The exoplanet GJ 215 c. Can host lifeforms in the future.

 

“An international team of scientists dubbed the exoplanet, named GJ 251 c, a “super-Earth” as data suggest it has a rocky composition similar to Earth and is almost four times as massive. Credit: Illustration by University of California, Irvine.” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Discover Potentially Habitable “Super-Earth” Just 18 Light-Years Away)

The new exoplanet. From 18 ly. away from Earth, can have liquid water on its surface. The exoplanet  GJ (Gliese) 251 c orbits the M-class star in a potentially habitable zone. The  GJ 251 c is a massive super-Earth that orbits the star GJ 215. That star has a spectral classification of M3V, and its age is about 6,6 GYR (Gigayears). Or, a simpler saying. 6,6 billion years. This means that. This M3V is still in its flare period. And there might not be lifeforms. On that exoplanet. Life formation begins after the flare period. The GJ 215 has two exoplanets. GJ 215b, whose mass is ≥ 3.85+0.35−0.33 Earth masses. And GJ 215 c, whose mass is ≥3.84±0.75 Earth masses. 

This means lifeforms start to advance later than on planets. That orbit the Sun (G2) type stars. But otherwise, the red dwarfs can live Tens to hundreds of billions of years. That means life has more time to advance on those planets than on planets that orbit G2V-type stars. In the future. The GJ215c might host. 

Even intelligent lifeforms.  But today, its star is too unstable for that. Those hypothetical civilizations require more mature stars. The problem with the red dwarf planets and technocivilization. This is how long radioactive isotopes can exist on those planets. There is a possibility that some of those planets run out of their fissile material. 

And their cores start to cool. That cooling process destroys the planet’s magnetic field. Those super-Earths that orbit M-type stars give a hint. About the possibility of lifeforms. Those super-Earths with a dense atmosphere can host life, but the star must be mature enough that it has ended its flare period. Those flares that the young red dwarfs create. It can raise. Those planets' temperatures. Into thousands of degrees. 

The atmosphere of those locked planets smooths their atmosphere’s temperature. All red dwarf-star planets that are in the habitable zone are locked. The tidal forces from the star lock the planet into position. There, it turns the same side to that star all the time. There is forever night in the side that is away from its star. And the other side is burning hot. The water and atmosphere, along with clouds, can smooth that effect. But that requires. The star will not create. It's flares anymore. 

https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/gj-251-c/

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-discover-potentially-habitable-super-earth-just-18-light-years-away/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_251

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun

A new theory tries to explain how massive rocky planets form.

The super-Earth or massive rocky planets are a mystery. A new theory tries to explain why those rocky planets exist. Or why are no large rocky planets in some solar systems? Earth is the largest rocky planet in our solar system. And that thing might open a new way to think about the formation of giant rocky planets. 

The rocky planet can form in the distance from the star there is no iced gas. There must be enough heavy or solid elements that those planets can form. 

There is the possibility that the super-Earth is forming if there is no disturbance or not enough debris in the young solar system. That means the gravitational center that forms in the stable debris or planetary disk. That forms the super-Earth. The material continues to accumulate on that planet until there is no material in the planet's trajectory. Or some other thing like cosmic impact or eruption from a star stops the accumulation. 

The idea is that if there is no disturbance in that material disk. The gravitational center collects all material at one point. The disturbance, like energy impact or gravitational interaction, can cause a situation where the asteroids in that planetary disk start to change their trajectory.

Then that thing will break the rocky giant to pieces. That means the super-Earth can form when debris can accumulate without disturbance. The disturbance breaks the proto-planets. There are lots of eruptions in the young stars. And if the fusion reactions start at the wrong moment the energy impact from the star pushes the planet's shell away.  

If the young star is very active and erupts very often it can push dust and solid elements farther. Or at least out from the protoplanet's trajectory. The thing in planet formation is this. Planet's size will accumulate unless there is no dust in its gravitational field. So rocky planets form in distance from the center star where the star blows most of the light elements away. The radiation pressure from the star could clean some areas from the gas. And that is the area where rocky planets are forming. 

When we think about the gas giants that are extremely hot and orbit near their star those gas giants should form at longer distances. And then some cosmic disturbance or catastrophe would push those gas planets near their central star. The gas giant that orbits its star in an extremely short range must have a strong enough gravitational field so that the solar wind will not blow its atmosphere away.

If the planet's gravitational field is too weak, it loses its atmosphere and gas elements. So some rocky planets can be remnants of super-Earth. The liquid planet is elastic. And it stands for more powerful impacts than the rocky planet. When some gas giant impacts another planet its core can remain untouchable. That nucleus remains a remnant of the large gas planet even if cosmic impact blows its gas layer away. 

The planets start to form around heavy elements. For a long time, there is a dust cloud around that point. And the eruption from the star can push the dust away from the planet's trajectory. If that kind of eruption happens before gravitation pulls the planet to thick form this thing can destroy the entire protoplanet. 

When the protoplanet starts its formation the planet is not very thick. Before gravitational effects are strong enough the planet is not anything than some sand cloud. And if the fusion reactions in the star start or there is an eruption that would blow thin dust around the rocky planet away. 

https://scitechdaily.com/unlocking-the-mystery-of-super-earths-caltech-scientists-unveil-a-new-unified-theory/

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/

Could super earth host life?

An artist's illustration of the view. From the exoplanet LHS 1140b. That giant orbits an M dwarf star about one-fifth the size of the sun. 

The planet could be a prime target for follow-up studies in the search for life elsewhere in the universe. (Image credit: M. Weiss/CfA )(Astronomy.com/Newfound Alien Planet Is Best Place Yet to Search for Life). 

Water is fairly common in the universe. But the problem is that life needs liquid water. There are some models that in the water droplets of the vapor in the atmosphere of the hot planets can form the RNA molecules. In that case, the water droplets with RNA could be the most primitive organisms that we can imagine. Those hypothetical organisms would be only the RNA bites and organelle in the water droplet that can copy itself. 

The mass of that exoplanet is about 6,6 times Earth, and the size of it is about 1,4 times of Earth. There are calculations that this 6,6 Earth mass is the limit of the mass of the planet. That can host life. 

Super earth of giant rocky planets orbiting very close to red dwarf stars is causing discussions about alien life. There is the possibility some of those super earth have liquid water on their surface. There is the possibility that also yellow stars have super earth. 

Researching those super earth that are orbiting red dwarfs is giving data that can use to make models about the lifeforms of planets that are more similar to Earth. The idea is that life is almost always born in oceans or underwater conditions. 

Even if organisms on planets around red dwarfs remain at primitive level or underwater conditions there is the possibility, that there is a similar planet orbiting some yellow star. And the life forms on that super earth would turn more advanced, creating even civilization. 

And that always causes discussions about the lifeforms that could live on those planets. Those rocky worlds are locked, but vaporizing water from oceans can make those planets' surface temperature low, and freezing night-side of the planet will also lower the surface temperature. So could there be some lifeforms? 

Even if the dry land areas on those planets are hostile to lifeforms. There is a possibility that some kind of alien organisms can live in their oceans. When we are talking about alien life, we must realize that intelligent alien life is a different thing than alien life. There is the possibility. Primitive organisms like bacteria can live on many planets. 

But intelligent aliens are a little bit different thing. They might not be as common as some bacteria or algae. The water worlds or planets that are covered by water layers can host some primitive lifeforms. 

There is one thing that we must realize. That thing is that there could be lifeforms in the oceans. But those lifeforms might not able to rise to drylands. So there could be some algae or even fish-type alien organisms on those planets. 

The water layer protects those animals against the heat of the eruption of the red dwarf. The organisms that live in the alien planet's oceans can exist even close to deadly radiation sources. The water layer is a good protector against the radiation that comes from neutron stars or black holes. 

But the thing is that intelligent lifeforms need some other conditions. In all models technically advanced civilization requires the ability to live and operate in dry lands. All models that are made of alien lifeforms are models. Nobody saw those lifeforms yet. Or there is no concrete evidence that certain planets are hosting life. 

Silurian hypothesis: are aliens visited on Earth? The fact is we don't know. 

There is a so-called "Silurian hypothesis" about the ancient alien visitors to Earth. The evidence of those things is weak. And nobody can say 100% surely are those visitors true or false. And that's why they are under research. Those pieces of evidence are the Egyptian and Mayan artifacts and things like Nazca lines. 

And the artifact on the walls of some cathedrals, along with folk stories like American Indian and Buddhist stories of the blond-hair gods or warriors, give some kind of possibility that some kind of alien visit to Earth is possible. But the "smoking gun" evidence is missing. There is no concrete proof that some nation has alien bodies. Or the existence of those bodies wanted to deny. 

There are a couple of signals like Wow! and BLC1. The origin of the BLC-1 is in the direction of Proxima Centauri. 

The Wow! signal was captured by the "Big Ear" telescope. And the BLC-1 was captured by the Australian Parkes observatory. 

The programmer of the computer forgot to determine which of those two antennas are receiving the transmission. But astronomers calculated the origin of that signal for both antennas. So there are two possible directions where the "Wow! signal" can come. And in another direction is a Sun-like star 3000 light years from us. 

The origin of those signals can be in intelligent civilizations. But the fact is that those signals are captured only once. That makes mystery. There are opinions that the natural source of those signs requires that those signals are repeating or that the chemical compound of those transmitters should be unique. 

The thing is that the "Silurian hypothesis" is one of the versions of the theory that somewhere in our universe is an intelligent civilization. Or in the universe, there must be intelligent civilizations. There are billions of galaxies in the universe and we would be too lucky if we are alone. But how close are those civilizations? 

That thing remains a mystery. Until the first confirmed data transmission comes from another star. And, of course, we must realize that the origin of the data transmission must not necessarily come from endemic species. The source of those signals can be the alien outpost. Or it can be a man-made satellite. Without repeating. The source of those mysterious Wow! and BLC-1 signals remains a mystery. 

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57355192

https://www.bbc.com/news/av/stories-57749238

https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/Water:_Molecule_of_Life.html

https://www.space.com/36521-alien-planet-best-bet-search-for-life.html

https://www.space.com/7342-water-water.html

https://www.space.com/exoplanets-habitable-zone-assumptions-maybe-wrong

https://www.space.com/super-earth-exoplanet-habitability-size-constraints

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLC1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_Lines

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian_hypothesis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wow!_signal