Galaxies still collide.

The expansion of the universe doesn't mean that galaxies cannot collide. There are at least two galaxies. That is coming to the Milky Way. The Large Magellanic Cloud will impact the Milky Way in 2,4 billion years. And Andromeda galaxy collides with the Milky Way after 4,4 billion years. 

That thing means that there are two versions of the universe. The thing is that the galaxies in the local clusters turn into one entirety. And then. Galaxies in superclusters turn into one entirety. Because their mutual gravity wins dark energy.

There are two geometries in the universe. Local and global geometry. Local geometry is the thing. That we see in large galaxy clusters. 

Global geometry means. The universe's geometry as an entirety. 

The fact is that in local geometry gravity always wins. But on a global scale, the dark energy wins. The large-scale models show that the universe expands. However, the small-scale model can be different. And in small-scale models the galaxies in local galaxy clusters or groups will come together. In local galaxy clusters, the internal gravity of those clusters wins the expansion and that causes the galaxies will collide. All galaxies pull material from around them. 

That increases their mass. And expands the galaxy's gravity field.  When galaxies collide. That new structure's mass is the same as both galaxies' mass. 

That increases the size of the gravity field or gravity pool. Gravity is interaction and the same way distant galaxies pull the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies to them, as Milky Way and Andromeda pull those galaxies to our direction. 

Material is not homogenously spread all over the universe. Things like the cosmic web make modeling those kinds of systems very difficult. 

There are interactions between galaxies, galaxy clusters, and globular clusters. And the fields in those cosmic web structures. The gravity effect forms those complicated structures in the universe. Gravity is the strongest interaction at long distances. 

But that is not the only interaction in the universe. There are other interactions like electromagnetism. Those interactions are losing to gravity. But they have effects in short distances.  

That means that things like gravitational effects are not the same everywhere. Galaxies are in clusters. Those clusters are like bubbles. 

In those bubbles, there are local clusters. And superclusters, groups of local clusters. The mutual gravity in those clusters pulls galaxies together. 

Those bubbles form galaxy clusters. In galaxy clusters, the internal gravity of those structures pulls their galaxies together. First, the local clusters melt into large galaxies. And finally, those superclusters melt into single giant galaxies. The thing that the universe's expansion and the decrease of the energy level causes is that. Entropy in the system rises. That causes two effects. 

First, the entropy disturbs information more than in the young universe. But. Otherwise the energy levels in those fields are lower. That means the gravity pools around the galaxies turn larger. The gravitational fields affect a longer distance because there are not so powerful disturbing fields. The gravity centers are larger but the space between those large galaxies will be cold and dark. 

The energy level difference in and outside those galaxies is higher than it is in the modern universe. That causes situations where material in galaxies vaporizes more than in the modern universe. Galaxies send radiation stronger than in the modern universe. But there is less material and radiation between galaxies. 

That tells that there was some kind of turbulence. Or something that was denied. The material spread homogeneously over the universe.  There were some kind of gravity centers. That could be primordial black holes. That started the form of those galactic clusters. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/why-galaxies-still-collide-expanding-universe/

https://www.sci.news/astronomy/large-magellanic-cloud-milky-way-collision-06788.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda%E2%80%93Milky_Way_collision

https://www.sciencealert.com/a-supermassive-black-hole-is-on-a-collision-course-with-the-milky-way

The shape of the universe is much more complicated than we expected.

Gravity is always interaction. If there is an object outside the system it pulls material to it. If there is a single gravity center outside the universe that can pull material through one point into it. That pulls the system together because the particle forms energy at low pressure to that point. When something pulls energy away from a certain point that means energy from sides travels to that point.  (Image. Gemini) 

If the particle or gravity center turns into wave movement that thing loses its gravity pothole. That means that the gravity that this particle or gravity center causes is gone. When particles turn into wave movement that erases gravity from the universe. 

If the universe looks like a donut, there can be a cosmic void in the middle of it. That makes it possible. The black holes and the particles turn into the wave movement that we call dark energy. When a particle loses its form as a particle and turns into wave movement it loses its gravity pothole. That means cosmic inflation where the universe's size compared to energy and material expands. That means when the black holes and particles turn into wave movement that loses gravitation from the universe. 

The idea of a doughnut-shaped universe comes from the Big Bang model. The Big Bang sent material away from it. That forms the hole in the material. There is an explanation for the dark energy. In that model, the cold Big Bang before the Big Bang that formed visible material sent that matter away. The dark matter cloud travels before the visible material. The gravitational interaction makes it possible that the visible material cannot fall back to the center of the universe. In that model, the universe looks like a round pancake with a hole in the middle of it. The outside gravity effect drives larger. 

That outside gravity effect doesn't close dark energy away. The dark energy and that hypothetical dark matter cloud may pull the universe larger. Dark energy can form in the events that the black holes go in the low-energy areas or in cosmic voids. That makes those black holes erupt or vaporize. Or if there is a large cosmic void in the universe, that thing makes it possible that the dark energy from in the cases where the particles go in the zero energy area. That area or ultimate cosmic void makes energy flow out from the particles very fast. That turns them into wave movement. That wave movement impacts other waves and it turns its wavelength. 

Image: Gemini

The cosmological models suggest that the universe is always more and more complicated. The space of the universe compared to material and energy grows. And that makes free space in the system. That thing increases entropy and growing entropy turns the universe more and more complicated. 

The geometrical shape of the universe is unknown. There are three possibilities for its geometrical shape. The interesting thing is the so-called Ω (Omega) value. If the Ω>1 gravity wins and the universe collapses in the Big Crunch.  If we look at probability the spherical universe is the only universe's geometrical shape that makes the phoenix universe possible. 

The thing that makes the Phoenix universe interesting is that when the Big Crunch happens. All material falls into a black hole. Then sooner or later that black hole remains alone in the emptiness. And that causes a situation where the material erupts again out from that black hole. That means the new Big Bang.  But the probability for that is only 1/3. Ω>1 only in a spherical universe. 

The universe is more complicated than we realize. It's possible. That the universe has the shape of a doughnut. Or maybe it's a sphere, or a flat pancake, or maybe it's curved. Sometimes is introduced that the shape of the universe is like a wheel, or wheel-shaped pancake there is a hole in the middle of it. The other, not very commonly mentioned form is that the universe is like a wheel. That means the curvature of the universe turns the universe's shape into the wheel. 

"The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the density parameter Ω is greater than, less than, or equal to 1. From top to bottom: a spherical universe with Ω > 1, a hyperbolic universe with Ω < 1, and a flat universe with Ω = 1. These depictions of two-dimensional surfaces are merely easily visualizable analogs to the 3-dimensional structure of (local) space." (Wikipedia, Shape of the Universe). 

If we think about the universe's shape one of the reasons why we cannot see other universes can be the Event horizon. When energy travels out from the universe in the form of wave movement the lack of resistance can pull that wave movement straight. And that makes it hard to see them. Or if radiation that reaches our universe is far lower energy level than radiation that leaves our universe that means those other universes' radiation cannot reach our universe. 

"Proper distance spacetime diagram of our flat ΛCDM universe. Particle horizon: green, Hubble radius: blue, Event horizon: purple, Light cone: orange." (Wikipedia, Shape of the Universe). 

"Hyperbolic universe with the same radiation and matter density parameters as ours, but without dark energy."(Wikipedia, Shape of the Universe). 

"Closed universe without dark energy and with overcritical matter density, which leads to a Big Crunch. Neither the hyperbolic nor the closed examples have an Event horizon."(Wikipedia, Shape of the Universe). 

If there is an impact wave around the universe. That can deny us to see other universes. Standing waves or impact waves can form only. If there is an outside radiation source. That hypothetical impact wave can form in the cases where outside energy comes from another universe. Or particles that lose their form as particles outside the universe. 

In that case, those particles can turn into wave movement. If there is a plasma shell around the universe and it's energy level is higher than the energy that comes outside the universe. That means the plasma shell can turn outcoming radiation away from the universe. 

In that case, the energy can surround the universe. That means that if the universe has a similar impact wave around it as the solar system that can cause an effect that the impact wave denies the outcoming radiation from traveling into the universe. 

Or maybe it turns into the hole bread that has a so-called thin or weak 3D vertical structure. So the universe looks like a thin donut. The "fat donut" is the scenario where the universe is like a sphere there is a hole. And in some other models, the universe is like a hollow ball. Or maybe it looks like two opposite curved plates that orbit the center of the universe, the place where the Big Bang happened. Or, part of the Big Bang happened. 

If the universe is doughnut shaped that means there is forming an energy ring in the middle of it.  That energy comes from galaxies and stars in its shell. But we must realize that the shape of the universe is unknown. There can be far more structures than one in the universe. In some models, the universe's geometrical shape can be like a galaxy. 

The ball of visible material is surrounded the dark matter. That means dark energy could be the gravitational effect that forms outside the visible universe. This means dark matter pulls the universe larger. The donut-shaped universe explains dark energy as the energy that falls in the middle of the universe and then reflects from there. That can change the wavelength of radiation. 

One of the most interesting questions is the edge of the universe. If the edge of the universe is similar to the edge of the solar system there is a clear standing shockwave. That standing wave or standing plasma wave requires that there is counter radiation. Counter-radiation can form because there are other universes. Or the gravity pothole around objects turns lower. And that makes more objects visible. Without that pothole, energy travels out from particles without resistance. And that destroys material immediately. 

The structure of the universe is not as homogenous as we predict. The gravity centers pull material and quantum fields around them. So that means the material is like in globs around the most massive objects. This causes entropy in the energy waves. Gravity is not the only effect in the universe. Other wave movements and other kinds of effects like energy falling away from the edge of the universe are interesting things. 

https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2021/07/21/why-the-universe-probably-isnt-shaped-like-a-donut/

https://www.livescience.com/the-universe-might-be-shaped-like-a-doughnut-not-like-a-pancake-new-research-suggests

https://phys.org/news/2025-01-cosmological-universe-messier-complicated.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

Three red galaxies at the edge of the universe.

"These three "red monster" galaxies, found just 1 billion years after the hot Big Bang, are dusty, massive objects with more than 100 billion solar masses worth of stars inside. Unlike more modern massive galaxies, where no more than 20% of their gas has been converted into stars, these galaxies are two-to-three times more efficient, raising questions about how they formed and grew up to exhibit these apparent properties." (BigThink, What do JWST’s “red monster” galaxies mean for cosmology?)

The JWST telescope found three red galaxies. Those galaxies existed in the universe that was only one billion years old. And that can mean that those three galaxies cause the need to adjust the cosmological models. It's possible that Einstein's theories are not suitable for the young universe. The red color means that the galaxies travel straight away from us. And those galaxies might be on the opposite side of us. 

The big question is this. How those three galaxies could be so big? In some ideas, there could be some cosmic void around the supermassive black holes. That cosmic void could boost the black hole's pulling effect. The cosmic void around black holes can make material fall near black holes faster than just gravity allows.  

The cosmic void has a larger surface area than a black hole, and material should also fall into cosmic voids. And maybe that is the thing that made those galaxies grow faster than expected. In some models, the cosmic voids form the supermassive black holes. The cosmic void makes material fall into it. And in the middle of that thing forms the material center. 

Those galaxies have active black holes. And maybe there are stars. The heavy element formation needs only the impact waves or shockwaves that cause fusion. Things like supermassive black hole's relativistic jets can form heavier elements. As well as stars from them in fusion reaction. When elements impact each other and form new heavier elements we can always call that event fusion. 

In some models the Milky Way, our galaxy is in the middle of cosmic void. The size of that void would be about 2 billion light years. The thing that this void tells is this. There was some force like a very strong eruption in our supermassive black hole, Sgr A* that blew gas and dust away from around our Galaxy. 

That can tell that the Milky Way collides with some other galaxy. The impact between two supermassive black holes could turn the Milky Way and that other galaxy into giant elliptic galaxies. And then that form turned back to a spiral galaxy. 

That means light travels faster or without standard disturbance. If that model is true, the energy travels faster away from the Milky Way's edge than in normal galaxies. That means that this thing makes it necessary to adjust the cosmological models. The thing is that the Milky Way is not as typical a galaxy as we wanted to think. 

But the problem is that the young universe was different from the universe. Where we live. The density in the young universe was higher. The difference between energy levels were smaller. And that means energy moved slower in that hotter universe. Maybe those three red galaxies were the first galaxies that formed. Those galaxies named S1, S2, and S3 are interesting because they are so big. Those galaxies are larger and heavier than researchers think. 

The major question in the element formation is this. Did elements form before stars? That means: were there some other heavier elements that existed before the first stars were born? The model is that things like collimations. of neutron stars form heavy elements. So if we think that black holes existed before stars those black holes could collide and send shockwaves that can turn hydrogen also into heavy elements. 

The question about the galaxies and planetary formation is when the first planets start to form. Or rather, when the first solid elements formed. For a long time, people believed that the stars were the only things that could form heavier elements than hydrogen. But then researchers noticed. High-energy reactions can form heavy elements like gold and iron. 

The neutron star collimations make the pressure wave that forms fusion and those heavier isotopes. That means it's possible that a black hole's relativistic jets can also push light atoms like hydrogen against each other and form fusion and heavier elements. That means heavy element formation doesn't need stars. They need only an energy punch that creates the fusion. 

When we think about supernova explosions there the intensive pressure- or shockwave travels through the universe. That impact front creates the fusion reaction that can send energy into those bubbles. And that energy is the thing that pushes material and weaker quantum fields into the form that we call singularity. A black hole's plasma halo is an interesting thing. But the same way. We can think that the event horizon is the gravitational halo around the black hole. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/jwst-red-monster-galaxies-cosmology/

https://www.businessinsider.com/we-live-inside-cosmic-void-breaks-cosmology-laws-2024-5

https://www.thebrighterside.news/post/the-milky-way-may-reside-at-the-center-of-a-2-billion-light-year-wide-cosmic-void/

Living fossils challenge Darwin's evolution theory.

Above: Cretaceous Loricera beetles with specialized morphology for collembolan predation (Cell.com)

The beetle that challenges Darwin's evolution theory has been unchanged for 100 million years. This beetle is one of the things. That we can call "living fossils". When Charles Darwin created his evolution theory, he involved the term "living fossils" in that model. The idea in evolution theory is that species must adapt to their environment. But sometimes evolution creates the "perfect shape" or "perfect construction". That construction can survive in fast changes in the environment. We know a couple of living fossils like Ginkgos, coelacanths, and some other creatures like a beetle named: Loriceda. 

That thing means that sometimes evolution forms creatures with versatile abilities to survive in fast, and large-scale changes in their environment. The Loriceda beetles might form in certain conditions. Where that creature had no competitors. That thing creates the idea that maybe those beetles formed in the conditions after some mass extinction. After those extinctions larger animals whipped out and that left space for the things like bugs. The thing is that living fossils are fascinating things. 

Above: Coelacanth

Above: Ginkgo

They offer a window to the past time. When we think about the need to change, we think that the environment is the thing that sets this need. In the case of other living fossil coelacanths, the reason why that strange-looking creature survived is that those, little bit pike fish-looking creatures lived and still live in very deep sea. In that deep sea, the meteorite that destroyed dinosaurs had no big effect. 

And that left those strange fishes alive. The living vegetable fossils like Ginkgo might survived because some of them were in a position where the asteroid impact didn't affect them straight. The nuclear winter after that impact freezes those seeds very fast. Before meteorites that destroyed dinosaurs, there were no competitors for those species in the group gymnosperm. 

Those species made their seeds much faster than angiosperms. The angiosperms formed the protective layer around the seeds and that made them more resistant to climate change and heat waves. The meteorite made space for those more advanced vegetables that created the protective layer to protect their seeds. The meteorite formed a situation where evolution started to favor complicated structures in seeds. That means evolution must have a reason or fast change to start favoring quality and deny large numbers of descendants. 

https://www.cell.com/the-innovation/fulltext/S2666-6758(24)00039-0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanth

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba

The Harvard astronomers uncovered the real shape of the Milky Way's halo of the stars.

Researchers from Harvard University have now uncovered the shape of the Milky Way's stellar halo.  The image above this text shows that the Milky Way galaxy's real shape looks a little bit like American football. That thing is one of the most interesting things in the history of science. 

Because the halo around the Milky Way stretched. That means there is some kind of force that is turning its shape to look like the rugby ball. The jets from Sagittarius A are traveling straight out from the poles of that supermassive black hole. The reason why the halo around the material stretches only from certain points is interesting. 

If that stretching would happen because of plasma, that is coming out from the material disk's equator the stretching must be symmetrical. That means the shape of the stellar halo should be like a beach ball, not an American football. So that thing is very interesting. Is there some yet unknown plasma or energy jet that stretches the stellar halo? 

There is a possibility. That the Fermi bubbles at both sides of the Sagittarius A are the answer. For the strange shape of that material halo. The impact radiation, that comes from Sagittarius A or its material jets can explain the shape of the stellar halo. But that thing is pure speculation. 

Only the part of the material that forms the Milky Way and other galaxies is in their material disks. There are lots of stars and material, including star clusters around the spiral galaxies. This halo is interesting because at the impact area where the material disk impacts with galactic halo are forming whirls. And those whirls can be the beginning of new stars. 

The reason why researchers are researching the halos around galaxies is that they can tell about the shape of the universe. There are theories that the universe is looking a little bit like the galaxy. 

There is a ball-shaped point of visible matter that is surrounding the far larger structure of dark matter. But nobody surely knows about that thing. The symmetry of the shape of those gases tells about the energy sources in distant galaxies. When something hits those halos that affect its symmetry. 

https://scitechdaily.com/harvard-astronomers-have-revealed-the-true-shape-of-the-milky-ways-halo-of-stars/

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/