Wave-particle duality: when light turns into matter.

“A new theory that explains how light and matter interact at the quantum level has enabled researchers to define for the first time the precise shape of a single photon. Credit: Dr. Benjamin Yuen” (ScitechDaily, Quantum Leap: Scientists Reveal the Shape of a Single Photon for the First Time)

When a photon gets mass. 

The Schwinger effect is the phenomenon. That turns wave motion into matter. This even forms a particle-antiparticle pair. And that is sometimes even introduced as the event. We know it as the Big Bang. We can call the Schwinger effect an event that gives mass to a photon. And turns it into an elementary particle. Like an electron or quark. This thing is one of the most interesting things in physics. In some models, the photon that is the wheel- or ring-shaped structure can simply turn to spin around its axle. Or the photon is the wheel-shaped superstring. 

In models, every particle is actually a ball that the shell delimits. In some theories, the particle’s shell is the whisk-shaped structure of the superstrings. But it's possible that one photon, or a superstring that spins very fast around the axle. Can form that kind of sphere. The idea is that the sphere in the particle has a lower energy level. Than the space around it. In that model, the graviton is the structure that acts like a thermal pump. 

So, why the existence of matter end outside the universe? The reason for that is simple. The thermal pump structure. It cannot maintain a lower energy level in the particle. And when the energy level in the particle. And outside it is the same. That stops the superstring spin. Energy that flows through the particle’s shell keeps that superstring spinning. And when that energy flow ends, the spin of the superstring ends. This means that the particle’s existence as a particle ends. 

And that forms the lower-energy sphere inside it. The idea is that the photon will collect energy from its environment. Into the middle of it. That energy forms the quantum point and starts to reflect. To that photon. This reflection from the quantum point will tense the photon into the wheel-shaped structure. And then that quantum point. Or, quantum dot. That we could call a graviton, puts the energy travel into it. This thing is a graviton if it gives mass to the particle. 

That quantum dot forms a structure. That looks like a quantum-size neutron star. The photon starts to spin around that axle. And then it collects energy from around it. And then aims that energy out to that structure. So, that quantum dot acts like a thermal pump. And the string that forms a photon starts to spin around it. This means that this kind of interaction. It can be behind the Schwinger effect. 

During the Big Bang, energy that hit the photons tensed them into the wheel-shaped form. And then that structure sent energy impulses. Into the middle of it. That formed the structure that could be maintained. The lower energy sphere in the particle.

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-leap-scientists-reveal-the-shape-of-a-single-photon-for-the-first-time/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinger_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://medium.com/@TVvman/wave-particle-duality-when-light-turns-into-matter-4543af4734dd

Cosmic inflation

"From a region of space as small as can be imagined (all the way down to the Planck scale), cosmological inflation causes space to expand exponentially: relentlessly doubling and doubling again with each tiny fraction-of-a-second that elapses. Although this empties the Universe and stretches it flat, it also contains quantum fluctuations superimposed atop it: fluctuations that will later provide the seeds for cosmic structure within our own Universe. What happened before the final ~10^-32 seconds of inflation, including the question of whether inflation arose from a singular state before it, not only isn't known, but may be fundamentally unknowable." (BigThink, Ask Ethan: What’s the deal with cosmic inflation and the Big Bang?)

The universe requires cosmic inflation. Cosmic inflation releases energy. That was once bound to material and black holes. So, we can say that cosmic inflation keeps the energy moving. 

The key element of modern cosmology is that the Big Bang released all energy and material into its entirety. We call that entirety "the universe". All particles bound energy from space. Or they roll wave movement to the ball-shaped structure. The free energy is the thing that makes reactions in the universe possible. When energy takes particle form it is bound to the structure. 

The interaction between the particle and its environment determines the length of the particle's existence. If the particle's energy level is very high. Energy travels fast to its environment. And that destroys the particle. 

The idea of cosmic inflation is simple. If the space expands. But if there are no more particles or energy from outside the space expands if we compare it with material and energy. So there is more space in comparison to particles. 

When the universe expands its energy level turns lower. That means the energy always travels out from the material. Or, particles release energy that they bound a long time ago in their structure. 

The expansion of the universe causes the amount of matter and energy relative to space to decrease. The universe is like a balloon in a vacuum. When energy and material travel out from the Universe that makes it lighter. 

"As a balloon inflates, any coins glued to its surface will appear to recede away from one another, with “more distant” coins receding more rapidly than the less distant ones. Any light will redshift, as its wavelength ‘stretches’ to longer values as the balloon’s fabric expands. This visualization solidly explains cosmological redshift within the context of the expanding Universe. If the Universe is expanding today, that implies a past where it was smaller, hotter, denser, and more uniform: leading to the picture of the hot Big Bang." (BigThink, Ask Ethan: What’s the deal with cosmic inflation and the Big Bang?)

"There is a large suite of scientific evidence that supports the expanding Universe and the Big Bang. At every moment throughout our cosmic history for the first several billion years, the expansion rate and the total energy density balanced precisely, enabling our Universe to persist and form complex structures. Today, dark energy dominates the Universe, while early on, prior to the onset of the hot Big Bang, a phase of cosmological inflation occurred, preceding it and setting it up." (BigThink, Ask Ethan: What’s the deal with cosmic inflation and the Big Bang?)

The universe loses its energy and material into the space around it. Material is one form of energy. Particles are packed wave movement that we call energy. Sometimes that is called outer border inflation. There is also one other inflation. When black holes pull energy inside them, that means energy that travels to black holes is out from the universe and its interactions. So the black holes cause an effect that we can call inner inflation. 

When things like atoms form in big stars. That means the star creates a fusion that combines light atoms into a new element. When elementary particles form in the young universe they bound energy into their structures. When the Schwinger effect or wave-particle duality forms elementary particles it rolls wave movement into the ball-shaped structures. That wave movement or energy was away from the energy interaction. There was limited energy in the universe. Because all energy existed in the universe, that meant that there couldn't be an unlimited number of elementary particles. 

If energy or or wave movement would be like water we might simply say that there is a smaller energy mass and smaller number of particles in the modern universe than in the young universe. Some of those particles flew away from the universe and turned back into wave movement. Some of them are in black holes. 

They release black when those black holes vaporize. Black holes take energy and material in them. And that means there is a lower number of particles and a lower free energy level in the universe. Cosmic inflation causes a thing that we can call quantum vaporization. 

Because the energy level in the universe decreases all the time energy travels out from material or particles all the time. This thing means that cosmic inflation causes material vaporization where it turns back. To energy or wave movement. Black holes are also vaporizing. The black hole sends energy waves all the time into the universe. 

When the universe expands black holes are losing energy. The expansion causes the material disk around the black hole to jump outside. That means there can form a small energy vacuum between a black hole and its material disk. That effect rips energy out from the layer that is at the front of the event horizon. 

The material disk around the black hole is the thing that pumps energy into the black hole. If a black hole travels to the cosmic vacuum energy starts to travel out from it. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/ask-ethan-cosmic-inflation-big-bang/

The multiverse and the idea behind that

"There is no empirical, scientific evidence for the multiverse"

BigThink.com

Image 1:)"Concept of a twin universe, with the beginning (of time) in the middle". (Wikipedia/Multiverse). If the Schwinger effect forms the universe, it would make two universes. This requires the Big Bang was one great Schwinger effect. If that is true there are two universes. 

The Schwinger-effect forms two particles. Those particles are particles and its antiparticle. On a macro-scale, that means the Big Bang formed the universe where we are living and antiuniverse. That hypothetical antiuniverse formed of antimatter. 

There is no physical proof of a multiverse. Theory and philosophy about that multiverse, are based on logical thinking. When we first saw that the Milky Way is only one galaxy in a large group of galaxies. When researchers are finding larger, and larger cosmic megastructure structures like the cosmic web. 

The next logical step is the existence of another universe. And maybe universes are forming similar giant structures like galaxies and galaxy groups. The idea of a multiverse is that the universe is the result of the Big Bang. And there is a possibility that there are other Big Bangs. 

There is the possibility that even if those other universes exist. We ever can see them. The Big Bang was the case when the elementary particles got their form and wave motion got its wavelength. So the universe got its form. And if things like the size of quarks are different or the margin between the lowest and highest temperatures in that hypothetical universe is different than in our universe, we cannot see that in another universe. 

If the absolute zero temperature in another universe is different than our universe's zero Kelvin, that other universe remains dark. The idea of this is that the material that forms another universe sends radiation with a wavelength that is impossible to see. And the shorter way to say that thing is that another universe forms dark matter. 

There are theories that dark matter can form similar structures with visible material. So, if another universe forms of dark matter that means it's impossible to see. Detection of dark matter structures happens by using gravitational lensing. In that model, researchers are looking for a point that affects the trajectory of photons. 

But that method requires that there is the light that comes behind that object. The fact is that even if the hypothetical universe forms of visible material. The brightness of our universe's stars covers light.  That comes from other universes below their shine. And, that makes it very difficult to detect other universes. 

Image 2:) "The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the density parameter Ω is greater than, less than, or equal to 1.

From top to bottom: a spherical universe with Ω > 1, a hyperbolic universe with Ω < 1, and a flat universe with Ω = 1. These depictions of two-dimensional surfaces are merely easily visualizable analogs to the 3-dimensional structure of (local) space". (Wikipedia/Shape of the universe)

Was the Big Bang some kind of Schwinger effect? 

The Schwinger effect is one of the most interesting things in the universe and cosmology. The term "Schwinger effect" means that the magnetic field is turning into particles. When magnetic fields turn to particles in the Schwinger effect. That effect forms two particles, a particle, and its antiparticle. 

If the Big Bang was some kind of Schwinger effect. That thing could form two universes. The universe where we are living, and another Universe called the antiuniverse. The antiuniverse means a universe that is formed of antimatter. In that universe, time moves in the same direction as it travels in our universe. And the only different thing is that the material forms that hypothetical universe is antimatter. 

When we look at image 2. And the universe's possible geometrical forms. There is one thing that we must realize if the universe is flat, there is the possibility that the Schwinger effect formed it. The ball-shaped or spherical universe doesn't require the Schwinger effect. The thing is that there is a 2/3 possibility that the universe is flat. That thing means that the universe is "open". 

And it expands forever. But if the universe is a ball or spherical it will collapse. The theory of the phoenix universe where the universe forms again require a ball-shaped universe. But if the universe is flat or hyperbolic that means there is the possibility that the Schwinger effect formed that universe. 

https://bigthink.com/13-8/multiverse-no-evidence/

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/what-is-the-multiverse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinger_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

Image 1:) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

Image 2:) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/