The simplest explanation for ultra-high-energy particles might be the best one.

"When high-energy cosmic particles strike the top of Earth’s atmosphere, they produce showers of “daughter” particles that will find their way down to Earth. On the surface, we’ve built several notable detector arrays, including the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), to reconstruct the energy and direction of the initial cosmic ray that struck the Earth." (BigThink, The simplest explanation for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays)

The ultra-high-energy particles are mysterious. But sometimes the best explanation is the simplest. When a particle travels in the universe, it faces many energy fields and other particles. Whenever those particles travel through the higher-power energy field, they transfer energy to the particle that travels through them. This means the reason for the ultra-high energy photons and other particles is that. 

"Any cosmic particle that travels through the Universe, regardless of speed or energy, must contend with the existence of the particles left over from the Big Bang. While we normally focus on the normal matter that exists, made of protons, neutrons, and electrons, they are outnumbered more than a billion-to-one by the remnant photons and neutrinos/antineutrinos. When a charged particle travels through the intergalactic medium, regardless of how it’s produced, it cannot ignore the “bath” of photons it will experience along its journey." (BigThink, The simplest explanation for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays)

Those particles traveled through extremely high-power energy fields, such as those. Found in black hole jets. In the same way. Things. Like gravitational lenses transmit energy to those particles. In the same way. When particles. Like electrons impact a photon, they load energy into the photon. 

A photonic ray. It can accelerate electrons. But in the same way, when an electron impacts a photon, that electron transfers energy into that photon. The photon also reflects from the incoming electron, and that impact. Stretches a photon into gamma-rays. The gamma-ray systems can be the next-generation tool in inspection. 

"Particles traveling near light speed can interact with starlight and boost it to gamma-ray energies. This animation shows the process, known as inverse Compton scattering. When light ranging from microwave to ultraviolet wavelengths collides with a fast-moving particle, the interaction boosts it to gamma rays, the most energetic form of light. This type of interaction, between photons and energetic charged particles, will also serve to slow down (or brake) the charged particle’s motion." (BigThink, The simplest explanation for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays)

Today. Those gamma rays are produced by using radioactive material. The radioactive material. It is a dangerous tool. In the wrong hands. And the particle accelerators that use laser beams. That impact with electrons can be an answer. The gamma-ray systems can open the atomic structures. In new ways. For reseachers. 

These kinds of reactions and interactions affect in the same way. To a photon, and because an electron’s mass is much higher, that thing can turn a photon’s wavelength into gamma rays. When. Laser rays are shot against electron beams. Those things can be used to create synthetic gamma-rays. The high-energy reactions can open a new route to high-energy solutions. 

"Cosmic rays, which are ultra-high energy particles originating from all over the Universe, including particles emanating from the Sun, strike atomic nuclei everywhere they exist. On Earth, they land in the upper atmosphere and produce showers of new particles, but on the Moon, they recoil off of the heavy atomic nuclei present on the airless Moon’s surface." (BigThink, The simplest explanation for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays)

The photon is the only particle that doesn’t cause annihilation when it impacts antimatter. 

Particle collisions between photons can also explain dark energy. The fact is that all particles in the universe react to photons. The interactions between photons and electrons can accelerate electrons to incredible speeds. The laser systems that accelerate electrons in the particle accelerators can open new paths into physics. 

The laser beam can travel across the cathode beam and push electrons into the accelerator tube. Those accelerators can be far smaller, and their energy level can be higher than that of particle accelerators. Those are in use. The photon beam can be used to control things. Like. Antimatter particles. The photon beam can be used to create antimatter systems. Like. Antimatter rockets. The laser beam that drives antimatter particles to the rocket chamber uses particles that don’t interact with antimatter. 

The microquasar V 4146 Sgr tells. That stellar mass black holes can create as high energy levels as supermassive black holes.

"Schematic illustration of the V4641Sgr region. Credit: HAWC Collaboration" (https://wipac.wisc.edu/ HAWC detection of an ultra-high-energy gamma-ray bubble around a microquasar)

The microquasar is the binary star system where a visible star orbits a stellar-mass black hole. The most well-known microquasar is Cygnus X-1. The first confirmed black hole. The microquasar V 4146 Sagittarii surprises researchers. That microquasar sends photons. That energy level is even 200 TeV. That means the microquasar V 4641 Sgr Gives those photons an energy level that is almost the same as distant quasars that form around supermassive black holes. 

How does the stellar-mass black hole give those photons the same energy level as supermassive black holes? Microquasars form in binary star systems where a regular star orbits a black hole. The black hole pulls material inside it. And then. It can create similar relativistic jets as the distant quasars. 

The V 4146 Sgr is the binary star system where the late B class supergiant mass about three suns orbits a black hole whose mass is about six suns. The visible partner has been much bigger but the black hole pulls material from it. The V4146 Sgr tells that the beginning of the high-energy radiation from the black holes starts always in the same place. The distance between those particles to the event horizon is always the same regardless of does the radiation comes from stellar mass or a supermassive black hole. 

The particle that escapes from the black hole material disk very close to the event horizon sends Cherenkov radiation when it impacts fields and material in the outer lower energy material disk. In extremely dense, high-energy radiation the particle can jump from the vacuum pocket where it starts to deliver energy. 

That means the energy level near supermassive black holes and stellar black hole event horizon is the same. When a particle falls in a black hole the last moment when we see it is the point called the event horizon. That is the point when escaping velocity reaches the speed of light. Particles and radiation form and whirl around the black hole. 

Because radiation travels faster than the particles near the event horizon it starts to transfer energy into them. The energy level of those particles rises to an extremely high level. At that moment, the particle that is in the inner circle of the material disk can jump away from its position. When the inner particle's energy level rises high enough. It can send an energy pulse to the lower-energy particle. Then it can push that particle away from its trajectory. 

The black holes are extremely heavy objects. They might look like stable. But the shape of the event horizon changes. At that point. The photon or some other particle can escape from the black hole. That means the event horizon can fall away from those particles. 

In some models, the transition disk around the black hole forms a whirl or spiral-shaped structure where material and energy form the structure that looks like the LP disk or string-shaped spirals. If the particle travels between those spiraling strings. They can transfer energy to them. That means the energy level of those particles rises so high, that they can travel faster than the speed of light in the material that is in the transition disk. When a particle jumps out from its trajectory. It releases energy. 

In a material disk, the particle that is closer to the event horizon is at a higher energy level. When that material starts to travel away from the inner trajectory. That particle can start to send radiation because the energy level around it turns lower. Any particle that has mass cannot have unlimited slowing. That particle can slow its speed only if it can transport extra energy to the environment. 

https://phys.org/news/2024-10-earth-microquasar-emerges-source-powerful.html

https://umdphysics.umd.edu/about-us/news/research-news/1991-hawc-gamma.html

https://wipac.wisc.edu/hawc-detection-of-an-ultra-high-energy-gamma-ray-bubble-around-a-microquasar/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygnus_X-1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microquasar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V4641_Sagittarii

Quasars, Planet X and gravity model.

 

Quasars, Planet X and gravity model. 

Could gravity be two forces? One with long and another with extremely short wavelength. 

In some models, the gravitation is two forces. Another gravitation is radiation with extremely long wavelengths. That gravitational wave is behind the radio waves. And the other gravitational waves have extremely short wavelengths. So they are behind gamma rays. That thing could explain why gravitation is so hard to model. 

Short-wave gravitation has a shorter wavelength than gamma rays

Long-wave gravitation has a longer wavelength than radio rays. 

If this model is right all particles inside atoms send gravitational waves. If gravitational waves have the same wavelength and same energy level they form standing waves in the atoms or between subatomic particles. That thing causes reflection in those gravitational waves because they interact the same way as all other wave movements. And in that case, the gravitational waves are turning opposite. 

If only long-wave gravitational waves can travel through subatomic particles that travel around them. This thing forms an electromagnetic or gravitational shadow behind that particle. And that shadow pulls particles backward. That means the long-wave gravitation is the thing that is called antigravity. 

The short-wave gravitation travels through particles. When it impacts the back wall of subatomic particles inside them it sends wave movement backward. And that backward traveling wave movement pushes particles forward to the gravitational center. That explains why gravitation is so special. So, at the quantum level, gravitation just breaks material. 

Another gravitational force is the extremely shortwave radiation that the source is between gluons and quarks. Another gravitation is the weakness in electromagnetic or quantum fields inside subatomic particles. That weakness in quantum fields is the electromagnetic low pressure that pulls objects into it. 

The gravitational interaction is simple. The gravitational waves form electromagnetic low pressure in the front of the particles. That thing means that gravitation interacts wrong direction. So if gravitation is two forces that could explain something about that mysterious phenomenon. In that model, gravitation is like wire or superstring that travels through particles. Particles are like pearls in necklaces. And that wave travels through those particles. During that process, the string pushes the particle in the opposite direction. 

If we think that the quantum particle is like warped or stretched paper the gravitational interaction pushes that structure. Then the particle sends radiation or wave movement backward. Another long-wave gravitation might travel sideways of the particle. And that thing makes the electromagnetic shadow behind the particle. So that means the gravitational waves with long wavelengths are the thing that pushes particles. The electromagnetic shadow pulls particles backward. 

So: 

Long-wave gravitation pushes particles

Short wave gravitation pulls particles. 

When I write that the elementary particle is like a yarn-ball I should write that elementary particle is like a yarn-ball that formed of stretched or warped superstrings. The warped superstring turns into a ball form in electromagnetic fields. 

"An artist’s impression of a Kuiper Belt object (KBO), located on the outer rim of our solar system at a staggering distance of 4 billion miles from the sun. Credit: NASA, ESA, and G. Bacon (STScI)" (ScitechDaily/Modified Newtonian Dynamics: Is the Ninth Planet Hunt Revealing a New Law of Gravity?)

Planet X, or Ninth Planet tests gravitational theories. 

The name or term Planet X means a gravitational effect that causes an anomaly in Netune's trajectory. 

The problem with Planet X is it's invisible. But the gravitational effect that causes anomalies in Neptune's trajectory is real. There is some kind of lumb of invisible material in the Kuiper belt. And the problem with this lumb is that it could cause some denser points in the Kuiper belt. But there is no that kind of point. And that makes Planet X so interesting. Planet X is not confirmed, but astronomers call the mysterious gravitational effect that causes anomalies in Neptune's trajectory Planet X. 

Another mysterious thing is the X-ray flares in Uranus' atmosphere. Those X-ray flares form when some field accelerates particles that impact the Uranus' atmosphere forming X-ray flares. Some researchers think that Planet X is full of dark matter. If that lump of dark matter exists. Its only interaction with material is gravitational. If a particle goes in the dark matter glump's gravitational field it should follow the same trajectory that material follows when it falls into a black hole. 

"Artist's rendering of the accretion disc in ULAS J1120+0641, a very distant quasar powered by a supermassive black hole with a mass two billion times that of the Sun." (Wikipedia/Quasar)

Acceleration disks and anomalies in spectral energy in quasars help to understand gravitation and its interaction with other fundamental forces. 

The acceleration disk around black holes is full of extremely high-density energy. Black holes pull all material inside it. And there is also dark matter that falls in the monstrous gravitational fields. The acceleration disk will not end in the event horizon. The event horizon is the point where escaping velocity turns higher than the speed of light.  

When material falls through the event horizon it continues a spiral trajectory to the center of a black hole. At some point in that journey is the point, that dark matter interacts with visible material. That point is at least singularity in the center of a black hole. The reason for that is extremely powerful gravitation that pulls material and energy into entirety called singularity. 

Some quasar's luminosity and spectral energy levels don't match with its brightness. Researchers suspect that the reason for that energy anomaly is some wind or some other anomalous material flow in acceleration or transition disk. That model explains that the anomaly in spectral energy comes from some whirls in the acceleration disk. That thing explains the high energy level in quasars as the parasite black holes that form in acceleration disks. The energy level in that material disk is extremely high. 

And the energy may turn some small objects like asteroids or planets that fall through them into black holes. If those parasite black holes exist they send radiation beams to material around the black hole. And they might increase the energy level in the entire quasar. When those small black holes fall into bigger black holes that causes gravitational waves around the universe. 

So if something makes a whirl in that material the whirl may turn to a black hole. Or it can make extra friction in the transition disk. And maybe that extra friction turns the material or acceleration disk's energy level higher than it should be. The thing is that black holes are things that help researchers to make gravitational models. 

In some models, the impacting gravitational waves increase the energy level in the acceleration disks. If a parasite black hole exists it sends gravitational waves with the same frequency as the bigger black hole's gravitational waves. That thing can cause a situation in the quantum fields or material to start to flow sideways in acceleration disks. We can say simplified that the antigravity makes the anomaly in the energy level of quasars. 

The existence of the parasite black holes is very short-term. They form in an acceleration disk. And then they fall into a center black hole. But during that time they aim material away from the acceleration disk. 

And one thing is sure, if parasite black holes exist they send counter gravitational waves. That thing causes a situation where gravitational waves undo each other. If we want to see a situation where impacting gravitational waves undo each other, we must find objects that send the gravitational waves in the same frequency and same power. 

https://www.livescience.com/uranus-x-ray-radiation-detected.html

https://www.livescience.com/37115-what-is-gravity.html

https://scitechdaily.com/from-quasars-to-black-holes-spectral-energy-puts-established-theories-in-question/

https://scitechdaily.com/modified-newtonian-dynamics-is-the-ninth-planet-hunt-revealing-a-new-law-of-gravity/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planet_Nine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planets_beyond_Neptune

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasar

New instruments are uncovering secrets of the cosmos.

"This illustration shows NASA’s IXPE spacecraft, at right, observing blazar Markarian 501, at left. A blazar is a black hole surrounded by a disk of gas and dust with a bright jet of high-energy particles pointed toward Earth. The inset illustration shows high-energy particles in the jet (blue). Credit: NASA/Pablo Garcia" (SctechDaily.com/Astrophysicists Solve 40-Year-Old Black Hole Jet Mystery With NASA’s IXPE)

AI makes system possible to follow the changes of the objects in the skies. The systematic observations of the high-energy objects in the universe are uncovering new details in their reactions. The eruption period of white dwarfs, neutron stars, and black holes is quite stable. And that if there is some kind of explosion or nova eruption in white dwarfs that means something impacted those things. Same way if there are differences in the radiation that a black hole sends that tells it eats something. 

The new satellite called IXPE observed a black hole called Markarian 501. And that thing helps to solve the 40 years old mystery of gamma- and X-ray radiation. The magnetic field of the black hole takes material from the transition disk to the poles of that supermassive object. 

And there those particles are impacting. The speed of those particles is extremely high, and the IXPE satellite observed how those extremely high-energy particles deliver their energy when they travel outside the black hole. 

That energy will transfer to the gas and dust and form gamma- and X-rays. This is one of the most interesting things in black hole research. 

The black hole's transition disk is one of the most high-energy objects in the universe. There is a possibility that IXPE-type of satellites can also find the wormholes. 

That are suspected to travel inside that gamma-ray. In some models, the wormholes are traveling between black holes' poles. And that means the north pole of the black hole will connect to another black hole's south pole. 

The idea is that the wormhole is forming around coherent gravitational waves. That thing forms the electromagnetic tunnel across the universe. Forming of the wormhole is limited to the speed of light. But if a wormhole or electromagnetic tornado can be formed. It offers a very interesting way to send information through the universe. 

The electromagnetic wormhole can also stop the aging of the particles. The laser- or some other energy radiation will deny that wave motion can travel out from particles. So if the object is inside the electromagnetic wormhole that thing affects virtually like the gravitational base or so-called real wormhole. The particle that travels in a laser ray would use 9 years to travel to Alpha Centauri. 

In this text, the distance between Alpha Centauri and Earth is calculated by using 4,5 ly. But outcoming radiation will stop time in the particle. The observer sees that the particle travels at 50% of the speed of light. But outcoming radiation denies that the particle can deliver wave motion. So outside observer sees that the particle uses 18 years for that travel. But the particle will not age at all. 

But even if only electromagnetic wormholes are possible those radiation beams can stop time on the particle. The idea is that high-power radiation denies that energy can travel outside the particle. The thing is that. Cosmic inflation causes the energy level in the universe around that electromagnetic beam to turn lower and lower. 

So the difference between the particle and its environment grows very high. When that electromagnetic radiation ends, energy starts to travel out from the particle very fast. And that thing destroys the particle immediately. So in that case the electromagnetic wormhole just stops time in particles. But the speed of the particle is limited to the speed of light. The particle must not travel even near the speed of light. The outcoming radiation denies that the wave motion travels out from the particles. 

Sources and image.

https://scitechdaily.com/astrophysicists-solve-40-year-old-black-hole-jet-mystery-with-nasas-ixpe/

Magnetars, neutron stars, what have an extremely powerful magnetic field.

Magnetars, neutron stars, what have an extremely powerful magnetic field.

At the beginning I must say that there could be many explanations for magnetars, the neutron stars, what are sending soft gamma- and X-ray radiation. And those objects are also giving information about the forming the black holes. There is a possibility, that also white dwarfs and neutron stars can transforming to black holes.

The image of a black hole is extremely interesting because it shows where the material will be pulled in the black hole. If the track what material follows is similar, with the material, what drops to neutron stars and forming the pulsar, it would tell that the black holes are also accelerating material to very high speed, but also tells, that does the all pulling the material limited in the transition disk? So does the black hole pull the material inside it only in a certain area, what is the equator, or the area what is between the poles of black holes?

And it tells about the magnet fields of the black holes. The thing why this is conducting with white dwarfs and neutron stars is that if another part of the double star is a white dwarf or neutron star, it would transform to the black hole and during that transformation process the high level of X-ray and gamma-ray radiation would send to universe.

There are two ways to forming the black holes. The first one is that when the heavy and large star explodes as the supernova, it would turn to black hole immediately. That would be called as the fast process. But the slow process is that the white dwarf would increase its mass, that it would collapse in stages to a black hole, and this version is that the increasing mass would transform the star to neutron star, then to quark stars and the final collapse would turn the quark star to a black hole. 

If magnetar would not transforming to the black hole, it would just vaporize in the powerful and violent eruptions. So the lifetime of magnetars is the only couple of ten thousand years. There are other explanations for this violent phenomenon, and one is that magnetar is the neutron star, what is collided with a black hole or quark star, or maybe magnetar is the quark star itself. That means that the small black hole cannot break the extreme stiff neutron or quark wicket, which means that it cannot pull that object in it, and that causes an extremely powerful magnetic eruption.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetar

The thing is that the magnetars could be the neutron stars, what is transforming to quark stars, and that collapse or transformation process, where neutrons are giving up to gravity, and during that process star would send the gamma-ray bursts.  So if we think carefully the double stars like Sirius, where the second part is the white dwarf would cause that the mass of the white dwarf is increasing and the process, where the white dwarf is transforming to a black hole is in running right now.

When we are thinking about things like magnetars, the extreme neutron stars, what have the magnet field, which is a thousand times more powerful than normal neutron stars, we are facing the neutron star, what is collapsing to the black hole. The extreme powerful magnet field and violent eruptions of this object means that the neutrons, what are forming neutron star are starting to give up for the gravity, what is increasing, because the material, what is falling to surface of the neutron star is leaving on the surface, and increase the mass of this star.

At least even neutrons cannot resist the gravity, and the star is turning to the grey hole or quark star, and sooner or later the gravity would increase to level, where even the light cannot escape from the star. So if we think the advancing the star after the nova- or supernova eruption, the white dwarf can also advance to the neutron star, and then through the stage oof quark star to the black hole.  

That happens because the white dwarf is pulling material to its surface, and that would start the process, where the gravity will sooner or later turn the star to a black hole. Before the black hole is forming, the star drops in the limbo, where the escape velocity from its surface is the same with the speed of the light, and at this moment the black hole would pull everything into it, and then it will collapse to the black hole.

And another thing in the black hole is when the neutron star is turning to the black hole, it would turn to dimmer and dimmer, what means that the gravity field would drop more and more light inside it. At first, the photons, what are coming straight to the surface cannot snap back to space, but then the photons that are traveling through the star start to drop on the surface of the star, and then it would transform to the black hole.