New exoplanet found near Beta Pictoris.

"Beta Pictoris is located about 60 light-years away toward the constellation of Pictor (the Painter’s Easel) and is one of the best-known examples of a star surrounded by a dusty debris disc. This image, based on data from the Digitized Sky Survey 2, shows a region of approximately 1.7 x 2.3 degrees around Beta Pictoris. Credit: ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2" (Wikipedia, Giant Alien World Found Hiding in Plain Sight for 11 Years)

Beta Pictoris is the second-brightest star in the constellation Pictor, 63 ly from Earth. This young A-spectral-class star has three known exoplanets. Beta Pictoris b and c are large worlds. Both of those worlds have masses about 10 times Jupiter's. The exact masses of those gas giants are seen in the table. 

Beta Pictoris d is farther. Its mass is about 2,5 times Jupiter's. This means this solar system seems to be upside down. Heavier planets are closer to Beta Pictoris. c is the closest. But the second one, Beta Pictoris b, is in the middle. And the last and lightest, Beta Pictoris d, is farthest. 

Those exoplanets' orbital periods are: Beta Pictoris c: about 3,29 years. Beta Pictoris b: about 23,77 years. And Beta Pictoris d: about 91 or more years.

"These images trace Beta Pictoris d over more than a decade, from its discovery with ESO’s VLT to earlier detections in archival VLT and JWST data. The arrow marks the faint planet, while the brighter Beta Pictoris b appears in the upper images; the diagonal band is the system’s edge-on debris disc. Credit: ESO/B. Sutlieff, M. Bonse et al." (Wikipedia, Giant Alien World Found Hiding in Plain Sight for 11 Years)

That means that those three massive planets are forming in a planetary system. There is lots of matter. Those large and heavy exoplanets may have very large moons. There is a material ring around Beta Pictoris. That means. Those three planets. They might not only.

Larger objects orbiting that star. The moon is an object that orbits a planet. This means those giant exoplanets. They can have large Earth-size moons. Or. Even larger orbiters. This means that those super exoplanets. They can have other gas giants orbiting them. And anyway, Beta Pictoris d is the faintest exoplanet ever found. 

By using an Earth-based telescope. Beta Pictoris is too young and too hot to host habitable worlds.  

“A series of images shows observations of the exoplanet Beta Pictoris d over more than a decade. (Image credit: ESO/B. Sutlieff, M. Bonse et al.”(Space.com)

“The motion of Beta Pictoris b. The orbital plane is viewed side-on; the planet is not moving towards the star.” (Wikipedia, Beta Pictoris b)

A-type star loses lots of mass. When. It turns mature.  The strong hydrogen line means that the star is young. But it also shows where that star was formed. 

It is a very hydrogen-rich nebula. Another interesting detail in the Beta Pictoris system is the large molecular ring around it. This dust disk is asymmetric. 

Those large planets in the Beta Pictoris system. Suggest this star. Could have traveled in some interstellar nebula. Then that star is pulled into that nebula around it. The gas giant. Doesn’t necessarily mean something light. Material. Or elements that formed the planet determine its weight. The planet can be larger than Earth. But it can have weaker gravity if it is formed of very light elements. This means that an exoplanet could be very different than any planet in our solar system. Those exoplanets are so different. 

That makes it impossible. To create. Some common models for planetary systems and their habitability. There are about 1,5-2 Earth-sized and Earth-mass planets in habitable zones. But most of those planets. They have no atmosphere. 

Things. like megaflares or some cosmic events. They can strip that atmosphere away in seconds. Or maybe some rocky worlds. They have no such core. That. It could form the magnetic field. Without a magnetic field, plasma eruptions strip the atmosphere into space. And in the case of large stars. Those plasma eruptions. They can travel to very long distances. A normal solar wind. It can blow the atmosphere off large planets. 

https://science.nasa.gov/missions/webb/nasas-webb-discovers-hidden-planet-in-famous-star-system/

https://scitechdaily.com/giant-alien-world-found-hiding-in-plain-sight-for-11-years/

https://www.space.com/astronomy/exoplanets/found-you-astronomers-spot-faintest-exoplanet-ever-seen-from-earth-after-a-decade-of-hide-and-seek

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Pictoris

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Pictoris_b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Pictoris_c

Barnard’s Star’s planets are weirder and more hostile than. Nobody expected.

“Artist’s illustration of exoplanets orbiting Barnard’s Star. Credit: International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/P. Marenfeld” (ScitechDaily, These Nearby Alien Planets Are Stranger – and More Hostile – Than Expected)

Barnard’s Star is a small red dwarf. Slightly larger than Jupiter. The size of Barnard’s Star is two times that of Jupiter. But its mass is 150 times bigger. The age of that star is about 10 billion years.  Barnard’s Star has four planets. Those planets are sub-Earths. Mass between Venus and Mars. Those sub-Earths have weaker gravity. And Barnard’s Star's massive mass eruptions could reach their surface. If. Those planets have an atmosphere. They must have strong magnetic fields. That magnetic field should be as strong as. It drives those mass eruptions away from their surface and atmosphere. If those mass eruptions impact a planet’s atmosphere, they wipe it out into space immediately. 

“Just under six light-years from Earth, Barnard’s Star hosts four small worlds unlike any planet in our own Solar System. The nearby star, second only to Alpha Centauri in proximity to the Sun, now has its most detailed planetary profile yet.”(ScitechDaily, These Nearby Alien Planets Are Stranger – and More Hostile – Than Expected)

“All four planets, discovered in 2025, are smaller than Earth and Venus but larger than Mars. No planet within that size range exists in the Solar System.”(ScitechDaily, These Nearby Alien Planets Are Stranger – and More Hostile – Than Expected)

There are discussions about whether those planets' mass is enough to cause the wobbling movement of Barnard’s Star. Or could there be some more massive object that hides somewhere near that star? Sometimes that wobbling movement is explained as a rocket effect from those mass eruptions from that red dwarf. But legend remains. 

“Size comparison between Jupiter, Barnard's Star, and the Sun”. (Wikipedia, Barnard's Star)

"Barnard's Star has a mass of about 0.16 solar masses (M☉), and a radius about 0.2 times that of the Sun. Thus, although Barnard's Star has roughly 150 times the mass of Jupiter (MJ), its radius is only roughly twice as large, due to its much higher density. Its effective temperature is about 3,220 kelvin, and it has a luminosity of only 0.0034 solar luminosities. Barnard's Star is so faint that if it were at the same distance from Earth as the Sun is, it would appear only 100 times brighter than a full moon, comparable to the brightness of the Sun at 80 astronomical units." (Wikipedia, Barnard's Star)

"Barnard's Star has 10–32% of the solar metallicity. Metallicity is the proportion of stellar mass made up of elements heavier than helium and helps classify stars relative to the galactic population. Barnard's Star seems to be typical of the old, red dwarf population II stars, yet these are also generally metal-poor halo stars. While sub-solar, Barnard's Star's metallicity is higher than that of a halo star and is in keeping with the low end of the metal-rich disk star range; this, plus its high space motion, has led to the designation "intermediate population II star", between a halo and disk star. However, some recently published scientific papers have given much higher estimates for the metallicity of the star, very close to the Sun's level, between 75 and 125% of the solar metallicity." (Wikipedia, Barnard's Star)

They are more hostile than people thought. The superflares from that small red dwarf are impacting those planets. The age of that small star is about two times that of the Sun. But its small size makes it unstable. The planets must orbit it very close. And that means their surface is under a heavy particle bombardment. Radiation from Barnard’s Star is far on the red side of the electromagnetic spectrum. This means that Barnard’s Star transmits more IR radiation than the Sun. 

Those planets, if they are in the habitable zone. They are under heavy radiation because their dayside is locked to that star. The fact is that. Life as we know it on those planets is impossible. The red dwarfs. They might have habitable planets. But Barnard’s Star is not one of those stars. There, lifeforms as a form. As we know. Are possible. Those planets. And their tiny star. They are so different from Earth. That life as we know it could be possible. 

Then we must realize. That. Those red dwarf stars and their planets are so weird. 

That we cannot make any common models for those planets. Or. Maybe. We should say that the Sun is so weird. That we cannot make models for the most common star type in the universe. So, the locked planets are a more common planet type in the habitable zone. Barnard star. It was the first candidate star. That reseachers predicted. To host exoplanets. 

 The proper motion of that star is wobbling. That means that astronomers have believed Barnard’s Star could host a solar system since the 1960s. First reseachers thought that there was some kind of. Super-Earth. Orbiting that red dwarf. But then those suspicions vanished. Until. Those four super-Earths were found in 2025.

“Artist's conception of a planet in orbit around a red dwarf” (Wikipedia, Barnard’s Star)

 “Barnard's Star has been subject to multiple claims of planets that were later disproven. From the early 1960s to the early 1970s, Peter van de Kamp argued that planets orbited Barnard's Star. His specific claims of large gas giants were refuted in the mid-1970s after much debate. In November 2018, a candidate super-Earth planetary companion was reported to orbit Barnard's Star. It was believed to have a minimum mass of 3.2 M🜨 and orbit at 0.4 AU. However, work presented in July 2021 refuted the existence of this planet” (Wikipedia, Barnard’s Star)

We must realize. That van der Kamp. He was a trained astronomer. Who had the right to believe in the existence. Van der Kamp was wrong about those planets’ size. Confirmed planets were small sub-Earths. But those planets are very close to Barnard’s Star. That means friction from that star’s atmosphere should slow those planets’ speed. That means those planets could fall to that red dwarf. So could there be some “favorable Jupiter” outside that solar system? The favorable Jupiter means a massive object that stabilizes those planets’ trajectory. That object’s distance depends on its mass. 

So, if the mass of “favorable Jupiter” is two times Jupiter's. That means it orbits at a distance of two times Jupiter's distance. This distance also depends on the mass of the central star. This means that if the favorable Jupiter is at a very long distance from its star. That means its temperature is very low. And the red dwarf’s radiation impacts that hypothetical planet. It's very weak. Its temperature would be just higher. Than. absolute zero, or zero kelvin. 

The existence of those exoplanets was confirmed in 2025. Those four planets are larger than Mars. But smaller than Venus. There is a lot of magnesium in that solar system. When. We say something about a planet’s possible lifeforms. And how habitable those planets really are. We must say that if some planet seems hostile to humans. That planet is not hostile to creatures. That formed there. Even the most hellish planet is paradise for its endemic species. And here I don’t mean intelligent species. 

https://scitechdaily.com/these-nearby-alien-planets-are-stranger-and-more-hostile-than-expected/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard%27s_Star

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard's_Star_b

2024 article. Published just before those exoplanets were found. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/discovery-of-a-tiny-exoplanet-sheds-new-light-on-a-very-old-star/

2018 article: Interesting information about the search for Barnard B. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/the-complicated-history-of-planets-around-barnards-star/

The planet is in the wrong place.

“LHS 1903 is a small red M-dwarf star that is cooler and shines less brightly than our Sun. Scientists used telescopes in space and on Earth to discover four planets orbiting LHS 1903. With those telescopes, they classified the three closest planets to the star as the innermost being rocky, and the two that follow it as gas giants. Credit: ESA” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Stunned by Rocky Planet in the Wrong Place)

“Scientists have identified a rocky outer planet in a system where a gas giant was expected. The discovery challenges traditional models and supports the idea that planets may form one by one in changing environments.” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Stunned by Rocky Planet in the Wrong Place)

Could xxoplanet LHS 1903 e be a rogue planet that a red dwarf HS 1903 captured? This explains the exoplanet’s wrong trajectory. 

The exoplanet  LHS 1903 e is a rocky world near a red dwarf star LHS 1903. This planet is extraordinary. Because of its trajectory. The LHS 1903 has a planetary system, where the closest exoplanet is a rocky world. Then there will be two scaled-down versions of Neptune. So, those planets are gas-rich. But then. The last known planet, LHS 1903 e. 

It is again a rocky world. This means that the LHS 1903 e doesn’t follow the rule about the order of the planets. So, this “wrong position”. Causes an idea. This exoplanet could have originated around some other star. And then that star lost this planet. Maybe the nova or supernova eruption kicked that exoplanet LHC 1903 e from its trajectory. 

So, could the origin of the dwarf planet Pluto in our solar system be a rogue planet? 

The hypothesis about the rogue planet that the star captured can explain some details about the dwarf planet Pluto and its moon, Charon. There are several theories about the origin of Pluto. The first one is that Pluto’s origin was as the moon of Uranus or Neptune. The one other explanation . About Pluto. It could be. That Pluto. It was. Some kind of rogue asteroid. Or a dwarf planet. That our solar system captured.

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-stunned-by-rocky-planet-in-the-wrong-place/

The exoplanet GJ 215 c. Can host lifeforms in the future.

 

“An international team of scientists dubbed the exoplanet, named GJ 251 c, a “super-Earth” as data suggest it has a rocky composition similar to Earth and is almost four times as massive. Credit: Illustration by University of California, Irvine.” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Discover Potentially Habitable “Super-Earth” Just 18 Light-Years Away)

The new exoplanet. From 18 ly. away from Earth, can have liquid water on its surface. The exoplanet  GJ (Gliese) 251 c orbits the M-class star in a potentially habitable zone. The  GJ 251 c is a massive super-Earth that orbits the star GJ 215. That star has a spectral classification of M3V, and its age is about 6,6 GYR (Gigayears). Or, a simpler saying. 6,6 billion years. This means that. This M3V is still in its flare period. And there might not be lifeforms. On that exoplanet. Life formation begins after the flare period. The GJ 215 has two exoplanets. GJ 215b, whose mass is ≥ 3.85+0.35−0.33 Earth masses. And GJ 215 c, whose mass is ≥3.84±0.75 Earth masses. 

This means lifeforms start to advance later than on planets. That orbit the Sun (G2) type stars. But otherwise, the red dwarfs can live Tens to hundreds of billions of years. That means life has more time to advance on those planets than on planets that orbit G2V-type stars. In the future. The GJ215c might host. 

Even intelligent lifeforms.  But today, its star is too unstable for that. Those hypothetical civilizations require more mature stars. The problem with the red dwarf planets and technocivilization. This is how long radioactive isotopes can exist on those planets. There is a possibility that some of those planets run out of their fissile material. 

And their cores start to cool. That cooling process destroys the planet’s magnetic field. Those super-Earths that orbit M-type stars give a hint. About the possibility of lifeforms. Those super-Earths with a dense atmosphere can host life, but the star must be mature enough that it has ended its flare period. Those flares that the young red dwarfs create. It can raise. Those planets' temperatures. Into thousands of degrees. 

The atmosphere of those locked planets smooths their atmosphere’s temperature. All red dwarf-star planets that are in the habitable zone are locked. The tidal forces from the star lock the planet into position. There, it turns the same side to that star all the time. There is forever night in the side that is away from its star. And the other side is burning hot. The water and atmosphere, along with clouds, can smooth that effect. But that requires. The star will not create. It's flares anymore. 

https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/gj-251-c/

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-discover-potentially-habitable-super-earth-just-18-light-years-away/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_251

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun

An Earth-size exoplanet is in a death spiral in its solar system.

 An Earth-size exoplanet is in a death spiral in its solar system. 

"This artist’s illustration shows an Ultra-Short Period (USP) planet orbiting its star. A newly-discovered USP runs the risk of either being torn to pieces by its star or being sucked in and destroyed. Credit: NASA, ESA, and A. Schaller (for STScI)" (ScitechDaily, This Earth-Sized Exoplanet Is Racing Toward Its Own Destruction)

Nothing is forever in the universe. 

Researchers noticed that the K-type orange star’s TOI-2431b is closing its star. And that earth-size exoplanet is going to its destruction. That exoplanet is an example that if a planet orbits too close to a small star can cause a situation. The planet starts to fall into the star. The small stars have one problem. Their gravity is weak. That means they cannot stabilize their solar system in the same way as bigger stars. In small star systems, the smaller objects can have a bigger effect than in the larger stars’ solar systems. An interesting detail is that TOI-2431 is a K-type orange star. But maybe those destructions are more common in the universe than nobody expected. 

In the universe, most stars are red dwarfs. Those stars are very light, and that means their solar systems are smaller than our solar system. Those stars’ weak gravity means that red dwarfs’ planets must orbit very close to their stars. The close distance causes danger than when something like a meteorite. That comes out from those solar systems pushes their planet to a red dwarf. 

And that can cause a situation where the planet impacts the red dwarf. Those planets can follow a spiral trajectory, and sooner or later. Those planets will change their orbital period into ultra-short-period planets (USP). Then the tidal forces from a red dwarf can rip them into pieces. Or they impact the host star. This is the thing in all gravitational centers in the universe. 

The red dwarf and its planetary system can pull other objects to them from a long distance. That means the lonely red dwarfs are more at risk of facing those cosmic intruders than red dwarfs that are near some larger stars. The lonely red dwarf pulls objects straight to its system. But in cases like Proxima Centauri, the dominating binary star can pull those particles into its solar system. And that protects Proxima’s planets from cosmic impacts. 

"This figure from the research shows that among USP planets, TOI-2431 b has the shortest timescale until tidal disruption of ∼31 Myr. Credit: Tas et al. 2025 A&A" (ScitechDaily, This Earth-Sized Exoplanet Is Racing Toward Its Own Destruction)

The reason why red dwarf systems are a riskier place for cosmic impacts than our solar system is this. Those solar systems are very small. These planets are closer to each other than in our solar system. The red dwarf is more dominant than the Sun. When an object like a comet or asteroid comes to our solar system from outside the Kuiper Belt, that object must travel longer time. There are four massive gas giants on its journey, and they can pull that intruder into their gravity fields. In small solar systems, planets are closer to their sun. There might not be dominant planets like Jupiter. 

The object comes straight to the system, and those giant gas planets do not have the same time to curve the cosmic visitor's trajectory as Jupiter and other gas planets have in our solar system.  When those cosmic intruders come to the solar system that fits inside Mercury’s trajectory, that thing has no time to change its course.  In those small solar systems, the horizontal gravity effect has no time to affect the trajectories of high-speed objects. 

Because planets are closer to the cosmic intruder, they have a higher chance of hitting it than in our solar system. The main thing is that. The red dwarf is lighter than the sun. It cannot stabilize its solar system same way as the Sun. And if there are gas giants and rocky planets in the same red dwarf solar system, the rocky planet is on the opposite side of the red dwarf to the Earth-sized exoplanet. Then the common gravity effect of those objects can pull one or more smaller planets from their trajectory. That can cause a situation where those planets fall into the red dwarf. 

Same way. The rogue planet that passes the red dwarf can pull those planets into that star. Things like ion beams or interstellar shockwaves can push those small stars’ planets out of their trajectory. Red dwarf systems are not as stable as larger stars’ solar systems. Those planets are orbiting closer to the lightweight star. And that means the smaller things in those systems can have a bigger effect than in the larger stars’ solar systems. If a Jupiter-size planet goes behind the sun, that thing has a smaller effect on Earth than if a similar planet goes behind the red dwarf that Earth-size exoplanets orbit. 

Rogue planets that travel all around the universe, out from their solar systems, can pull other particles into them. And that can cause multiple impacts to those planets that escaped from their solar systems. 

https://scitechdaily.com/this-earth-sized-exoplanet-is-racing-toward-its-own-destruction/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TOI-2431_b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-short_period_planet

Telescopes found a gas giant candidate 4 light-years away.

 Telescopes found a gas giant candidate 4 light-years away. 

"This artist's concept shows what the gas giant orbiting Alpha Centauri A could look like. Observations of the triple-star system Alpha Centauri using NASA's James Webb Space Telescope indicate the potential gas giant, about the mass of Saturn, orbits the star by about two times the distance between the sun and Earth. In this concept, Alpha Centauri A is depicted at the upper left of the planet, while the other sun-like star in the system, Alpha Centauri B, is at the upper right. Our sun is shown as a small dot of light between those two stars. Credit: : NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, R. Hurt (Caltech/IPAC)" (Phys.org, Evidence found for planet around closest sun-like star)

"Now, Webb's observations from its Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) are providing the strongest evidence to date of a gas giant planet orbiting in the habitable zone of Alpha Centauri A. (The MIRI instrument was developed in part by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory [JPL], which is managed by Caltech for NASA). The habitable zone is the region around a star where temperatures could be right for liquid water to pool on a planet's surface." (Phys.org, Evidence found for planet around closest sun-like star)

The new Jupiter- or Saturn-type gas giant orbits Alpha Centauri A. That gas giant is interesting because its location is in the triple-star system. And another interesting thing is that. The exoplanet orbits the Alpha Centauri primary system. We have known for a while that there are two confirmed exoplanets and one exoplanet candidate around Proxima Centauri. But that new gas giant is something else. It orbits Alpha Centauri A, which is likely to be our Sun. And that raises the possibility of finding extraterrestrial life forms from the Alpha Centauri system.  

The fact is that we might not find exocivilization around those stars. And if there are no intelligent lifeforms on some planet, that makes it hard to detect those alien organisms. If those organisms are primitive caryotes, it is very hard to separate their metabolic products from those of other chemical reactions. If the planet is a so-called water world, its entire surface is covered by oceans. And those very primitive algae and bacteria can live in those oceans. 

The first organisms lived in the Earth's oceans. If alien prokaryotes are like the first prokaryotes that lived in the oceans, the atmosphere of the planet can be very hostile. There are many things. That determines whether the water world can support life. If the atmosphere is dense and the gravity is high, that means water cannot boil. 

There are creatures on Earth that can live in very high-temperature water near so-called hydrothermal vents. Those so-called black smokers are a volcanic eruption hole. 

"In contrast to the approximately 2 °C (36 °F) ambient water temperature at these depths, water emerges from these vents at temperatures ranging from 60 °C (140 °F)[6] up to as high as 464 °C (867 °F). Due to the high hydrostatic pressure at these depths, water may exist in either its liquid form or as a supercritical fluid at such temperatures. The critical point of (pure) water is 375 °C (707 °F) at a pressure of 218 atmospheres."  (Wikipedia, hydrothermal vent) 

"The hydrothermal vents are recognized as a type of chemosynthetic based ecosystems (CBE) where primary productivity is fuelled by chemical compounds as energy sources instead of light (chemoautotrophy). Hydrothermal vent communities are able to sustain such vast amounts of life because vent organisms depend on chemosynthetic bacteria for food. " (Wikipedia, hydrothermal vent) 

"The water from the hydrothermal vent is rich in dissolved minerals and supports a large population of chemoautotrophic bacteria. These bacteria use sulfur compounds, particularly hydrogen sulfide, a chemical highly toxic to most known organisms, to produce organic material through the process of chemosynthesis." (Wikipedia, hydrothermal vent) 

The water can be at a very high temperature and support life, because it's in supercritical form. The high pressure and high gravity prevent the water from boiling. There are no bubbles in supercritical water. And that helps organisms survive near black smokers. 

We could see life's building blocks and things like carbon dioxide. But we would not see things like algae from the water planet. Another thing is that there may be no lifeforms in the gas giant's atmosphere. 

However, there is a possibility that those gas giants may have moons similar to Jupiter's Europa. Low gravity and low gas pressure can keep water liquid in low temperatures. So the habitable zone can be far different from what we used to think. Intelligent lifeforms probably don't form on those moons. But primitive algae and bacteria can live in those icy worlds. 

The water moon can host lifeforms like bacteria and algae. But those things are not easy to detect. The planetary models that astronomers use are made using our own solar system as a model. All gas giants in our solar system have moons. So maybe all other gas giants that orbit other than red dwarfs can have moons, or dwarf planets orbiting them. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/alpha-centauri-planet/

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/nasas-webb-finds-new-evidence-for-planet-around-closest-solar-twin/

https://phys.org/news/2025-08-evidence-planet-closest-sun-star.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_d

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri_c

So, did JWST find life from exoplanet K2-18b?

"Scientists using JWST have spotted life-linked molecules on a distant exoplanet, matching signs we only see on Earth from living organisms. The evidence isn’t final, but it’s compelling — and could change everything. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Are We Finally Not Alone? Webb Detects Life’s Signature on Distant Ocean Planet)

"They’ve detected sulfur-based molecules in the atmosphere of exoplanet K2-18b that, on Earth, are only produced by living organisms. While the evidence isn’t conclusive yet, it matches predictions for a “Hycean” world — one potentially covered in oceans and capable of hosting microbial life. If further observations confirm these findings, it could mark a turning point in our search for extraterrestrial life." (ScitechDaily, Are We Finally Not Alone? Webb Detects Life’s Signature on Distant Ocean Planet)

The fact is this. The exoplanet K2-18b gives the strongest mark of life ever. Another fact is that the exoplanet is far away from Earth. Confirming the alien organism or denying it requires a visit to that planet. And that is too far in the future. Some researchers say that it's possible to make dimethyl sulfide from non-organic sources in laboratories. The counterargument is this. Are the university laboratories the same thing as the exoplanet's atmosphere? 

The thing is that the exoplanet K2-18b gave a suspicion. That there can be lifeforms. 

Confirming those life forms is very difficult. So, the K2-18b remains a mystery and is the best candidate for life harbor that researchers have. 

"Astronomers have detected the most promising signs yet of a possible biosignature outside the solar system, although they remain cautious. Using data from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), the astronomers, led by the University of Cambridge, have detected the chemical fingerprints of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and/or dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), in the atmosphere of the exoplanet K2-18b, which orbits its star in the habitable zone. Credit: A. Smith, N. Madhusudhan (University of Cambridge)"  (ScitechDaily, Are We Finally Not Alone? Webb Detects Life’s Signature on Distant Ocean Planet)

And that is one of the things that can make the alien hunt interesting. The algae and dummy aliens like bacteria don't mean that our existence as the lone or only known intelligent species ends. 

Even if. The K2-18b has some alien species in its oceans. 

That doesn't mean that. We can interact with those species. 

Interaction requires intelligence. We cannot interact with some snail on the exoplanet. 

So even if we find life forms from that exoplanet and those lifeforms are some kind of snails. That means we are still alone. 

But the intelligent lifeforms can be harder to find than we even think. The intelligent lifeform might not answer our signals. They might be the same way carefully. And scared to answer the suspicious as we are. Those aliens might think about the SETI program the same way as we think. They must be in the same way, afraid of the first contact as we are. 

And maybe those hypothetical aliens' first contact with other civilizations is with humans or us. They don't either know what kind of civilization sends signals. They don't have any knowledge of us. Just like. We will not have any knowledge of them. 

And if we see the alien message. There is always the possibility. That we face some kind of trap. In the worst case, the bullet that travels light speed ends our existence. That is one a very good point about that discussion. 

https://scitechdaily.com/are-we-finally-not-alone-webb-detects-lifes-signature-on-distant-ocean-planet/

Exoplanet GJ 1214 b the super-Venus.

 

"Artist’s impression of GJ 1214 b passing in front of its host star. The “transit method” allows astronomers to study an exoplanet by seeing which wavelengths of light dim when the star’s light passes through the exoplanet atmosphere. Credit: NAOJ" (ScitechDaily, James Webb Unveils a Mysterious Planet Unlike Anything in Our Solar System)

Maybe the existence of liquid water is more individual than previously thought. 

"GJ 1214 b may be cooler than any other known transiting planet prior to the discovery of Kepler-16b in 2011 by the Kepler mission. Its equilibrium temperature is believed to be in the range of 393–555 K (120–282 °C; 248–539 °F), depending on how much of the star's radiation is reflected into space." (Wikipedia, GJ 1214 b)

The exoplanet  GJ 1214 b is a so-called mini-Neptune. That planet is classified as "super-Earth. Its surface temperature is about 120–282 degrees Celsius. An interesting thing is this exoplanet can researched. While it travels between its M-type dwarf star and Earth. When that star's radiation travels through its atmosphere, it sends the spectral image of the elements in that atmosphere. That thing tells about conditions in that very strange world. ScitechDaily tells about exoplanet GJ 1214 b like this.

"Instead of a hydrogen-rich super-Earth, or a water world, the new data revealed concentrations of carbon dioxide (CO2) comparable to the levels found in the dense CO2 atmosphere of Venus in the Solar System. However, there were still many uncertainties in the new data." (ScitechDaily, James Webb Unveils a Mysterious Planet Unlike Anything in Our Solar System)

The JWST telescope detected that this exoplanet has a dense CO2 atmosphere. That means the exoplanet GJ 1214 b is rather so-called "super Venus than "Super Earth". That thing means that the GJ 1214 b is one of the most interesting exoplanets in the universe. The quite low surface temperature tells that the high carbon dioxide level on the planet's surface can make liquid water possible also in planets that are outside the habitable zone. 

Otherwise, the high CO2 level can turn the planet at a theoretical habitable zone into a burning hell. That means the habitability of the planet might be more individual than researchers thought. So carbon dioxide can play a bigger role in life than previously predicted. If Earth loses all its carbon dioxide or greenhouse effect that turns Earth into a frozen planet covered by ice. So, the greenhouse effect is one thing that affects the planet's ability to support life. 

 "The detected CO2 signal from the first study is tiny, and so it required careful statistical analysis to ensure that it is real,” explains Kazumasa Ohno. “At the same time, we needed the physical and chemical insights to extract the true nature of GJ 1214 b’s atmosphere from Everett Schlawin’s study.” Then  Ohno took the lead, using theoretical models to run a plethora of “what if” scenarios about the atmosphere of the planet. Out of all of these models, the ones that best fit the data all suggest a carbon-dominated atmosphere, like a “super-Venus.” (ScitechDaily, James Webb Unveils a Mysterious Planet Unlike Anything in Our Solar System)

https://scitechdaily.com/james-webb-unveils-a-mysterious-planet-unlike-anything-in-our-solar-system/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GJ_1214_b

New Earth-mass exoplanet found near red dwarf.

"Artist’s conception of a rocky Earth-mass exoplanet like Wolf 1069 b orbiting a red dwarf star. If the planet had retained its atmosphere, chances are high that it would feature liquid water and habitable conditions over a wide area of its dayside. Credit: NASA/Ames Research Center/Daniel Rutter" (ScitechDaily.com/Astronomers Discover Earth-Size Planet – Promising Target in the Search for Alien Life)

The new exoplanet Wolf 1069 b is a giant Earth-mass rocky planet. The new exoplanet orbits red dwarf Wolf 1069 in the habitable zone. The location of Wolf 1069 is in the Cygnus constellation. The surface temperature of that star is 3158±54K or 2884,85±54C. 

That means this M5 spectral class red dwarf is a very small, and cold object if we compare it with the Sun. And, its solar system is also small. 

The distance between Earth and Wolf 1069 is 31.229 ly. So, it's quite near to us. The exoplanet trajectory fits in Mercury's trajectory. If we want to compare that Wolf 1069 system with our solar system. But the star is much colder than the sun. And that means the shell of that planet is not melting to lava. 

And that means there could be liquid water. The planet itself is locked. So there are no similar lifeforms that exist on Earth. The problem is that the dayside of those locked planets is extremely hot.  

The nightside of locked exoplanets is very cold.  Powerful winds are blowing on its surface. And those winds are stabilizing temperature on locked planets. That means that liquid water is possible on those planets.

Many other variables determine if liquid water is possible. The one thing is the atmosphere. First, the planet must have an atmosphere where liquid water can exist on it. 

Then the gravitational field's strength must be right. If the gravitational field is too strong it pulls water to ice. If the gravitational field is too weak. Water boils in low temperatures. 

So if the planet's gravitational field is strong, water can stay liquid on hotter planets. But that means the planet must stay closer to its star than a weak gravitational planet. 

Same way weak gravity means that the melting point of water is lower. That means on the planets which gravitational fields water can stay liquid in a lower atmosphere. 

Water itself doesn't guarantee that the planet can host life. If the chemical environment doesn't contain elements that amino acids include the lifeforms cannot form on that planet.  Also if water boils at a low temperature that can affect the ability to form proteins. High temperatures can also affect the ability to form complicated molecules. The terms "lifeforms" and "intelligent lifeforms" are not synonyms. 

Things like amoebas and diatoms are life forms. But they are not intelligent lifeforms. Intelligent lifeforms require time to advance. An intelligent lifeform doesn't mean. That it can build rockets and airplanes immediately. 

Culture and technology require time to develop. And, of course, species require motivation to create technology. So even if some planet hosts intelligent lifeforms, those lifeforms would not necessarily have the technology. So, technically advanced lifeforms and intelligent lifeforms are not synonyms either. 

By the way, if we are thinking about intelligent creatures that could live on locked planets. Those creatures must live in the nightside of those planets. That means those creatures would have big eyes. And they would like to be in the night rather than dayside. So that is one remarkable thought that so-called "grey men" are forming in my mind.

Living at night or in low-level light requires big eyes. And those creatures would be very sensitive to sunlight. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-discover-earth-size-planet-promising-target-in-the-search-for-alien-life/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolf_1069

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/

The JWST confirmed the existence of an Earth-size exoplanet at the border of the habitable zone.

Artist's illustration of exoplanet LHS 475 b

The existence of an Earth-size exoplanet in a distant solar system is a remarkable thing. The new small rocky planet. Called LHS 475b orbits its sun only in two days. The LHS 475b's atmosphere is mostly carbon dioxide. 

And that means the temperature on that planet's dayside is hot. As you might guess the LHS 475 b orbits red dwarf star LHS 475. The surface temperature of this planet is 3312±157 K or about 3039 C. 

That means LHS 475 b is dead and unable to host life. But that exoplanet is one of the most incredible things that the JWST telescope found. The ability to see that kind of exoplanet is a big change. The problem is that most confirmed exoplanets are orbiting red dwarfs. So planets are orbiting those stars very close. And tidal forces lock them in one direction. Their dayside is very hot. 

"A flat line in a transmission spectrum, like this one, can be exciting – it can tell us a lot about the planet. Researchers used NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope’s Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) to observe exoplanet LHS 475 b. As this spectrum shows, Webb did not observe a detectable quantity of any element or molecule. Common signatures in a hydrogen-dominated atmosphere, for example, would indicate a light, gaseous atmosphere. Those elements were not detected in LHS 475 b’s spectrum." (scitechDaily.com/A New Frontier: NASA’s Webb Space Telescope Confirms Existence of Earth-Sized Rocky Exoplanet!)

Above: Transit light curve of exoplanet LHS 475 b

And there are massive monsoon winds around the planet. That means those winds will stabilize the temperature. Things like gravitation and red dwarfs activity are affecting the planet's ability to keep liquid water. Weak gravitation means that the water can be liquid for a longer distance than in heavy gravitation. 

The winds would be stronger in weak gravitation. So there could be deadly sandstorms in weak gravitational planets, but otherwise, water would be liquid at a longer distance. 

So those weak gravitational planets could form intelligent space civilizations even if they orbit red dwarfs. And if those civilizations exist those aliens would be thin. And they might have a big head. Big eyes are making it possible to see in low-light environments. 

They would not need strong muscles in weak gravitation. So that means they might be delicate even if they look like humans. But that is only one version of the cosmological way to think about the hypothetical alien race. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-new-frontier-nasas-webb-space-telescope-confirms-existence-of-earth-sized-rocky-exoplanet/

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/

James Webb telescope gives new data about exoplanet WASP-39b.

Above: artist's vision of the exoplanet WASP-39b

WASP-39b is hot Saturn. Its mass is 0,94 times Saturn and 0,28 times Jupiter. The size of that exoplanet is 1,5 times Jupiter. 

And the reason for that is WASP-39b orbits so close to its sun. The distance to the WASP-39 system is 700 light years. 

The WASP-39 is a G-spectral class star. And that means star WASP-39 is quite similar to the Sun. 

The size of that star is slightly smaller than our Sun. And that makes the WASP-39b so interesting. There are known many gas giants that are orbiting M-type red dwarfs in close distance. 

But quite a small (read low-mass) gas planet that orbits quite a hot star very close is interesting. M-type red dwarfs have solar systems, where all planets are orbiting inside the distance of planet Mercury from their sun. But the WASP 39 is much hotter than some Gliese 581. 

The trajectory of WASP-39b is closer than the trajectory of Mercury. And the intensive heat causes the gas giant to bulge to an extremely large size. The question is why this planet didn't burn in the heat of its star. The solar wind and heat from the central star should blow the atmosphere of the planet and the planet itself away. 

"The atmospheric composition of the hot gas giant exoplanet WASP-39 b has been revealed by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope. This graphic shows four transmission spectra from three of Webb’s instruments operated in four instrument modes. A transmission spectrum is made by comparing starlight filtered through a planet’s atmosphere as it moves in front of the star, to the unfiltered starlight detected when the planet is beside the star. Each of the data points (white circles) on these graphs represents the amount of a specific wavelength of light that is blocked by the planet and absorbed by its atmosphere."

"At upper left, data from NIRISS shows fingerprints of potassium (K), water (H2O), and carbon monoxide (CO). At upper right, data from NIRCam shows a prominent water signature. At lower left, data from NIRSpec indicates water, sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon monoxide (CO). At lower right, additional NIRSpec data reveals all of these molecules as well as sodium (Na). Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Joseph Olmsted (STScI)" (ScitechDaily.com/As Never Seen Before: NASA’s Webb Reveals an Exoplanet Unlike Any in Our Solar System)

The James Webb telescope analyzed the atmosphere of WASP-39b when it traveled over its star. ScitechDily.com describes the atmosphere of the WASP-39b like this: 

"The suite of discoveries is detailed in a set of five new scientific papers, three of which are in press and two of which are under review. Among the unprecedented revelations is the first detection in an exoplanet atmosphere of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a molecule produced from chemical reactions triggered by high-energy light from the planet’s parent star. On Earth, the protective ozone layer in the upper atmosphere is created similarly".

(ScitechDaily.com/As Never Seen Before: NASA’s Webb Reveals an Exoplanet Unlike Any in Our Solar System)

"Other atmospheric constituents detected by the Webb telescope include sodium (Na), potassium (K), and water vapor (H2O), confirming previous space- and ground-based telescope observations as well as finding additional fingerprints of water, at these longer wavelengths, that haven’t been seen before".

(ScitechDaily.com/As Never Seen Before: NASA’s Webb Reveals an Exoplanet Unlike Any in Our Solar System)

"Webb also saw carbon dioxide (CO2) at higher resolution, providing twice as much data as reported from its previous observations. Meanwhile, carbon monoxide (CO) was detected, but obvious signatures of both methane (CH4) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) were absent from the Webb data. If present, these molecules occur at very low levels". 

(ScitechDaily.com/As Never Seen Before: NASA’s Webb Reveals an Exoplanet Unlike Any in Our Solar System)

If carbon monoxide would found in some rocky planet's atmosphere, that would be a sign of life. But the WASP-39b is mainly a gas planet. So there is some kind of photochemical reactions that are forming those molecules. 

The thing that makes those molecules interesting is that. The radiation of the WASP-39 should destroy those molecules. The radiation from that star is very powerful. And that means water and methane are surprising chemical compounds. 

The temperature in the atmosphere of that planet is about 900 C. And that means the water should turn oxygen and hydrogen at that temperature which continues until the star vaporizes its planets. And that happens when WASP-39 turns into a red giant. 

Another interesting thing is why WASP-39b is so close to its star. Maybe it is formed somewhere else, and then some cosmic catastrophe pushed it close to the G-type yellow star. 

The fact is that the mass of WASP-39b is very low for forming in its present position. The solar wind from WASP-39 should destroy that protoplanet. And that makes the WASP-39 so interesting. 

https://scitechdaily.com/as-never-seen-before-nasas-webb-reveals-an-exoplanet-unlike-any-in-our-solar-system/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_581

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP-39b

James Webb-telescope detected carbon dioxide in the exoplanet's atmosphere.

Above: Artists' impression of exoplanet Wasp-39B

Exoplanet Wasp-39b has carbon dioxide in its atmosphere. That thing is one of the possible marks of the lifeforms. But there is also the possibility that oxygen is connecting to carbon in the atmosphere of Wasp-39b. The Wasp-39b is a giant exoplanet. It's so-called hot Jupiter and the atmospheric temperature of that planet is 900 degrees Celsius. That is an extremely hot planet, so there should not be any lifeforms. 

But there is one possibility that is not what somebody wants to hear. The possibility is that the carbon dioxide is coming from the high atmosphere of some invisible target near Wasp-39b. The object can be some kind of moon near Wasp-39b. There is also water (H2O) and sodium (Na) in that planet's atmosphere. 

The Wasp-39b orbits its central star in four days. The mass of the Wasp-39b is one-quarter of Jupiter. So its mass is similar to Saturn but the size is larger than Jupiter. The reason for that is that the Wasp-39B is forming of lighter elements than Jupiter. And that means it's lighter but 1,3 times bigger than Jupiter. The question is why Wasp-39b doesn't lose its atmosphere to its star G-class star Wasp-39 ("Malmok"). That star is slightly smaller than our Sun.  

The Wasp-39b orbit time around its star is 4 days. So why Wasp-39 didn't burn that planet to an interplanetary cloud? Why Wasp-39's star wind of ions doesn't blow the Wasp-39b to space? The gravitation on Wasp-39b is not so powerful that it could keep that gas giant in one piece. And Wasp-39 is not any red dwarf. It's quite similar to our sun. 

So some people say that Wasp-39 b should not even exist. Many other exoplanets are orbiting their center star in a couple of days. But those planets are orbiting red dwarfs whose surface temperature is about 3500 celsius. Wasp-39's surface temperature is about 5000-6000K (about 4726-5726 degrees Celsius) (The temperature of the Sun's photosphere is 5772K)

There is the possibility that there is another small dwarf or so-called real planet in those solar systems. Even Earth-mass rocky planets are hard to detect if their size is very small. If the earth-mass planet forms mainly of heavier elements like iron and other heavy metals that thing means that its size is smaller than Earth if its gravitation is the same as Earth. 

http://exoplanet.eu/catalog/wasp-39_b/

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2022/nasa-s-webb-detects-carbon-dioxide-in-exoplanet-atmosphere

https://scitechdaily.com/webb-space-telescope-detects-carbon-dioxide-in-the-atmosphere-of-an-exoplanet/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP-39b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WASP-39b#WASP-39_(star)

Image: https://scitechdaily.com/webb-space-telescope-detects-carbon-dioxide-in-the-atmosphere-of-an-exoplanet/

Could super earth host life?

An artist's illustration of the view. From the exoplanet LHS 1140b. That giant orbits an M dwarf star about one-fifth the size of the sun. 

The planet could be a prime target for follow-up studies in the search for life elsewhere in the universe. (Image credit: M. Weiss/CfA )(Astronomy.com/Newfound Alien Planet Is Best Place Yet to Search for Life). 

Water is fairly common in the universe. But the problem is that life needs liquid water. There are some models that in the water droplets of the vapor in the atmosphere of the hot planets can form the RNA molecules. In that case, the water droplets with RNA could be the most primitive organisms that we can imagine. Those hypothetical organisms would be only the RNA bites and organelle in the water droplet that can copy itself. 

The mass of that exoplanet is about 6,6 times Earth, and the size of it is about 1,4 times of Earth. There are calculations that this 6,6 Earth mass is the limit of the mass of the planet. That can host life. 

Super earth of giant rocky planets orbiting very close to red dwarf stars is causing discussions about alien life. There is the possibility some of those super earth have liquid water on their surface. There is the possibility that also yellow stars have super earth. 

Researching those super earth that are orbiting red dwarfs is giving data that can use to make models about the lifeforms of planets that are more similar to Earth. The idea is that life is almost always born in oceans or underwater conditions. 

Even if organisms on planets around red dwarfs remain at primitive level or underwater conditions there is the possibility, that there is a similar planet orbiting some yellow star. And the life forms on that super earth would turn more advanced, creating even civilization. 

And that always causes discussions about the lifeforms that could live on those planets. Those rocky worlds are locked, but vaporizing water from oceans can make those planets' surface temperature low, and freezing night-side of the planet will also lower the surface temperature. So could there be some lifeforms? 

Even if the dry land areas on those planets are hostile to lifeforms. There is a possibility that some kind of alien organisms can live in their oceans. When we are talking about alien life, we must realize that intelligent alien life is a different thing than alien life. There is the possibility. Primitive organisms like bacteria can live on many planets. 

But intelligent aliens are a little bit different thing. They might not be as common as some bacteria or algae. The water worlds or planets that are covered by water layers can host some primitive lifeforms. 

There is one thing that we must realize. That thing is that there could be lifeforms in the oceans. But those lifeforms might not able to rise to drylands. So there could be some algae or even fish-type alien organisms on those planets. 

The water layer protects those animals against the heat of the eruption of the red dwarf. The organisms that live in the alien planet's oceans can exist even close to deadly radiation sources. The water layer is a good protector against the radiation that comes from neutron stars or black holes. 

But the thing is that intelligent lifeforms need some other conditions. In all models technically advanced civilization requires the ability to live and operate in dry lands. All models that are made of alien lifeforms are models. Nobody saw those lifeforms yet. Or there is no concrete evidence that certain planets are hosting life. 

Silurian hypothesis: are aliens visited on Earth? The fact is we don't know. 

There is a so-called "Silurian hypothesis" about the ancient alien visitors to Earth. The evidence of those things is weak. And nobody can say 100% surely are those visitors true or false. And that's why they are under research. Those pieces of evidence are the Egyptian and Mayan artifacts and things like Nazca lines. 

And the artifact on the walls of some cathedrals, along with folk stories like American Indian and Buddhist stories of the blond-hair gods or warriors, give some kind of possibility that some kind of alien visit to Earth is possible. But the "smoking gun" evidence is missing. There is no concrete proof that some nation has alien bodies. Or the existence of those bodies wanted to deny. 

There are a couple of signals like Wow! and BLC1. The origin of the BLC-1 is in the direction of Proxima Centauri. 

The Wow! signal was captured by the "Big Ear" telescope. And the BLC-1 was captured by the Australian Parkes observatory. 

The programmer of the computer forgot to determine which of those two antennas are receiving the transmission. But astronomers calculated the origin of that signal for both antennas. So there are two possible directions where the "Wow! signal" can come. And in another direction is a Sun-like star 3000 light years from us. 

The origin of those signals can be in intelligent civilizations. But the fact is that those signals are captured only once. That makes mystery. There are opinions that the natural source of those signs requires that those signals are repeating or that the chemical compound of those transmitters should be unique. 

The thing is that the "Silurian hypothesis" is one of the versions of the theory that somewhere in our universe is an intelligent civilization. Or in the universe, there must be intelligent civilizations. There are billions of galaxies in the universe and we would be too lucky if we are alone. But how close are those civilizations? 

That thing remains a mystery. Until the first confirmed data transmission comes from another star. And, of course, we must realize that the origin of the data transmission must not necessarily come from endemic species. The source of those signals can be the alien outpost. Or it can be a man-made satellite. Without repeating. The source of those mysterious Wow! and BLC-1 signals remains a mystery. 

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-57355192

https://www.bbc.com/news/av/stories-57749238

https://www.nasa.gov/vision/universe/solarsystem/Water:_Molecule_of_Life.html

https://www.space.com/36521-alien-planet-best-bet-search-for-life.html

https://www.space.com/7342-water-water.html

https://www.space.com/exoplanets-habitable-zone-assumptions-maybe-wrong

https://www.space.com/super-earth-exoplanet-habitability-size-constraints

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BLC1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazca_Lines

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurian_hypothesis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wow!_signal

If you want to find an alien, you must prepare a long search.

If you want to find an alien, you must prepare a long search.

If we want to find aliens, we must realize that there are many things, what we must consider, before we even can hope to find something, what would seem like even primitive life forms. Finding the habitable planet is a little bit more complicated thing that finding some Jupiter-type worlds, and then calculating the Kepler's radiuses. The thing is that the position to the planet is not everything in the forming of lifeforms. Also, things like molecular nebulas between star and planet affect that thing, and then the thing that might make limits to that phenomenon is that if the solar system is in the straight in the line of the eruption of some magnetar or black hole. 

That kind of thing can cause that the surface of the planet would sterilize immediately. If we are thinking about locked planets the main problem in those words is that the dayside is extremely hot, and then another side is extremely cold. That effect causes horrifying wind, which can melt the entire lithosphere or vaporize the ice.

That effect would cause that the temperature of the planet would be stabilizing, and then the planet forms again and again, when the wind stops to blow when the cloud layer covers the entire planet, and the lithosphere is turning to solid. We must realize that this kind of exoplanets is the most extreme, and this means that they are not common cases in that kind of thing.

So the locked planets might be more kindly than this kind of case, and here we must understand another thing, every exoplanet on the universe is not KELT9b type super hot words. In this kind of case, the extreme words are like bright stars, what are covering more common planets. Human nature is interesting because we want to see extreme, but at the same time, we are forgetting that the habitable planet is like a more common than those extreme words. We can say here that we can compare exoplanets with the sportsmen, and say that every sportsman in the world is not taking part in extreme sports cases. That means that every sportsman in the world is not triathlons. 

But the problem with the habitable planet is that there is not melted iron raining from the skies, and the distance to the central star is bigger than some comet planet, which will shine red and orbits the star in 19 hours. There are not lava lakes and crushing gravity on a habitable planet. And looking at those planets is difficult. When we are looking at the changes in the brightness of the star, we must use a microscope to see those changes. Or otherwise, we must look at the changes of brightness around the star if the planet would not cover the plate of the star. And then we must have time to collect data for seeing those changes. 

If we are thinking about the habitable planet, what orbits the similar star what the Sun is, we must have very much time for collecting that database because the orbiting time would be very long. The things that are disturbing those measurements are interplanetary nebulas, and many other things. The data must analyze very carefully, and probably the finder of that "Earth number" two would be artificial intelligence. 

Anyway those effects to the brightness, what that "New Earth" would cause to the brightness of a sun-type star is small, which means that the data must analyze by using extreme accuracy. And for that operation where the data would be collected would need extremely large telescopes, and reserve them for years for that purpose. Winds are blowing gently, and they don't melt the surface. When we are talking about the Super-Earths, we can ask ourselves one question. Can we say the planet, what has the size of two Earth masses as Super-Earth? 

When we are thinking that kind of cases we must realize, that the planet what has two Earth masses one-kilogram particle would weight two kilograms. And here we are facing one little but also an interesting question. What we can expect, when we are looking for a habitable planet? Can we expect to find the planet, what is exactly like Earth, and should we expect that there is also the United States of America on that particle? 

This means that why we must always think that the aliens would have similar bodies, they would have similar physiology and culture with us. In some cases, we have seen a really interesting thing, and that is maybe aliens would call themselves as aliens, and call their planet by using the name, what we are using in our star catalogs. 

But in fact, those aliens might be far away from us, even if they are looking like humans. When we are thinking about some SciFi movies, we are facing scenes, where aliens are shot by using rifles. The thing is that there is a possibility that the alien, what would live in the rubber suit might be some kind of slime. 

That intelligent slime would stand the normal bullets. Or aliens might have a nervous system and organs, which is different than we have. That means that those aliens would not need to have brains, in the same way, what humans have. Their nervous system would be created by multiple smaller nervous centers, which makes it more permanent against physical strikes than the strikes, than human bodies. 

If we are thinking of the hypothetical slime alien as the body snatcher, we must realize that the alien must not be very big. The thing that it would slip inside the body, and then set in the certain point of human brains between cortex and bottom of the brains, what makes it possible to start to play the brain core. This type of alien would take the body of humans or monkeys and every animal under the control. 

And at the end of this text, I must say that if we would find the alien clone and want to destroy it by using a gun, that thing would not be a very effective method. The thing is that those scientists, who are created that hypothetical thing need only the DNA of that creature and they could create synthetic DNA by using nanotechnology. 

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/astronomers-find-water-on-an-exoplanet-twice-the-size-of-earth/