The NASA Dart mission has proven that asteroids can exchange dust and stones.

“[Left] The boulder-covered moon Dimorphos as seen 8.55 seconds before the impact of the DART spacecraft. [Right] The same image after correcting for lighting conditions across the surface and shadows cast by boulders, revealing a fan-shaped pattern of streaks (highlighted in color for emphasis). Credit: NASA/JHU-APL/UMD” (ScitechDaily, “At First, We Thought Something Was Wrong” – NASA DART Mission Reveals a Cosmic Snowball Fight)

“Images from NASA’s DART mission revealed the first direct evidence that asteroids in a binary system can exchange rocks and dust. Slow-moving debris from the asteroid Didymos appears to have struck its moon Dimorphos, leaving distinctive streaks scientists describe as “cosmic snowballs.” (ScitechDaily, “At First, We Thought Something Was Wrong” – NASA DART Mission Reveals a Cosmic Snowball Fight)

The gravity of asteroids is very weak. But. It’s strong enough that asteroids can pull particles like dust and stones from other asteroids. That thing is one of the most interesting things. That the Dart probe uncovered. The ability to “steal” . Other asteroids' material. Gives interesting ideas. About the possibilities that this thing can give. Can there be asteroids that carry material? That comes from some interstellar visitors. Interstellar asteroids and interstellar comets can contain interesting molecules from other solar systems. 

3I/ATLAS photographed in color by the Gemini North telescope on 26 November 2025 (Wikipedia, 3I/ATLAS)

The ability to exchange dust and stones brings new interesting questions. Could there be asteroids in the Kuiper Belt that “stole” particles from the  interstellar asteroid 1I/Oumuamua? And interstellar comets 2I/Borisov, or 3I/ATLAS? If that kind of asteroid exists. The interstellar comets spread particles. All around their path. And it’s theoretically possible to find those particles from the solar system. The AI can calculate those. Comets’ trajectories. And help to find asteroids that bind those particles on their surfaces. 

And. The origin of  those stones and dust can be confirmed to be in those interstellar visitors. Which could be the key to gathering information. About some ancient solar system. There is a possibility that those asteroids are some ancient star’s Kuiper Belt. And then a nova or a supernova pushed them out of their solar system. 

There is a possibility that the remnant.  The interstellar asteroids are left in the solar system. They can uncover new things about planet formation. The problem is that those particles are very hard. To separate from particles whose origin is in our solar system. Oumuamua and 3/ATLAS didn’t leave many particles. But samples of the ice that covers Oumuamua would give interesting information about the origin of that asteroid. There is a possibility that interstellar asteroids and comets can contain water from some extraterrestrial planet. But anyway, they can transport chemical compounds from other solar systems. 

https://scitechdaily.com/at-first-we-thought-something-was-wrong-nasa-dart-mission-reveals-a-cosmic-snowball-fight/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3I/ATLAS

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2I/Borisov

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1I/%CA%BBOumuamua

The mystery of Mars is growing.

"This graphic shows the long-chain organic molecules decane, undecane, and dodecane. These are the largest organic molecules discovered on Mars to date. They were detected in a drilled rock sample called “Cumberland” that was analyzed by the Sample Analysis at Mars lab inside the belly of NASA’s Curiosity rover. The rover, whose selfie is on the right side of the image, has been exploring Gale Crater since 2012. An image of the Cumberland drill hole is faintly visible in the background of the molecule chains. Credit: NASA/Dan Gallagher" (ScitechDaily, Life on Mars? NASA’s Curiosity Rover Finds Prebiotic Clues in a 3.7-Billion-Year-Old Rock)

The new observations about Martian rocks uncover long carbon molecules. Those molecules can be the remnants of ancient life. Or maybe some other thing formed them. When probes research red planet. we can see ancient lakes and rivers. 

Today those lakes and rivers are all gone. The reason for that is that the Mars' atmosphere is very thin. And that allows cosmic radiation to impact Mars's surface. 

There could be bacteria or proto-bacteria on that planet. But then some cosmic catastrophe like an impact with some big asteroid or protoplanet blew lots of material from the red planet to space. And it's possible that this impact also pushed Mars away from its original place. But was Mars closer, or outer from the sun? That is a good question. Another good question is: how big Mars was before those cosmic catastrophes? There were many catastrophes in the Mars-planet youth. 

"A view of Mars’s north polar cap, reconstructed from various spacecraft data. The spiral troughs that dissect the cap are visible. Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio" (Astronomy, Ghost rivers, hidden lakes: The long search for water on Mars)

This river delta looks like a pituitary gland. "Glacier-like features, where a mass of material appears to have flowed downhill between two ridges, hint at where ice probably accumulated in the past in the mid-latitudes of Mars. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona" (Astronomy, Ghost rivers, hidden lakes: The long search for water on Mars)

"A close-up of Mars’ south pole shows a thick ice cap, thought to be made up of frozen water and frozen carbon dioxide. Credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin/Bill Dunford" (Astronomy, Ghost rivers, hidden lakes: The long search for water on Mars)

We see only the last version of that planet. The Mars planet didn't form the entire Asteroid belt. But there can be some remnants of the Mars-planet's ancient lithosphere. Those river and lake remnants are formed after the last catastrophe. And it's possible that the cosmic ice ball hit Mars at that time. That causes interesting thinking experiments. The Mars planet's gravity is very weak. If we compare it to Earth's gravity. 

That means the cosmic snowball would not heat so much as if it hit Earth.  So those cosmic snowballs can carry protobacteria to Mars. The big problem is this. Where came from water. What formed those ancient lakes and rivers come from? If we think that the red planet has been heavier and bigger before it lost its lithosphere. 

So, did the planet Mars impact with the icy moon or some icy dwarf planet like Jupiter's Europa moon? That can explain those ancient lakes and rivers. If Mars really lost its lithosphere in some impact it should vaporize the water and throw that water, what existed before the impact to space. 

We know that the biggest asteroid Ceres is mainly water. So there should be other ice asteroids in the asteroid belt. The depth of those oceans is unknown. But if the water that formed the Martian lakes and rivers remnants we see came from somewhere else the best candidate can be the water dwarf planet like Europa. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/ghost-rivers-hidden-lakes-the-long-search-for-water-on-mars/

https://scitechdaily.com/life-on-mars-nasas-curiosity-rover-finds-prebiotic-clues-in-a-3-7-billion-year-old-rock/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Internal_structure

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars

The risk of asteroid impact is near zero. But it exists.

"Asteroid 2024 YR4 no longer poses a real threat to Earth, though it still has a slim chance of hitting the Moon in 2032. NASA is using the event to refine its planetary defense strategies and gather more data with advanced telescopes. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Asteroid Alert: NASA Drops Impact Risk to Near Zero, But There’s One Small Catch)

The risk of asteroid impact is near zero. But there is a small possibility that something hits asteroid, and changes its course. The most feared things. That we might not have time to react to are small. And, maybe ship or smaller asteroids that courses can transfer easier. The impact from satellites can also turn those small asteroids into another trajectory. 

The Liberty Statue's size asteroids are things that can destroy entire cities. And it's a small possibility. That some satellites or some other small asteroids hit it at a critical point and push that asteroid to Earth. 

Another thing is that an asteroid that changes its trajectory from Venus or the Sun and comes from the Sun's direction can stay unseen. Those, maybe very small objects can cause risk in a very short reaction time. Can those objects cause danger on Earth? The material that forms an asteroid, its shape, and its speed are things that determine: does it comes even near the Earth's surface. 

The small asteroids can detect only a couple of hours before they impact. But changing their course is not very difficult. The small space shuttle can pull a mylar bag over them and then pull them away from their trajectory. Large ice asteroids can be vaporized using small nuclear weapons. The spacecraft's rocket engines can also turn that ice to vapor. The spacecraft can also dock the rocket to the asteroid and push it gently to another trajectory. 

There is the possibility of turning the trajectory of the large asteroids by detonating a series of neutron bombs on another side of the asteroid. Those impulses can turn the asteroid's trajectory. Or if there is some kind of ocean in the asteroid's shell. The nuclear detonator can make a hole in the ice. And then that water can turn the asteroid's trajectory. 

 https://scitechdaily.com/asteroid-alert-nasa-drops-impact-risk-to-near-zero-but-theres-one-small-catch/ 

How dangerous asteroid is?

"Recent research led by the University of Maryland using the Zwicky Transient Facility telescope has revealed that the Taurid swarm, a stream of space debris from the comet Encke, poses less of a threat than previously believed. Credit: SciTechDaily.com. " (ScitechDaily, How Dangerous Is the “Doomsday” Asteroid Swarm?)

Asteroid impacts are always dangerous. If the 10X10 m cosmic rock impacts the ground with the cosmic speed that can cause local damage. The local damage means that the city center can turn into a crater. And if a small asteroid hits the water, it can form a tsunami. The problem is that the small-size asteroids are detected at the last moment. The bigger, mountain-sie asteroids are easier to detect. 

But turning those asteroids away from their course is hard because of their large size. When a large-size asteroid hits the ground or water it is dust and vapor to the atmosphere. The asteroid also turns the atmosphere very hot in its trajectory. 

And if the angle of the incoming asteroid is low the friction raises the atmosphere's temperature in a long route. And that can cause even global forest fires. The steep trajectory makes it possible for the atmosphere to turn hotter in more limited areas. But the asteroid can fall to the bottom of the ocean. And make the hole to magma. That can cause a nuclear winter that can collapse our entire ecosystem. 

The impact of asteroids destroyed dinosaurs That thing means that the asteroid impacts are dangerous things. If some asteroid comes to impact course to Earth. And falls to some major city that destroys the city. 

However large groups of small meteorites or meteoroids could be dangerous. if a large number of quite small meteoroids that burn in the atmosphere impact Earth's atmosphere that thing can form a case, that those small particles can raise the atmosphere temperature. Theoretically, that kind of meteoroid fall can raise the Earth's atmosphere temperature so high, that things like forests start to burn. The meteoroids can be as devastating as larger asteroids. But the requirement is that there are lots of meteoroids. 

https://scitechdaily.com/how-dangerous-is-the-doomsday-asteroid-swarm/

Kordylewski cloud is sometimes thought of as the second moon.

Kordylewski cloud is sometimes thought of as the second moon. 

In this case, we are not talking about the ball form of the moon, and actually, those moons are very small and the size of them might be less than a kilometer. But the thing is that near the Earth is an object, what is known as the Kordylewski cloud (1). That thing is sometimes mistakenly claimed as the planet, and if the telescope is dirty or the weather is not good, that kind of object might be thought of as the planet. 

When we are thinking about the second moon of the Earth, there might be many asymmetrical objects near Earth, and maybe we can call every single natural object, what is orbiting our planet as "moon". And this is the reason, why people who are talking about the second moon are not wrong. But how we are defining the moon? Are only symmetrical objects what are orbiting planets "moons"? Here we must notice, that also symmetrical objects might be really small, and this makes them fascinating.  

If we think every particle, what are orbiting planets as "moon", we might understand that Saturn and other Giant planets have thousands of moons. In this case, we are thinking of every single dust bite as the moon. And if we are thinking that the moon would object, what causes tide, we are facing the thing that also dust clouds can cause tide, because of those small sand particles common gravity force would make the same effect as the solid particle. 

But in 1997 the scientists found the one larger object near Earth (2), which made people think about the possibility that there might be another bigger moon. But there is a possibility, that the astronomers, who are claimed to see that kind of things are not made mistakes. They might see some asteroids like Icarus (3), whar are orbiting the sun very elliptic trajectory. 

And many of those small asteroids have not even names. So why that object, what is called the "second moon of Earth" have not seen earlier? There might be a simple reason for that thing. The Earth can also capture other particles, and sometimes asteroids are turning to orbit trajectory of planets. But if the object is really small, and the distance is big, the dust clouds can also pull that kind of small objects away from orbiting trajectory. If we think that way, the Earth might be lost many small orbiters during history. 

(1)

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2018/11/news-earth-moon-dust-clouds-satellites-planets-space/

(2)

http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/crux/2015/03/02/earth-second-moon/?utm_source=dscfb&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=dscfb&fbclid=IwAR0_FZJC2UrAgl0IW5yTT151LkYJm2anlLgWGmsZZokjovWZdef6c31CEpw#.XamH6ugvPnE

(3)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1566_Icarus