rime-future/17213/

https://www.popularmechanics.com/science/a62470743/evidence-of-negative-time/

https://www.quantamagazine.org/is-gravity-just-entropy-rising-long-shot-idea-gets-another-look-20250613/

https://www.sciencealert.com/quantum-physicists-just-found-evidence-of-negative-time

https://www.sustainability-times.com/research/time-was-here-first-mind-blowing-discovery-reveals-the-universe-was-born-from-time-itself-not-from-space-at-all/

https://unionrayo.com/en/black-hole-nasa-spinning/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropic_gravity

The leak in speculative execution sent 5000 bytes in a second into the hands of hackers.

   

"ETH Zurich scientists have discovered a new CPU flaw that lets attackers read private memory from shared Intel processors — exploiting a nanosecond timing glitch in prediction logic. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Intel’s Memory Leak Nightmare: 5,000 Bytes per Second in the Hands of Hackers)

In modern computing, even nanosecond is a long time. In that time AI can break down defenses using data injection. 

The memory leak left 5000 bytes per second in the hands of hackers. The ability to see the data flow. That comes out from the processor is one of the most dangerous situations in data security. Researchers found vulnerabilities in the actions called "speculative execution". Wikipedia determines speculative execution like this: 

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Quote from Wikipedia. 

Speculative execution is an optimization technique where a computer system performs some task that may not be needed. Work is done before it is known whether it is actually needed, so as to prevent a delay that would have to be incurred by doing the work after it is known that it is needed. If it turns out the work was not needed after all, most changes made by the work are reverted and the results are ignored.

"The objective is to provide more concurrency if extra resources are available. This approach is employed in a variety of areas, including branch prediction in pipelined processors, value prediction for exploiting value locality, prefetching memory and files, and optimistic concurrency control in database systems."

Overview

Modern pipelined microprocessors use speculative execution to reduce the cost of conditional branch instructions using schemes that predict the execution path of a program based on the history of branch executions. In order to improve performance and utilization of computer resources, instructions can be scheduled at a time when it has not yet been determined that the instructions will need to be executed, ahead of a branch.

Variants

Speculative computation was a related earlier concept.

Eager execution

See also: Eager evaluation

Eager execution is a form of speculative execution where both sides of the conditional branch are executed; however, the results are committed only if the predicate is true. With unlimited resources, eager execution (also known as oracle execution) would in theory provide the same performance as perfect branch prediction. With limited resources, eager execution should be employed carefully, since the number of resources needed grows exponentially with each level of branch executed eagerly.

Predictive execution

Predictive execution is a form of speculative execution where some outcome is predicted and execution proceeds along the predicted path until the actual result is known. If the prediction is true, the predicted execution is allowed to commit; however, if there is a misprediction, execution has to be unrolled and re-executed. Common forms of this include branch predictors and memory dependence prediction. A generalized form is sometimes referred to as value prediction.

Runahead

This paragraph is an excerpt from Runahead.

Runahead is a technique that allows a computer processor to speculatively pre-process instructions during cache miss cycles. The pre-processed instructions are used to generate instruction and data stream prefetches by executing instructions leading to cache misses (typically called long latency loads) before they would normally occur, effectively hiding memory latency. In runahead, the processor uses the idle execution resources to calculate instruction and data stream addresses using the available information that is independent of a cache miss. Once the processor has resolved the initial cache miss, all runahead results are discarded, and the processor resumes execution as normal. The primary use case of the technique is to mitigate the effects of the memory wall. The technique may also be used for other purposes, such as pre-computing branch outcomes to achieve highly accurate branch prediction.

Related concepts

Lazy execution

Lazy execution is the opposite of eager execution, and does not involve speculation. The incorporation of speculative execution into implementations of the Haskell programming language, a lazy language, is a current research topic. Eager Haskell, a variant of the language, is designed around the idea of speculative execution. A 2003 PhD thesis made GHC support a kind of speculative execution with an abortion mechanism to back out in case of a bad choice called optimistic execution. It was deemed too complicated.

Security vulnerabilities

See also: Speculative execution CPU vulnerabilities

Starting in 2017, a series of security vulnerabilities were found in the implementations of speculative execution on common processor architectures which effectively enabled an elevation of privileges

(Wikipedia, Speculative execution)

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"To compute faster, a predictor in the computer processor anticipates certain calculation steps. Hackers can exploit these anticipations to bypass security barriers and access confidential information. In the illustration, a hacker manages to overcome the protective measures (privileges) at step 3. Credit: ETH Zurich / COMSEC, HK" (ScitechDaily, Intel’s Memory Leak Nightmare: 5,000 Bytes per Second in the Hands of Hackers)

ScitechDaily tells about the new vulnerability like this: 

"Computer scientists at ETH Zurich have uncovered a serious flaw in Intel processors that could let attackers steal sensitive information by exploiting how modern chips predict upcoming actions. Using specially designed sequences of instructions, hackers can bypass security boundaries and gradually read the entire memory of a shared processor. This vulnerability affects a wide range of Intel chips used in personal computers, laptops, and cloud servers."

The Nanosecond Loophole

The so-called BPRC (Branch Predictor Race Conditions) emerge during a brief period of a few nanoseconds when the processor switches between prediction calculations for two users with different permissions, explains Sandro Rüegge, who has been examining the vulnerability in detail over the past few months.

Breaking through the built-in protective barriers between users, known as privileges, is possible because the permissions for individual activities are not stored at the same time as the calculations. With special inputs, it is now possible to cause ambiguity in the sequence of events when changing users, resulting in incorrect assignment of privileges. An attacker could exploit this in order to read an information byte (a unit consisting of eight binary 0/1 pieces of information).

From a Byte to the Entire Memory

The disclosure of a single byte would be negligible. However, the attack can be repeated in quick succession, allowing the contents of the entire memory to be read over time, explains Rüegge. “We can trigger the error repeatedly and achieve a readout speed of over 5000 bytes per second.” In the event of an attack, therefore, it is only a matter of time before the information in the entire CPU memory falls into the wrong hands."

ScitechDaily, Intel’s Memory Leak Nightmare: 5,000 Bytes per Second in the Hands of Hackers

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We can think of the speculative execution as a secretary, who does some work before the boss gives it to that person. The secretary does the jobs before and then the boss decides if that thing is necessary or should the task be denied. The boss can have the numbers in those papers and if there is a match for the paper, let's say number five, the boss marks the work done. In this case, the boss and secretary are two microprocessors. When some tasks happen very often, the system can perform them.  

The programmed tasks can have tables that are numbered from one to a billion. If the computer makes tasks that include certain actions that match with Table 1 the computer sends the number instead of the entire data to the receiver. The number 1 activates the table that has those actions. 

If there is no match the works are denied. The speculative execution is the thing that works in cases that repeat very often. And the operator can teach new tasks to the computer. 

That action helps intel processors to predict each other's actions. The idea is that the processor makes certain actions after a certain output series. The Speculative execution can be programmed in the microchip's kernel. That means the processor can predict the actions or mark series that other processors can send to it. The system can perform some tasks. Then the system decides if that task is necessary or not. 

This method causes problems. That means that if attackers can download those tables that microchips involve. It causes vulnerability to the system. The ability to get access to data that helps the receiving system to predict the transmitter's actions causes danger. If we think that there is a key code that the transmitter must send the receiver, the receiver can open the message and the system confirms that the data is understood by sending data back. 

If that data matches. With data, that the transmitter should send the receiver can open the data. The idea is the same as a case where a serviceman must open the door. The boss has a copy of the lock in the office.  The serviceman tests the key and sends it back. Maybe there are multiple keys that the serviceman must use in a certain order. If the boss marks the last key that fits to lock that makes it easier to return the system in order, if there is a problem. The system must return to the last key that fits to control lock. 

If the same key matches with the boss's lock. That key is not corrupted. But if the key doesn't work, that means the key is corrupted. And that means the system must return to begin the operations. In that case, the system must get a new key series. In these cases where the system uses the same keys again. That makes it possible to break the algorithms. The attacker must only know the key's code and their order. That makes it possible to open those messages. 

Before today that thing was not a problem. But things like modern drones make it possible to eavesdrop on data that travels in cables in the computer centers. 

https://scitechdaily.com/intels-memory-leak-nightmare-5000-bytes-per-second-in-the-hands-of-hackers/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_execution

See also

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branch_predictor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaluation_strategy#Eager_evaluation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meltdown_(security_vulnerability)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipeline_(computing)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runahead

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_multithreading

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transient_execution_CPU_vulnerability

Chinese test non-nuclear hydrogen bomb.

"Hydrogen bomb The fireball generated by a two-kilogram hydrogen bomb. Photo: 705 Research Institute" (The DefensePost, China Claims Non-Nuclear Hydrogen Bomb Test Triggered Chemical Reaction)

Hydrogen is a good tool for thermobaric explosives. The hydrogen-oxygen mixture is a very high-explosive material. The problem with hydrogen is that the gas is so lightweight. The wind is always the problem with fuel-air explosives, FAE because it blows the explosive fuel mixture away. In some scenarios, terrorists use hydrogen thermobaric explosives to destroy targets. In those scenarios, the electrolytic system creates a hydrogen cloud. And then that hydrogen will fill the space and the system detonates it. 

The problem is how to make the hydrogen cloud. And keep it so dense. That an explosion can happen. In some scenarios, the system releases hydrogen first into the balloon, and then the ignition system makes a hole in that hydrogen balloon and detonates. 

The Chinese researchers used a solid-state compuóund called magnesium hydride to release very much hydrogen. The 2kg system creates a fireball with a temperature over 1000C. And, when we think about the other ways to use the hydrogen-air mixture as an explosive there is always the possibility of injecting oxygen and hydrogen into the tank. There the detonator can detonate that gas mixture. 

There are many ways to make the hydrogen-oxygen mixture. Ammunition, that uses hydrogen can be two-chamber ammunition, normally used as chemical weapon carriers. The hydrogen creator, like sodium or some other alkali metal that creates hydrogen when it touches water, is in another chamber. And there is water in another tank. When water touches alcal metal, hydrogen is produced. And then. The ignition system ignites the hydrogen in that chamber. 

The system can use very small alkali metal bites that maximize the surface which participates in the hydrogen creation reaction. The problem is that this reaction should create hydrogen very fast so that the hydrogen creator can create enough hydrogen for fast flying. 

Another way is to use hydrogen and oxygen that are stored in the ammunition. When those gasses make a mixture in the grenade or bomb that can be used as normal explosives. Chinese solved the problem by using a metal alloy called magnesium hydride. That metal alloy delivers hydrogen very fast. These kinds of weapons are very dangerous because they are very easy to make. 

https://in.mashable.com/science/93039/china-tests-non-nuclear-hydrogen-bomb-with-fireball-lasting-15-times-longer-than-tnt

https://thedefensepost.com/2025/04/21/china-hydrogen-bomb-test/

Starlink is a more multipurpose tool than nobody expected.

"What if Starlink could track climate change? Scientists just proved it’s possible — using its signals to monitor Earth’s shifting gravity and weather patterns. Now, they’re fine-tuning the tech for even more precision." (ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Found a Hidden Climate Tracker in Starlink’s Signals – And It’s a Game Changer)

"By using the Doppler effect, scientists have found a way to analyze signals from Starlink and similar networks, revealing insights into climate, sea levels, and weather patterns. Precision is still a challenge, but the potential for global observation is enormous."(ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Found a Hidden Climate Tracker in Starlink’s Signals – And It’s a Game Changer)

The satellites can transmit information. But they can also collect hidden information. Secondary, or hidden data forms when those signals travel through magnetic fields. And different types of chemical compounds. When a radio signal impacts some atom or chemical compound. The thing stores energy in it. When the energy level is high enough, that atom sends an energy impulse. Can make changes or disturb radio transmissions. 

The same way the size of gas components scatters radio waves. Those things require that satellite must calibrate their systems. In those cases, satellites store that data in their memories. That data can uncover new things from the atmosphere.  

Theoretically, it is possible to use Starlink as the global satellite surveillance platform. Just like other radio transmitters the radar systems use radio waves. So it's possible, to connect radar and radio data transmitter into one antenna. 

"An artist’s concept of the Blue Ghost lunar lander receiving Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS signals from Earth. Credit: NASA/Dave Ryan" (ScitechDaily, GPS on the Moon? NASA’s Historic Breakthrough Just Changed Space Travel)

"NASA and the Italian Space Agency achieved a historic milestone on March 3 when the Lunar GNSS Receiver Experiment (LuGRE) became the first technology demonstration to detect and track Earth-based navigation signals on the Moon’s surface." (ScitechDaily, GPS on the Moon? NASA’s Historic Breakthrough Just Changed Space Travel)

"LuGRE’s success in both lunar orbit and on the surface confirms that signals from the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) can be received and utilized at the Moon. This breakthrough could enable future missions, including NASA’s Artemis program, to autonomously determine their position, velocity, and time with greater accuracy. It also lays the groundwork for more advanced navigation systems on both the Moon and Mars." (ScitechDaily, GPS on the Moon? NASA’s Historic Breakthrough Just Changed Space Travel)

The Earth-orbital-based GPS can also theoretically operate on the moon. That system uses the cloud of the Earth-orbiting satellites as the giant telescope that can operate as one large antenna. The system determines the location signal angle of each satellite. And that satellite cloud can locate crafts from the moon. But the cloud of miniaturized communication satellites orbiting the moon can also operate as GPS like Starlink operates. 

The Starlink satellites can operate like GPS satellites. They can track the transmitter or modem from the ground just like GPS. And Starlink's ability to point modems from the ground is used in the Ukraine war. The Starlink system can make the world safer. It is a very multipurpose tool. If we want to make the moonbase or stable moon laboratories we must create the navigation system that can operate on the moon. 

On the moon, dayside. Or the side that is to Earth. It's quite easy to locate a person or vehicle. Those things can have lasers or radio transmitters that send location signals to telescopes on Earth. But communication on the Moon is much more difficult than on Earth. The lack of an ionosphere means that only a small hill can deny the radio communication between astronauts and their vehicles. The stone between astronauts can also deny communication. 

So there is the possibility of using a satellite swarm that orbits the moon. The system can use the same technology that Starlink uses when it tracks modems. The difference between laser and radio communication is that the lasers cannot penetrate the ground. But the real thing about radio transmissions is that they can cover large areas. 

Radio transmissions can transmit to a larger number of receivers. That makes mass-transmitting possible. Radio waves can travel through clouds and walls better than lasers. Lasers transmit more energy to layers than radio waves. And that can cause damage to structures. Otherwise, radio transmitters are easier to jam than lasers. 

Laser systems can also make large-area laser data transmissions. If those systems use lidar-based technology they can make large-area beams. The photocells or CCD systems can turn into electricity. The CCD cameras and computers can also read laser data transmissions. 

There are no clouds around the moon. And that makes laser transmissions suitable for data transmission on the moon. Those laser systems can operate as relay stations for the Moon data transmission and location systems. The Earth station sends signals to those satellites. In the form of radio waves. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-just-found-a-hidden-climate-tracker-in-starlinks-signals-and-its-a-game-changer/

Neutron beams and Death Stars.

Laser-operated particle accelerators make many new things possible. The laser beam can accelerate neutral particles. And that allows them to control neutrinos and neutrons. That makes them suitable to create neutron beams. 

The system can work like this. The laser rays will take neutrons with them. While they travel through a nuclear reactor. Then some kind of layer pulls laser ray into itself. And then. The neutrons can continue their journey through that thin membrane. 

The system can shoot a laser ray through the nuclear reactor. Then the laser ray will just take neutrons with it. And that thing can make the neutron beam possible. There is, of course, a laser beam with those neutrons. But as I just wrote. That laser beam can removed from those beams. 

The laser systems can also trap neutrons and neutrinos in them. That system can aim energy into those particles. The laser system can make it possible to trap neutrons. 

But the neutrino trap is not so sure. In that trap, high-power electromagnetic radiation makes those neutrons hover. Then that structure can be used to make the neutron radiation. The neutron laser would be an interesting system. 

Making them send radiation whose wavelength is the same as the diameter of the particles that send the wave movement. That thing makes it possible to create neutron radiation. The system requires nuclear reactors and suitable laser systems. Researchers can make those systems by using miniature nuclear reactors. 

When we think about the Star Wars movies and their iconic Death Star systems the thing is that kind of systems can be possible. The Death Star system uses a ball-shaped magnet that pulls ions over its shell. The point where the laser system has the opposite polarity. That helps to focus those ions on the laser. 

The system can have two layers. In the internal layer travels anions and at the outer layer travel ions. The particle focus is at the point where lasers are sending those rays. 

The fact is that. When we talk about that kind of system. Their shape can be similar to those fictional Death Stars. But their size might be far smaller. 

And then. A laser ray can take those ions with it. The system can inject anions through the laser eye. And then those lasers can give those ions and anions extremely high power punch. The thing that makes the Death Star system interesting is that this kind of system can create a relativistic jet. The power of that jet is not the same as some black hole. But the miniature Death Star can operate as part of a particle accelerator. 

Can the AI break the net?

Above: Image By Gemini. 

When we talk about the collapse of language models. We talk about the phenomenon where artificial intelligence starts to recycle data through it. In many models, the AI that uses certain data sources starts to raise their page rank in the web index. That means that it's possible. That data starts to travel in the ring of the most used LLMs This thing causes an effect called data degeneration. The data degeneration means that as DNA will not be completely copied in living organisms in networks data will not stay perfectly in its shape. 

There are always some kind of errors. And some turbulence in the networks. The network sometimes lost a byte or two. That thing causes the loss of information that travels in the networks. At the beginning of that process, outsiders do not recognize anything. But when there are enough lost bytes or bits that thing causes the effect, that there are lots of missing parts in data. So that means that data is degenerating in the net in the same way as genomes. Another problem is this. 

If the AIs or LLMs use or recycle only certain data sources that can make the change to put new data into the system harder. The new data is always published in new homepages that are not yet ranked. That means that the AIs can bypass the newest possible data, and use old data. That is page-ranked. The thing that can fix this problem is that the AI can have an algorithm that helps it select the right data sources. 

And then the algorithm must have the ability to select data by using the publishing date. That date should be seen in search results. And of course, the system must use trusted data sources. So it should ask if the purpose of writing is scientific or if it's made for entertainment. 

And that can help the AI select trusted sources like university databases. And trusted publishers.  That helps the user to select data that is trusted. 

The AI must handle much more data than traditional web servers. That means the AI requires lots of energy. And if there are lots of users. That data mass can block the net. In some models. The AI that searches data from the net bombs search engines so much, that the servers will fall. That is one scenario where the AI can simply break down the net accidentally. 

https://www.technologyreview.com/2024/10/31/1106504/ai-search-could-break-the-web/

The AI requires a new processor architecture.

The AI participates in new microchip development. New large language models, LLM, require a new microchip architecture that can drive and handle bigger data masses. When the AI drives a large data mass, the AI compiles the input data with databases. There are descriptions of how the AI should react to some situations. If details or parameters match with some database, that database begins a reaction. 

The problem is that things like machine view require that the system analyze lots of data in a short moment. If the system has a neural network in use, it can share data with lots of computers. Image 2 is the neural network model and every single point between lines can be the independently operating microchip. The problem with a 2D neural network is that the data begins to travel from machine view through the system. In this linear model, the system shares data with processors one after one. 

That a kind of linear model. Where data travels in a system like a wave. That system is quite slow if it controls things like robots on the streets. The need to drive and control large non-sorted, uncertain data mass requires new system architecture. The system should emulate human brains so that it becomes really effective. 

Image 2. Diagram of the neural network. 

The term "machine eye" means the input tool. That drives data to the system.  In a quantum neural network, the machine eye's place is over the system. And it can drive data to multiple actors at the same time. 

Then the delivery system shares the same data at the same time to multiple microprocessors. That means the neural network can start to drive all its databases at the same time. 

Image 3. Diagram of the multicore processor where each box is an independent microprocessor. 

The neural network will not stuck, because if there is no match between the input and the description, the database and its control system will crush the input. Modern microchips can have internal multicore architecture. Image 3 is a diagram of that multicore system that looks like a monolithic core. But inside the monolith is multiple microchips. 

That architecture means that the microchip is actually a neural network. The internal network in the microchip means that the microprocessor involves multiple microprocessors. Each processor can operate as an independent microprocessor. Or they can combine their force into one entirety. These kinds of processors can revolutionize nanotechnology and things like drone swarms. 

Lasers and optical microchips can make computing more secure.

"In the new communication system from researchers at Chalmers University of Technology, in Sweden, a weak optical signal (red) from the spacecraft’s transmitter can be amplified noise-free when it encounters two so-called pump waves (blue and green) of different frequencies in a receiver on Earth. Thanks to the researchers’ noise-free amplifiers in the receiver, the signal is kept undisturbed and the reception on Earth becomes record-sensitive, which in turn paves the way for a more error-free and faster data transmission in space in the future. Credit: Chalmers University of Technology | Rasmus Larsson" (ScitechDaily, Silent Signals: The Breakthrough Technology Powering Faster Space Data)

Laser rays that can carry information are tools that make computing more secure. Laser rays can travel in computers inside so-called nanotubes. That protects them against outside observers. And non-controlled effects like dust that can disturb information. Laser-based communication between computers and microchips is a well-known tool. The microchip that internal architecture supports photonic data transmission is the tool, that can revolutionize binary computers. 

Binary computers remain on our tables for a long time. They are tools that can act as a medium between the quantum computer and the user. The user cannot use quantum computers directly using keyboards and the quantum computer cannot control things like screens directly without binary computer layers. 

Another thing is that those photonic computers don't disturb complicated quantum systems as much as electric computers. Binary computers are tools that control quantum computers. And that makes them important. The Quantum computer requires high-power binary computers and advanced artificial intelligence to control the qubits and other effects that can disturb qubits. 

"Large-scale optical programmable logic array for two-dimensional cellular automata. Credit: Wenkai Zhang (Huazhong University of Science and Technology), edited." (ScitechDaily, Light Takes Over: Breakthrough Optical Array Revolutionizes Computing)

"Demonstration and application of large-scale optical programmable logic array. (a) Nine-input PLA realized by combining wavelength and spatial dimensions. (b) Statement machine to infer the date (month and day) according to the provided day of the year based on 9-input PLA. (c) Oscillator (pulsar) in Conway’s Game of Life. (d) Nonisotropic evolution, in which a single-cell pattern can create the Sierpinski triangle by two-dimensional cellular automaton. Credit: W. Zhang, B. Wu, et al., doi 10.1117/1.APN.3.5.056007"(ScitechDaily, Light Takes Over: Breakthrough Optical Array Revolutionizes Computing)

The Van Allen plasma belt can be a good place for research or some military satellites. The plasma can protect the craft. If the ground-launched antisatellite, ASAT rocket travels to that satellite, the Van Allen belt can damage its homing system.  And the magnetic system can keep the plasma away from the satellite's body. In that kind of system, the magnetic field pushes plasma away from the satellite. The satellite or shuttle can collect information about plasma and they can also take images of other satellites. That plasma belt can offer a good hiding place for killer satellites. The problem is that plasma can disturb radio communication between a satellite and its ground station. 

But laser communication is a tool that things like plasma and radio bursts can't disturb. If the satellite is in the Van Allen plasma belt, it can communicate with other satellites and ground stations by using laser rays. Same way spacecraft can keep in contact with the ground station using laser communication. That laser communication makes it possible for the data flow can travel between the ground crew and spacecraft even if the spacecraft is in the ionosphere. That is very important for space drones like X-37B that operate autonomously. 

The high-speed, long-range data communication is the tool, that can help the successors of the Parker probe to travel deep into the sun's corona and research its plasma. Another place where that tool can be useful is the Jupiter missions where the craft can dive and research Jupiter's plasma belts. The probe can have two parts the plasma probe that communicates with the bigger probe using lasers. 

Coherent light offers high-speed communication between satellites and laser communication systems are less vulnerable to electronic countermeasures ECM systems. The problem is that dust and other things can disturb laser communication systems. 

https://scitechdaily.com/light-takes-over-breakthrough-optical-array-revolutionizes-computing/

https://scitechdaily.com/silent-signals-the-breakthrough-technology-powering-faster-space-data/

Are we ready for AGI, and robot combination?

Artificial general intelligence AGI is one of the things that cause discussions. Somebody says that it releases low price people. But somebody says that the AGI causes very big problems. The fact is that all changes cause problems. If we want to use some new things, we must learn how to use them right. 

The AGI is a tool that can make many things. Or it should be that tool. 

We can say that AGI is a group of action modules around the LLM. And that makes it one of the most powerful things. 

The thing is that. Nobody knows the limits of modern LLM-based AIs. 

And that causes another thing, that we should think about.

Do we already have the AGI? We can collect almost every kind of action package around the LLMs. And the limit is that there should be a tool that can interact with the LLM. In the AGI model, the LLM takes the order. And then it transfers the mission to the module responsible for that action. 

If we want AI to cook food for us that tool requires an actor that operates in the physical world. The medium between computers and humans is robots. The man-shaped robot is one of the most interesting tools that we can imagine. That tool can affect society stronger than ever before. The LLM-based AI is not even five years old. And it started a revolution, especially in the ICT industry. So, what kind of revolution can the AI that controls robots in independent actions like cleaning? 

That means the requirement for calling things like robot vehicles to the door requires that the LLM has the socket that allows it to call robot vehicles. Or it must have a robot that takes the car. The human-looking robots are tools that can download any type of action package. And that makes those things act as chefs, cleaners, drivers, or anything that the user wants. 

But are we ready for those tools? The AGI is impressive. It learns faster than any human. The thing is that. This kind of system can revolutionize the world. The same robot that can act as a chef or cut our grass and drive our children home can operate as a merciless weapons. Those systems are dangerous in the wrong hands. The problem is that even if there are some kind of laws and other things that limit the AI use as a weapon controller those systems require very high-level data security. Things like organized crime can also use robots for their purposes. 

The thing that makes robots a powerful tool for the underworld is that those people can erase their memories. If we think the man-shaped robots that look some certain people, we face one problem. The problem is that some people can make full-size copies of bank managers. Those robots can walk in the banks. And then make money transactions for hackers. 

When we think about the first-person view robot, that looks like a human, we are facing one of the most interesting things. The hacker can operate that kind of robot using VR glasses and other input tools like data gloves. Then hackers can put that robot play things like cleaner. And when that robot slips in the office hackers can use it as a remote tool to control the computer. That is one of the illegal activities that this kind of robot can make. And those robots can also operate on the battlefield and cover operations. 

Betelgeuse might be a binary star.

"Researchers suggest that the brightening and dimming of Betelgeuse, a red giant star, is likely influenced by an orbiting companion star, dubbed the “Betelbuddy.” This companion pushes away cosmic dust, affecting how Betelgeuse’s light reaches Earth. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Betelgeuse’s Brightness Mystery Explained: Meet the Hidden “Betelbuddy” Star)

One of the brightest stars in the northern sky is the Alpha Orionis or Betelgeuse. The star is one of the largest known stars. Its color is red if we see that star with bare eyes. Distance to that giant star is 408 – 548 (+90/-49)ly. The Betelgeuse classification is a red supergiant. This star is well known, and that caused suspicion that there are no surprises around it. But now researchers think that Betelgeuse may have a companion. 

Infographic describing how the Betelbuddy affects Betelgeuse’s apparent brightness. Credit: Lucy Reading-Ikkanda/Simons Foundation. (ScitechDaily, Betelgeuse’s Brightness Mystery Explained: Meet the Hidden “Betelbuddy” Star)

The giant red star Betelgeuse might have a companion star. The name of that suspected companion is "Betelbuddy". That smaller companion might have spectral classification above the K. If that companion star is hot that means it sends energy to Betelgeuse and causes the red giant star to be hotter than it should be. But the smaller star can also blow the dust away from around Betelgeuse. The companion star can also pump energy to solar wind that comes out from Betelgeuse. 

If Betelgeuse is a binary star system that thing explains many things that are connected to that star. The brightness of Betelgeuse is one thing that worried researchers. It's possible. That the Betelgeuse will detonate quite soon as a supernova. That thing causes very strong radiation burst to Earth. But the "Betelbuddy" could cause a need to adjust those calculations. 

"Betelgeuse’s position in the constellation Orion. Credit: Lucy Reading-Ikkanda/Simons Foundation" (ScitechDaily, Betelgeuse’s Brightness Mystery Explained: Meet the Hidden “Betelbuddy” Star)

The thing is that many other giant stars have companion stars. Some of those companion stars are much lower mass than red giants or red supergiants. Some of them are far away from their giant companions. The distance from the dominating parts to the recessive companion can be over 2 ly. If the spectral class of another star is quite similar to the red supergiant or giant the central star of the binary star system the red supergiant or giant covers its light under it. 

https://scitechdaily.com/betelgeuses-brightness-mystery-explained-meet-the-hidden-betelbuddy-star/

The quantum computer can be the answer to AI requirements.

The combination of pressure and low temperature makes it possible to create new types of superconductors. That thing allows researchers to create new fundamental quantum computers. And as you see advancing of quantum computers advance their advance. When quantum computers participate in quantum computer research and development, that thing makes them more advanced than ever before. 

Another thing is that: quantum computers advance slower or less dramatically than the first quantum computers. The quantum computers are the most advanced tools that we can imagine. When we think about their role in high-power computing, those systems will become more and more effective. When more people and laboratories participate in those quantum computer R&D processes. That makes them more effective than before. 

The "less dramatic" advance means that. Quantum computer advances happen in places. Where the users cannot see. That thing is the increase in the qubit states. Or making more advanced AI. That can control qubits. Somebody is sometimes the next breakthrough in quantum computing.

The next big breakthrough is the room-temperature quantum computer. But to make that thing real researchers must work hard. Things like crystal technology, artificial diamonds, and extremely stable conditions can make the room-temperature quantum computer real quite soon. 

It's possible. The quantum computer's super cold heart is in the pressurized and very cold gas in miniature tubes. Then there can be the thermos tube there vacuum isolates the superconducting part of the quantum computer. The idea is that the pressurized and low-temperature part of the system is as small as possible. 

Almost every day we can read about some fundamental advances in quantum computing. The next-generation materials require very complex models. The manufacturing systems must react immediately if something in the environment changes. Those next-generation materials are things that quantum computers require. 

Quantum computers require new types of encryption. But they can also run the new AI models. The new large language models, LLMs are things that are more and more advanced. Every new skill that the LLM has spreads its size. And LLM requires lots of machine power. The new LLMs are more multitasking and versatile. That means they are larger. And those larger LLMs require new types of database structures and new types of code control. 

Quantum computers are the answer to the computer requirements that the new large AI models require. And even if the LLM does not turn larger or more versatile. The growing number of users means that the physical systems, or iron must increase its power. And that is one of the things where quantum computers can give a response.  The quantum computer itself can be energy efficient. But all its support systems like large-size cooling systems require lots of energy. 

https://aiandnaturaldemo.blogspot.com/2024/10/the-quantum-computer-can-be-answer-to.html

The biological microprocessors

"The Underground Network Fungi grow by releasing spores, which can germinate and form long, spidery threads underground (a mycelium). We typically only see the tiny mushrooms on the surface without realizing that there’s a vast network of interconnected mycelium beneath our feet. It is through this network that information can be shared, somewhat like neural connections in the brain." (ScitechDaily, No Brains, No Problem: The Surprising Intelligence of Fungi)

Fungi are the most impressive species in the world. Those versatile creatures bring a new state to intelligence research and machine-based artificial intelligence. That is suitable for robots as well as larger computers. Fungi can learn and remember things without a single neuron. That is what makes them interesting because those proteins and enzyme-based chemical brains can used to control nanomachines. 

The ability to learn things and make decisions are things that are connected to neurons. Fungi make those things without neurons. And that is the thing that makes them interesting. The ability to communicate through the mycelium network makes fungi an interesting thing to understand neuro-evolution. That makes it possible to create biological microchips that don't all the time require nutrients. 

"A study has revealed that fungi can exhibit intelligent behaviors like decision-making and learning, without having a brain. Credit: ©Yu Fukasawa et al." (ScitechDaily, No Brains, No Problem: The Surprising Intelligence of Fungi)

"Fungal mycelial networks connecting wood blocks arranged in circle (left) and cross (right) shapes. Credit: ©Yu Fukasawa et al." (ScitechDaily, No Brains, No Problem: The Surprising Intelligence of Fungi)

Researchers made experiments with neurons that communicate with microchips. Those tests were successful, but the problem is how to feed those neurons. If the fungi's intelligence is based on the enzyme-protein interactions that get their power from mitochondria. That would make it possible to make a so-called "dry protein processor".

In that case, those proteins and enzymes are in non-organic jelly. And if those reactions are electrically controlled nano-size wires can control them. In a dry protein processor, the proteins and enzymes that make fungi "intelligent" fibers are separated from the cells, and transferred to artificial jelly where they interact with each other. Those things don't need nutrients. But living fungi cells can be used for that mission. 

That thing also makes it possible to create systems that can be used to program neurons. It's possible that fungi are one thing that can used for biological AI-processors. When we think about fungi and their interesting abilities to handle things, we must realize that the same process can offer the possibility to create something that we don't even imagine. 

Fungi and their special ability to remember and learn things cause situations in which we should re-estimate our way of thinking about intelligence. The fungi can make intelligent things without neurons, and that means that maybe somewhere live organisms that don't have neurons at all. 

When we think about things, like the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, SETI program the intelligent creature is determined to be a creature that has neurons. The ability to learn and make decisions without neurons is expected to be impossible. But fungi's ability to make decisions and learn things makes it possible to adjust that model. This thing makes those creatures more interesting than we expected. 

https://scitechdaily.com/no-brains-no-problem-the-surprising-intelligence-of-fungi/

https://aiandnaturaldemo.blogspot.com/2024/10/the-biological-microprocessors.html

Why is the AI-development so hard to control?

Sometimes, researchers say that the developers of the AI lost control of their product. The reason for that is that the AI advances so fast. But they don't answer questions about why AI advances so fast. The answer is that the AI takes part in the AI development. The other thing is that the AI is the tool, that almost everybody can use. 

The AI is not a tool that everybody can use automatically. The system requires that the user gives commands using good grammar. So learning to give commands in the right way to AI takes time. And the AI use requires practice. Or everything can go wrong. 

The ability to use AI to make new solutions and new applications increases the number of solutions, that use the large language models, LLM, or can communicate with LLM through some other applications. That means that. Many more or less official enthusiasts use AI for software development. And that causes the effect. That the AI-using developers will create many new more or less legal applications. The AI can almost automatically create legal applications. So there is no problem with those things. 

There are people. Who tries to slow the AI advancement, but the problem is that those people work with their own AI projects. Another problem is that they work in high-class positions in their ICT corporations. That means those people will face suspicions about things like cartels. Or otherwise saying dealing over company borders is against the business laws. Sometimes people just say that those leaders want to keep breaking because their own AI projects are not successful. 

When we think the AI as the code generator, that application makes it possible for developers to create large-scale projects benefiting AI. The code, that the AI makes requires biz talk between developers and the AI. The development process is the interaction where the AI and developer play "ping pong" with software. That means, that the AI can operate in a test application and then the human developer tells how the code must be changed. The AI can automatically make code, that the programming application can change. But of course, the program requires adjustment for things like paths and other things. The system can run test applications on the server. 

The ability to make a large code that is ready for run is the thing, that makes the AI a powerful tool. That means the AI can create many things faster than before it. Another thing is that AI is the tool that allows even one man to begin quite a large programming project. This person requires at least basic programming skills. Like putting paths into the right form. And the code that the AI makes under the control of nonqualified coders might not be very beautiful. 

The time is almost like a dimension.

"Having your camera anticipate the motion of objects through time is just one practical application of the idea of time-as-a-dimension. For any set of conditions that will be recorded throughout time, it’s plausible to predict when a certain set of spatial conditions (including position and velocity) will arise, with multiple possible solutions being admissible for both the past and future." (BigThink, Time: Yes, it’s a dimension, but no, it’s not like space)

The light cone above this text introduces how information focuses on a certain point. The light cone can introduce the behavior of time in 3D spacetime. Time is like a fourth dimension, the flow that takes energy out from particles. Sometimes somebody said that time is like a string that pulls energy out from the quantum fields. Time is like dimension, but it's not like space. 

Sometimes, somebody introduces that the time is like the string group that travels between two layers. Those strings travel through each particle in the universe. If those strings travel from the higher energy layer to the lower energy layer, that thing acts like a thermal pump. That thermal pump pulls energy out from particles. And when particles release their energy they lose their weight or mass. In this text, I use the words particle and object for the same thing. 

When we think about the black holes and their relationship with space-time. We might realize why black holes are in the past. When black holes pull energy and material into it that material. And radiation, or wave movement forms the spiral structure around that object. Thar spiral or material disk denies the black hole sending energy out from it because time, or some shape of the time is energy. When energy flows to an object that thing turns younger. 

When the energy level of the particle grows its size turns smaller. That thing can be explained as some kind of theoretical string that nobody has seen yet travels through the particle and its quantum field. The string pulls energy out from the inside of the particle and makes its quantum field or shell more high energy. 

"An example of a light cone, the three-dimensional surface of all possible light rays arriving at and departing from a point in spacetime. The more you move through space, the less you move through time, and vice versa. Only things contained within your past light-cone can affect you today; only things contained within your future light-cone can be perceived by you in the future. This illustrates flat Minkowski space, rather than the curved space of general relativity." (BigThink, Time: Yes, it’s a dimension, but no, it’s not like space)

That means the particle size turns smaller. The outside energy field falls to the empty space around the particle. That hypothetical string rolls the quantum field through the particle. That transports energy to that field. And if the energy flow to the particle stops that thing causes that energy to start to travel out from it very fast. If that energy flow starts from inside the particle. That destroys its structure. 

Because things like fast speed load energy into it. Particles turn younger at a very high speed. Or actually, they age slower when their speed is very high. The particle itself can be in a standing location if the ios or electromagnetic field pumps energy into it. The impact between particles and the field around them is a thing that pumps energy to the particle. When energy travels into particles it turns younger. And when energy travels out from particles it turns older. 

The thing that makes black holes so interesting is this: The whirl or spiral around a black hole expands all the time. That means it will pack more and more energy into that particle. That means the energy level in a black hole can turn higher. And energy level is the mass of the object. 

"The displacement between any two points in three-dimensional space, such as the origin and point P shown here, is equal to the square root of the sum of the squares of the distance differences in each of the three (x, y, and z) directions. A mathematical expression describing that overall displacement, d, is given by the equation d = √(x² + y² + z²)."  (BigThink, Time: Yes, it’s a dimension, but no, it’s not like space)

When the energy level in an object rises its mass rises. When escaping velocity on its shell is the same as the speed of light the time stops. A particle or object reaches energy stability where it releases as much energy as it gets. When a particle or object gets more energy than it releases it will turn younger. 

This means that the particle or the object starts to travel backward in time. The high mass makes the deep pothole into the spacetime. This means that the black hole hangs at a certain distance below or behind the current moment. The energy of the universe decreases all the time. But the size of the whirl increases.  

If that whirl is lost energy starts to travel out from the black hole. That thing causes the fast vaporization of the black hole. The black hole vaporizes because the universe expands. That means the whirl around the black hole will be separated from the event horizon, the point where escaping velocity reaches the speed of light. 

When that happens the black hole loses its weight. It cannot get that mass back, because the universe expands and an interaction with black holes and the Higgs field turns weaker. The Higgs field turns weaker all the time. We can see that as a decrease in the temperature in the universe. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/time-yes-dimension-not-like-space/