The first moon outside our solar system may be found.

“This illustration shows the CD-35 2722 system. A star about half the Sun’s mass is orbited by a brown dwarf. 37 times more massive than Jupiter. The brown dwarf is itself orbited by a newly discovered Jupiter-mass object that behaves like a moon but is massive enough to be considered a planet. Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser.” (SitechDaily, Astronomers May Have Found the First Moon Beyond Our Solar System)

CD-35 2722 is a binary star system. A  solar system. Containing. A red dwarf and a brown dwarf. The red dwarf's mass is about half the Sun’s mass. Its companion star has a mass about 37 Jupiter masses. The companion star might have a massive companion. The Jupiter-mass object seems to orbit that massive brown dwarf. This could be the first time. When. Reseachers find a moon in another solar system. Finding exomoons is not as easy as people might believe. There are two ways to find those objects. One is the double dimming of the planet that travels between Earth and a distant star. The other thing is the exoplanet’s wobbling movement. There are many problems with those methods. A double-dim method fits. Only. For dim stars. The moon must really travel between the star and Earth. 

Another thing is that. The method doesn’t make a difference. Between ring systems and moons. A ring system can form the triple-dom effect. But in the case of bright stars. That method is not suitable. Another thing is that. If. The moon orbits an exoplanet that is very close to the red dwarf. That moon must orbit that planet in a polar trajectory. So the moon orbiter must be in the form. The trajectory keeps the moon at the same distance from the red dwarf. That means the trajectory must be a standing position relative to the star.  If. The moon’s trajectory takes it too close to the star. That causes the moon to fall onto the star. 

“Artist’s impression of the CD-35 2722 system. Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers May Have Found the First Moon Beyond Our Solar System)

If. The planet is far from the star. The moon cannot cause that effect. And the only way to find it is to follow the planet’s trajectory. The moon's mass relative to the planet must be high enough.  That. It can affect the planet’s trajectory. A planet. That mass is more than ten times Jupiter's. It is so large. The moon must also be massive. 

That it changes the planet’s trajectory. If. We use our solar system as a model. There could be lots of moons in those distant solar systems. But most of those moons are so small that they cannot affect the exoplanet's trajectory. Most of them could be Ceres- and maybe Galilean moon-sized worlds. This means they cannot affect even a small exoplanet’s trajectory. Even Earth-mass moons. They cannot affect the super-Jupiter’s trajectory. The large exoplanets. And brown dwarfs; they can have systems. Their moons orbit each other, forming complicated mini-solar systems. 

There are models there. Exoplanets' massive moons could host life. The brown dwarf orbits a star in the habitable zone. It can host even intelligent life. The moon must not orbit a brown or red dwarf in the habitable zone. The red dwarf can orbit the G-2 star in the habitable zone. If. The planet’s trajectory stands to the sun. That keeps the temperature on that moon stable. 

The brown or red dwarf orbits a yellow star. It can, along with the center star. Form habitable conditions on the moon that is outside the habitable zone of the G star and that dwarf star. But are there such solar systems? Maybe, maybe not. Also, the greenhouse effect in a planet’s atmosphere can keep it habitable at longer distances from its central star. The brown dwarfs' tidal forces are massive. And they could lock its moons. 

Than the habitable zone is. But. There are many more variables than just the greenhouse effect. But the greenhouse effect can keep the planet’s surface temperature warm. Even. If their distance from their central star is longer. Than the habitable zone around them is. That means that. Also, Red and orange dwarf stars’ planets. Can spin. And they can be away from their mass eruptions. But as I wrote many times. Many variables make planets and their moons habitable or non-habitable. There are many solar systems. They are all different. Maybe. It's not possible. To make a common model for habitable worlds. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-may-have-found-the-first-moon-beyond-our-solar-system/

A hidden planet was revealed in 20 light years from Earth.

"HD 20794 d, (82 G. Eridani d ) a planet six times the mass of Earth, orbits a Sun-like star just 20 light-years away. Its presence was confirmed after years of meticulous analysis, overcoming the limits of detection technology."(ScitechDaily, A Hidden Planet Revealed: Could This Be One of Our Best Chances at Finding Alien Life?)

"Although it lies in the habitable zone, its elliptical orbit presents challenges in determining its true potential for life. Future telescopes may soon provide deeper insights into its atmosphere, making this one of the most exciting exoplanet discoveries in recent years."(ScitechDaily, A Hidden Planet Revealed: Could This Be One of Our Best Chances at Finding Alien Life?)

The new planet is interesting. Because it orbits stars similar to our sun in 20 light years away. That planet is in the habitable zone. And that can be the best candidate for extraterrestrial lifeform. The planet HD 20794 d is not in the habitable zone all the time.  That planet's trajectory is very elliptic and it orbits around its sun HD 20794, known also as 82 Eridani. That star is quite similar G-type star as our sun. The star is a little bit colder than our sun, and the exoplanet HD 20794 d has a mass six times Earth's. That means that big exoplanets can have habitable moons. The exoplanet HD 20794 d is the thing that should make us think about life in the universe in new ways. 

"The orbit of HD 20794 d places it within the habitable zone of the HD 20794 system, meaning it is at the right distance from its star to sustain liquid water on its surface. Credit: Gabriel Pérez Díaz, SMM (IAC)" (ScitechDaily, A Hidden Planet Revealed: Could This Be One of Our Best Chances at Finding Alien Life?)

An artist's impression of a global subsurface ocean of liquid water on Saturn's Enceladus moon. (Wikipedia, Enceladus). 

"Size comparison between Enceladus (lower left), the Moon (upper left) and Earth) (Wikipedia, Enceladus).

Can icy oceans on icy moons host life?  

Things like cells are a thing that makes life on Earth possible. The cells and DNA can form millions of different types of organisms. Woods, bears, and fishes live on the same planet with sea anemones and bacteria. Those creatures have only one thing that combines them. They all have a similar cell structure. And they all live on the same planet. Same way we cannot close out the possibility that some other planets can support life that is totally different than life on Earth. Cells and DNA double-helix molecules don't mean that lifeforms on distant planets are similar to life on Earth. 

"A model of Titan's internal structure showing ice-six layer" (Wikipedia, Titan)

"Size comparison: Titan (lower left) with the Moon and Earth (top and right)" (Wikipedia, Titan)

Once astronomer Carl Sagan introduced an idea about theoretical living bubbles that live in the gas giant's atmosphere. Similar living balls can also hover. In the low-gravity moons like Europa and Enceladus moon oceans. Those living balls are only one early hypothesis of what the lifeforms can look like. We know that there is an ocean under the icy shells of the Enceladus, Europa, and other big moons. There is also mysterious methane emission on Satrurn's Titan moon. 

That moon is so cold that there should not be any lifeforms. That moon should be dry without any water. But now researchers noticed. That there are hydrocarbon oceans on the moon's surface. And there is quite a big possibility. Under the Titan moon's shell, there is a subsurface water ocean. Another interesting question is how the moon whose surface gravity is 0,138g can host an atmosphere that is 1,45 times denser than Earth. The Moon's gravity is 0.1654. 

There is the possibility that the longer distance from the Sun makes the Titan atmosphere possible. But Saturn's gravity is the thing that should pull that nitrogen off around Titan. The remarkable thing is that there is no free oxygen in Titan's atmosphere. But Enceladus has no atmosphere at all. The weak gravity on Titan and Enceladus can explain the liquid water under the Titan and Enceladus shells. But the methane emission is one of the most interesting things in the world. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-hidden-planet-revealed-could-this-be-one-of-our-best-chances-at-finding-alien-life/

https://scitechdaily.com/beneath-the-ice-titans-six-mile-deep-methane-crust-could-rewrite-planetary-science/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82_G._Eridani

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/82_G._Eridani_d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enceladus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(moon)

There is CO2 in Jupiter's icy moon Europa. (Also, primitive organisms can travel between planets as spores)

 There is CO2 in Jupiter's icy moon Europa. 

There is a potential hub for extraterrestrial life in Jupiter's Europa moon. The JWST telescope found carbon dioxide from that icy moon. And that thing increases the possibility that there are some kind of primitive lifeforms under the ice of that moon. 

The CO2 emission can form in other chemical reactions. But one source of carbon dioxide emission is always lifeforms. The metabolism in cells forms that gas. That's why carbon dioxide emission on Europa moon is interesting and same time scary thing. 

If there are some kind of lifeforms under the ice of those icy moons those lifeforms could be similar to lifeforms that live around the black smokers at the bottom of the ocean. And that possibility causes re-estimation about the possible manned- or unmanned flight to those moons. If there is some kind of life forms. It's a risk. That Earth viruses infect those lifeforms. There is a possibility that the virus stays "alive" or can keep its ability to transfer genomes to other species over a long journey. 

Otherwise, those lifeforms might infect humans. When we are dealing with extraterrestrial lifeforms, we are facing things that we can't imagine. We have no idea what kind of lifeform that thing is. And we don't know anything about how it exchanges its genomes. Only one virus from Earth could be devastating to those lifeforms. But otherwise, those primitive lifeforms can infect people, who work with the samples. 

"Observations from the James Webb Space Telescope have led two independent studies to suggest that the CO2 ice on Jupiter’s moon, Europa, originates from its subsurface ocean. These findings offer new insights into the composition of Europa’s internal ocean, which is considered a prime target in the search for extraterrestrial life." (ScitechDaily/Potential Hub for Extraterrestrial Life: Webb Observations of CO2 on Jupiter’s Moon Europa)

"This graphic shows a map of Europa’s surface with NIRCam (Near Infrared Camera) on NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope in the first panel and compositional maps derived from Webb’s NIRSpec/IFU (Near Infrared Spectrograph’s Integral Field Unit) data in the following three panels. In the compositional maps, the white pixels correspond to carbon dioxide in the large-scale region of disrupted chaos terrain known as Tara Regio (center and right), with additional concentrations within portions of the chaos region Powys Regio (left). The second and third panels show evidence of crystalline carbon dioxide, while the fourth panel indicates a complexed and amorphous form of carbon dioxide. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Gerónimo Villanueva (NASA-GSFC), Samantha K Trumbo (Cornell University), Gerónimo Villanueva (NASA-GSFC), Alyssa Pagan (STScI)" (ScitechDaily/Potential Hub for Extraterrestrial Life: Webb Observations of CO2 on Jupiter’s Moon Europa)

Also, primitive organisms can travel between planets as spores

Also, primitive organisms can travel between planets as spores. And that makes it possible that red dwarfs can be multi-planet ecosystems. That requires that the sender planet's gravity is weak enough that spores will travel out from its gravity field. And the other planet's position or gravity field must be that those spores will travel to that other planet. 

By the way, it's possible that the fungi. Or anthrax-bacteria-type lifeforms can send spores between planets. Cosmobiology experts created a model for interplanetary ecosystems for red dwarfs. And their planetary systems. Those planetary systems are small. And their star is colder than the Sun. So that is why bacterial spores can travel between those planets. 

There are observations that Callisto- moon's atmosphere contains CO2. There is also organic dust on those moon's icy shells. And there is a model. That there could be a Gaia-type-organism. That could exchange genomes between those Galilean moons. 

It's possible. Primitive lifeforms can travel between planets. Researchers can use the same model for all closed planetary and subplanetary systems like Jupiter's moons. If there are similar chemical and physical environments. Those planetary systems are smaller and their star is colder than the Sun. And there the bacteria spores can survive longer time than in our solar system. And in those solar systems organisms can exchange genomes between planets. 

There are also three other moons around Jupiter with oceans below their shell. In some models. There are primitive organisms also under those other Galilean moon's icy surfaces. Maybe those lifeforms are like fungi or anthrax bacteria that can create spores with very high survivability. The distance between Galilean moons is not very long. 

And that thing creates a model. That those lifeforms can exchange their genomes through space. The idea is that primitive lifeforms can send spores between the lifeforms on different moons. Those Jupiter's moons are quite close to each other. And the bacteria spores can easily survive over those distances. So it's possible that also primitive lifeforms can send living spores through space. And those spores can be viruses that can transform other lifeforms into another. 

https://scitechdaily.com/potential-hub-for-extraterrestrial-life-webb-observations-of-co2-on-jupiters-moon-europa/

Are there rivers and lakes in other worlds?

"This composite image shows an infrared view of Saturn’s moon Titan from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, acquired during the mission’s “T-114” flyby on November 13, 2015. Titan has lakes and rivers on its surface, but they are made out of methane and ethane. Credit: NASA" (ScitechDaily.com/We Asked a NASA Scientist: Are There Rivers and Lakes on Other Worlds?)

When we describe the river as the flow of liquid and the lake as a small place where is liquid, we must say that rivers and lakes might be quite usual in the universe. 

As an example, the Sarurn's giant moon Titan has lakes and rivers on its surface. But there is no water in those lakes and rivers. There are hydrocarbon oceans with extremely cold methane and ethane. Weak gravitation is also one reason why methane stays liquid on the Titan moon. 

The temperature on that moon is -179 degrees Celsius. Tidal forces keep methane moving. But the melting point of that gas is -182 degrees Celsius. And that means methane can exist at least on a larger planet's equatorial area. 

Along with weak gravitation on Titan's surface, Saturn's tidal forces affect those gasses. The tidal effect of a giant planet is much stronger than the tidal effect that our moon forms. And that keeps methane moving. The same tidal force keeps oceans liquid under the icy shell of Enceladus. 

Weak gravitation and massive tidal forces make it possible that some planets or their moons can have liquid water far below zero Celsius. In that case distance to the center star must be far enough that the solar wind doesn't blow the atmosphere away. 

The greenhouse effect and Saturnian tidal forces keep the temperature on Titan so high, that liquid methane can exist. 

The melting point of methane is only three degrees higher than Titan's surface temperature. And that means methane can exist at the poles and nightside of that moon. But Saturn's tidal forces and weak gravitation allow that methane is moving. 

But in freezing words far away from their central star can be oceans and rivers where liquid gasses like liquid nitrogen and even liquid helium flow. 

And oppositely thinking there are worlds where melted lava forms rivers and lakes. Those planets can be so close to their central star that it melts their hemisphere. 

https://scitechdaily.com/we-asked-a-nasa-scientist-are-there-rivers-and-lakes-on-other-worlds/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(moon)

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/