About dark energy. And its existence.

"Astronomers say a new analysis has reinforced one of the most important discoveries in modern cosmology, finding that the universe is still expanding at an accelerating rate."(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Confirm Dark Energy After Shock Challenge Rocked Cosmology)

"The result counters a controversial claim made in late 2025 that suggested dark energy, the mysterious phenomenon thought to drive the universe’s accelerating expansion, might be weakening. If true, that claim would have called into question decades of research and a cornerstone of modern astronomy."(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Confirm Dark Energy After Shock Challenge Rocked Cosmology)

Astronomers confirmed dark energy. And that means the universe’s expansion continues to accelerate. So, dark energy will not turn weaker. It’s possible that because the gravitational effect between objects decreases. And the relation between gravity and dark energy changes. This means that the gravitational effect turns weaker. And the dark energy effect turns stronger. The fact is that. Also, visible energy interacts with structures in the universe. And at the beginning of the universe. Objects were closer. But things like plasma and energy were “denser”. 

So, that means that the energy effect in the young universe was stronger than in the modern universe. Dark energy is a wave motion. That originates in the unknown. There is suspicion that dark energy has its origin. In the particles, superstrings. The superstring forms a whisk-shaped structure. 

The expansion of the universe puts that structure to oscillate. Those superstrings´ oscillation. It forms a wave movement that they transmit around the universe. In that model, the dark energy is a wave movement. Its origin is in very small particles. The number of those particles is in this model. A very high. And that explains the effect of dark energy. It is visible only in relation to the large-scale structures. 

So, could those particles that form dark energy be photons? Photons are the ring- or a donut-shaped structure. And that means photons could focus energy. In the middle of it. In that case, the photon could focus energy. Like the Higgs field in the middle of it. That point. It can turn into a quantum-sized quasar. This means that the photon. It can theoretically form. 

The quantum-size Kugelblitz black hole. In the middle of it. There is a possibility that a photon traps a neutrino in the middle of it. And electromagnetic radiation affects that photon. Or the neutrino spins very fast. That thing can turn a neutrino into a quantum-sized black hole. And that could be a source. For dark energy. In some other models, A wave string travels. Through a photon. That string. It can act as the thermal pump that transports energy out from the photon. If that happens fast enough. The photon turns invisible. And it collects energy for that thermal pump. 

This means that dark energy must have an internal source in our universe. But before we see a particle that transmits dark energy. We cannot be sure what that strange force is. That rips the universe in pieces. This means that dark energy is formed when the universe is born in the Big Bang. The problem is this. If. The level of dark energy is always the same. 

And the universe expands. This means that. The dark energy. It does not have a connection. With the Big Bang. The energy level. The amount of dark energy should decrease when the universe expands. If that energy was released from the Big Bang or some ancient particles, send it. Before they turned into some existing elementary particles. If the source of the dark energy is lost. That energy should turn weaker. And that causes an interesting idea. 

The image of a photon. 

What if the source of dark energy is outside the universe? Things like antimatter-matter annihilation outside the universe. It can be the source of dark energy. 

This means that. It’s possible that there are some kind of radiation sources. People tried to explain dark energy. As evidence of a multiverse. In this theory, dark energy has a source. In other universes. In some other model. The dark energy forms when a hypothetical tachyon particle enters our universe. The entropy and scattering effects outside the universe are very low. 

So, these particles can travel faster. Than. They travel in the universe. This means that a tachyon is a particle that travels faster than it should. So when some particle comes from outside the universe. In the universe. That particle can travel faster. Than. It can travel in the universe. This causes an effect. The particle must slow its speed. The particle must release its energy. For slowing. This means that dark energy. It can be some kind of Cherenkov radiation. 

Cherenkov radiation forms when. A neutron comes out of a nuclear reactor. In a short moment, that particle travels faster than light travels in water. The neutron must slow its speed. And it sends a blue light shockwave. The same thing makes the sky blue. When a neutrino or electron hits the atmosphere. It travels faster than light does in the atmosphere. And this means. Those particles release their kinetic energy as the blue light flash. 

But if dark energy is some kind of Cherenkov radiation. That doesn’t mean that the source of those particles is in the other universes. The dark energy is visible only between galaxy superclusters. All galaxies have halos around them. That means that. The galaxies might be surrounded by a similar plasma halo that forms a heliopause around the Sun. The plasma bubble or standing impact wave. Forms when solar wind impacts stellar wind. The stellar wind. It is the particle flow from other stars. 

In the same way, galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters are probably surrounded by impact waves that form. When particle flow from other structures impacts the particle flow. That comes from galaxies in our clusters and superclusters. If those impact waves exist. They would be denser points in the universe. This means that. Scattering effect. It is stronger in that structure. This means that. The speed of light in that plasma wave is a little bit lower. 

The speed of light in and outside those plasma bubbles. So when a particle impacts that plasma bubble. It releases its energy into that plasma wave. This means the energy that the slowing particle sends. Continues as a wave in that plasma halo. This causes an effect. The plasma ball sends energy. Into the middle of it. This means. That this oscillating plasma interacts like a vacuum bomb. The energy that the plasma ball sends inside it. Reflects back. And that can mean that the plasma balls are the source of that mysterious energy. 

Or maybe particles that travel through wormholes. Are. The source of dark energy. The wormhole. It is a hypothetical energy tunnel. Through space and time. The energy level of those particles is higher than it should be. And they should release their energy. In the form of some kind of radiation.If there is no entropy in front of the particle that travels in a wormhole. Nothing limits its speed.  In the same way as when high-energy particles come out from galaxy superclusters, they send energy to space that is at a lower energy level than they are. 

Sometimes it is suggested that the dark matter particles form dark energy. When they evaporate. This would be an interesting idea. But nobody has seen dark matter. 

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1131610

https://www.msn.com/en-us/science/astronomy/astronomers-debunk-controversial-study-confirm-universe-still-expanding-at-accelerating-rate/ar-AA25tzft

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/06/260612032030.htm

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-confirm-dark-energy-after-shock-challenge-rocked-cosmology/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-leap-scientists-reveal-the-shape-of-a-single-photon-for-the-first-time/

https://spaceeyenews.com/dark-energy-acceleration-confirmed/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

What does space-time mean?

“A bold challenge to the 'block universe' suggests our understanding of space-time—and reality itself—may be far less settled than it seems. Credit: AI/ScienceDaily.com” (ScienceDaily) 

Space-time refers to the combination of space and time. This means that matter and time. Are in interaction. Time is connected with matter. And matter connected with time. But then we must realize one thing: why space-time? Or spacetime, is so hard to determine. The reason for that is simple. We don’t know about the nature of time. We can say that the expansion of the universe is the thing. That puts energy into the move. When the universe expands. There is less energy left. And that means that energy flows away from matter. This means that sooner or later. 

All particles should turn. Into a wave movement. This means that time is at least energy. Or it's the energy and particle interaction. Schwinger effect. Or wave-particle duality means that. Energy. It can turn into a particle. And otherwise, a particle can turn into energy. This is one of the determinants for the time. But then we can see that time moves differently at different points in the universe. Gravitation slows time. And the reason for that is theoretically very simple. The gravitational center packs quantum fields more densely around it. That slows the matter evaporation. 

This is one version of the thing. That could determine time. Then we must realize that time should travel differently in particles of matter. When we think about time, we face one interesting detail. We should also ask how time moves in protons, neutrons, or quarks. The Tipler cylinder is the theoretical time machine. The idea of that thing. It is that a fast-spinning cylinder slows time inside it. The idea of the Tipler cylinder. It is possible to transfer. Into the particles. 

Fermionic particles themselves have spin 1/2. This means that the fermions wobble back and forth. In antimatter, spin is opposite. And the question is, what actually determines which is an antifermion and which is a fermion? Fermions are the elementary particles that form matter. The electron has a negative electric charge. And its mirror particle, the positron, has a positive electric charge. Also, quarks have their anti-quark pairs. 

Particles. They are not just particles. They are particles, and all particles are surrounded by halos. That halo is the quantum field. So all particles are in the spinning whirl. This whirl pushes the particle to spin forward. Then suddenly that field loses its touch. And then the particle returns to the position. There it was. A particle is a whisk-shaped structure. The superstring that forms the ball.  The quantum field or that whirl touches the particle. In the points of those superstrings. When that field pushes a particle forward, it injects energy into it. 

When the energy level of a particle turns higher than the energy level of its halo. The halo jumps away from that particle. And then the elementary particle turns back. Into its original position. The expansion of the universe causes a situation. That energy level around the particle-halo combination turns lower. And that means that energy travels away from that halo. When that halo transports its energy. Into its environment, that halo also expands. And that is one of the reasons. For why supermassive black holes are so large. At the beginning of the universe. Those black holes were normal-sized. But when quantum fields in the universe turned weaker. They expanded to an incredible size. 

So when particle and antiparticle pairs impact. That impact neutralizes their halos. And that means that particles release energy. That is stored in their superstrings. So, that reaction turns those particles into a wave movement in a reaction called annihilation. 

When a particle changes its direction, it releases a photon. That is because it must release kinetic energy. That is stored in it while it spins. Before a particle can change its direction, it must stop. And in that process, it must release its kinetic energy. When a particle releases its kinetic energy, it releases something from itself. It loses a little. A bit of its mass. An elementary particle is formed from energy. And that means that little bit of energy that formed the particle is gone. 

When it releases that photon. When we think about cases. That particle has a lower energy level than the surrounding ones. That means that the particle receives energy. And before the particle changes its spin direction. It will not send photons. When a particle slows its spin. It starts to release its kinetic energy as wave motion. And finally, that wave motion turns into photons. If a particle just receives energy. It turns invisible. This causes an idea. Whether the black hole is a particle or an object. 

That spin is more than 1 (>1). In that case, the particle pulls energy inside it. Until its energy level is higher than the energy level in its halo. If a particle or object focuses energy inside it. That energy behaves like a laser. This means that the energy forms the spike. Or the beam. That can travel out from that object. This means that this effect acts like a giant thermal pump. That transports energy out from objects like a black hole. So why? The black hole's gravitational field is so strong. The reason for that is that. The black hole is very close to the homogeneous particle. This means that the entropy inside it is very low. Also, in normal particles and objects, there are energy spikes in the particle’s spin axis. 

But the difference is that. Those particles are turning in different directions. And those energy spikes are random. But in the cases of neutron stars. Every single neutron is in the N/S position. This decreases entropy. That means that those “thermal pumps” travel through all neutrons. And in the middle of the neutron star. That beam transports energy out from the structure with the highest power. The neutron’s shells create structures. That takes energy into them. 

But what if those objects have no internal structures? In black holes, there is no internal structure. Energy travels straight into the spin axle. And there it forms the beam that transmits energy to the black hole’s core. This effect causes an extremely powerful energy transfer. To the center of the black hole. If a black hole cannot release its energy, its mass increases. That makes time travel backward in black holes. The black hole’s event horizons will expand. The expansion of the black hole’s event horizon is an interaction. The expansion of the universe causes. The quantum fields around the black holes turn weaker. That means that the black hole’s halos expand. And that is one of the reasons. For why those supermassive black holes are so large. 

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/06/260606075858.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_block_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipler_cylinder

Did time move more slowly just after the Big Bang?

The answer is one of the greatest paradoxes in history. The paradox is that. There was nothing there for us to compile this thing. Time moves fast or slow, only if we observe it from outside. This means that we can use the quantum model to explain that thing. If we are in the middle of the system, we cannot see it as an entirety. So if somebody asks,  how long was the second just after the Big Bang? The right answer is “second”. Time, or evaporation, was slower in the young universe. But in that case, we will compare it with the modern universe. But does that have any effect on the universe? Researching time is difficult from inside the universe. 

Reseachers found the most massive black holes in the universe. The hyper- or ultramassive black hole pair in the galaxy Abell 402-BCG. The mass of those bohemoths is about 60 billion suns. And they are on a trajectory that leads those black holes together. And that forms the unbelievable-size behemoth. The distance to that galaxy is 4,4 billion light-years. These kinds of objects are tools that can tell about the time. Those black holes pack matter and quantum fields around them. From such a large area that we can observe it. 

And then we must ask one question? Could there be time without dark matter or superstrings? The idea is that. The gravitational effect that we know as dark matter. It can make energy on the move. Dark matter is whirls in quantum fields. Without depending. Whether that thing has a particle form or not. That thing forms a situation where energy moves. And if we lose all energy, everything disappears. Outside energy is the thing. That pushes particles into their forms. 

The ultimate fate of the universe. It can form multiple smaller universes. 

So this causes an interesting idea. Of the ultimate fate of the universe. When the last black holes pull. The last matter and quantum fields inside it. This means that when that matter ends. Those black holes will explode. And maybe the universe starts to form again. This model is suitable for the form. That we know as “Big Silence”. 

This model is a hybrid between a “Big Crunch” and “Big Rip”. The Big Crunch means. The universe falls. Because of its own gravity. And Big Rip means that the expansion of the universe continues forever. In this third model, the black holes form the quantum dots into the entirety. And part of the universe condenses into those bohemoths. Then energy and matter end. And those black holes start to explode. If that is right, the universe forms the group of “baby universes”. 

Superstrings can play a big role in keeping energy in motion. 

There are two versions of the origin of the superstring. The cosmic tornado forms the matter. Theoretical model of the matter form. When those superstrings form the quarks. There are two models. One is that in the middle of a photon is a quantum-sized black hole. Or in another model, the photon focuses energy. Into the middle of it. 

When a photon spins around its horizontal axis. That forms a situation where the energy spark starts to spin. That forms the quantum tornado. This thing puts energy into motion. So what happens if those things don’t exist? The answer is that there is no energy movement. 

Or quantum-scale energy motion is far slower. That energy puts particles to shine. But if energy doesn’t move? That causes extremely fast energy escape from particles. There is a small paradox. That paradox is simple. If energy doesn’t move, it cannot escape from particles. So in that case. Everything just vanishes. Without energy, not even a photon can move. This is why gravity is very important. It puts energy into moving. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/did-time-move-slower-right-after-the-big-bang/

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/largest-pair-black-holes-collision

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Rip

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

Why does everything exist?

   

In the very beginning of time and space. The event. Called: the Big Bang formed interference that caused the formation of matter. The Big Bang was not a single event. It was like a bubble. That fell into one point. And then energy reflected from that point. The Big Bang was like an oscillating bubble. The existence of matter requires that there was wave movement or even a static field in the space before the Big Bang happened. 

The Schwinger effect explains that particles are formed from the electromagnetic field. Or maybe. Some superstrings formed the whirls in the standing fields. There is a possibility. That's all the other wave fields. Like standing gravity waves, they can roll themselves into particles. The wave movement that should have existed before the Big Bang formed resistance. And that resistance formed the wave, which formed bubbles or whirls behind it. Without that resistance, the superstrings, which can be like small quantum tornadoes. Those quantum tornadoes formed quantum dots. That started to collect energy and wave movement around them. 

Maybe the Big Bang formed in the case that something oscillated the superstrings that caused the wave movement that traveled across the universe. The interference in or outside those quantum tornadoes can cause a situation where those small quantum tornadoes or quantum-size wormholes touch each other. And if energy traveled in the opposite direction, it formed the quantum-size electric arc. 

If we follow the model that all types of wave movements can pack into the same point, the quantum-size wormholes can make the quantum-size electric arc. And when we try to mimic the conditions at the beginning of the Universe. We forget that the quark-gluon plasma. At the beginning. The universe. It formed in conditions where the resistance was minimal. There were no such interferences as in the modern universe. 

Standard model with graviton, the gravitational wave transmitter, or gravitational transporter particle. The existence of the graviton is still hypothetical. But there is a possibility that the graviton exists in all particles. The graviton would be a particle that formed other particles around its shell. This means that all particles. Those that have mass should include the graviton. 

So, if the existence of the Universe is. The Schwinger. Effect doesn’t mean that the effect is formed in the electromagnetic field. It’s possible. That there formed hypothetical gravitons in the static field. Then those gravitons started to collect wave movement on their shell. Then those gravitons. Started. To grow into particles that we know as the Standard Model. 

The philosophical question about existence is this: if a bell rings in the forest, does it ring? The main idea is that. Even if we don’t have contact with that bell, we might think that it can ring. But. Otherwise, if the clock hand is removed, that clock will not ring. But we know that there is a clock. Well, there might be a clock in the forest, because we might have seen it yesterday. But otherwise, some other person. Might take it into the pocket. This means we cannot be sure. If. There is a bell still in the forest. Yesterday there was a bell, but now we cannot be sure. The bell exists. And because information cannot vanish. The information about the bell remains.  

If. We try to remember information and quantum theories. The information about that bell exists. But does the bell exist in the form of the bell? We might conclude that the information doesn’t depend on the object’s or space’s physical existence. But if existence requires interaction, the black hole that pulls objects behind the event horizon will remove matter from the universe. Otherwise, the black hole cannot destroy matter or information that is connected to matter. It just removes. Matter's. Ability to interact with its environment. 

When we think about wave-particle duality and the Schwinger effect, where wave movement turns into particles, and particles turn into wave movement. The impacting wave fields can form. The wire-shaped. A fast-spinning “worm” that can explain why. Can't we see the hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) or axions? The axion is the worm or rope-shaped structure of the traveling quantum tornadoes. Those quantum tori can be the quantum-size wormholes. Who have wrapped themselves around each other. 

When we talk about everything, we talk about matter. Matter is the thing that makes the universe exist. Then we can consider the existence of matter and think that the wave-particle duality is what makes matter exist. And in this moment, we must realize that matter is a condensed form of wave movement. In the same way, whether matter or otherwise, particles can turn into the wave movement, and wave movement can turn into matter. 

This causes one of the most interesting and important questions in the world. That question is a thing. That we don’t see. Exist or not? Does interaction, or visible interaction, determine existence? This means that. We should see things. That. They exist. But being invisible doesn’t mean non-existence. 

The holographic principle means that everything is actually holographic. This means that every type of wave movement can form the hologram. And the gravitational hologram formed the universe. This means that matter is condensed wave movement. 

And particles are actually an extremely dense hologram. So we could theoretically create a so dense hologram. That. It turns into a physical object. We can transform wave movement into quarks. So that means. Maybe someday. That thing called the Schwinger effect. It can turn even larger objects into wave movement and teleport them to other places. 

In modern cosmology, all matter began its existence in the Big Bang. Many times, people ask, what was the energy level of the Big Bang? We should rather ask, what was the relation between the Big Bang and its environment? 

The Big Bang was a series of events that caused interference. That formed whirls. And then those whirls in the energy field formed particles. This type of explanation doesn’t include the expansion of the Universe. This means that in the past it was probably. Particles and particle groups that don’t exist anymore. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/reality-objective-exist/

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/something-instead-of-nothing/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_principle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinger_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Time, gravity, and photons.

"A representation of the evolution of the universe over 13.77 billion years. The far left depicts the earliest moment we can now probe, when a period of "inflation" produced a burst of exponential growth in the universe. (Size is depicted by the vertical extent of the grid in this graphic.) For the next several billion years, the expansion of the universe gradually slowed down as the matter in the universe pulled on itself via gravity. More recently, the expansion has begun to speed up again as the repulsive effects of dark energy have come to dominate the expansion of the universe." (NASA, Universe Expansion Funnel)

When people say that time stops in photons, they mean that a photon delivers as much energy as it gets. So the photon itself has no time. But a photon's time is bound with the universe. This means that the age of photons is connected with the universe’s existence. 

The thing is that in the young universe, energy levels and scattering effects were stronger than in the modern universe or the universe where we live. The speed of light is a cosmic constant that depends on the environment. The speed of light is higher outside the atmosphere than in water or gas. 

The distance of particles and energy level, which means the power of the radiation, determines the speed of light. And the photon's speed is always the top. Because the speed of light always increases because of the weaker quantum fields and growing distance between particles, that means the photon's speed accelerates. And then we must understand that the other particles' speed compared to the photon’s speed is the same as in the past. When the entirety’s speed rises, the speed between objects seems the same. 

When we think about claiming that the universe expands faster than light, we can say yes and no. The fact is that the speed of light in the modern universe is higher than in the young universe. So there is a possibility that in the modern universe particles can travel faster than photons traveled in the young universe. But still, those other particles’ speed is lower than the photon's speed. The expansion of the universe causes light to travel faster. But because all other particles also travel faster than that, it is hard to see. 

"An illustration (not to scale) of a primordial black hole growing to supermassive size. (Image credit: Robert Lea (created with Canva))" (Space, Tiny ‘primordial’ black holes created in the Big Bang may have rapidly grown to supermassive sizes)

The other point is that. When a photon travels out from the universe, its speed should increase. But then the gravity of the entire universe pulls the photon back. It's hard to determine how fast a photon travels outside the universe. When a photon travels outside the universe, that means the universe pulls a photon into it with its entire mass. If the photon is in the universe, there is less mass behind it than outside the universe. 

In the same way, when we are at the edge of planet Uranus’s atmosphere, the gravity seems very strong. But when we drop to the surface of the stone shell or lithosphere of that planet, we face a situation where gravity is weaker than on Earth. The same way the universe can act when something is outside it. 

 When a black hole is behind a photon, that thing pulls the photon back to it. The massive gravitational effect also pulls the wave movement longer. This means that there is a possibility that the universe would be quite hard to see outside. But that is only speculation. 

The oversized black holes can form from tiny primordial black holes in the young universe. In the young universe, those black holes were closer to each other. And that caused a situation in which they collide more often than in the modern universe. 

When we think about enormous black holes in the young universe, we must realize that those black holes formed in conditions where the energy level was higher than in the modern universe. That means energy, or quantum fields, press against a black hole more powerfully than in the modern universe. That allowed the black holes to grow to an enormous size. Those black holes could form in a whirl in the powerful radiation. And when the universe expands, maybe those black holes' event horizons grow.

When the quantum fields turn weaker, that means the black hole starts to send radiation. That radiation can cause gravitational waves. The expansion of the universe can be one of the reasons why black holes sometimes separate from their material disks. And that causes the gravitational wave bursts. The expansion of the universe causes energy to move throughout the universe. And that thing is one of the things that causes the effect called time.

https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/news/over-massive-black-hole-young-universe

https://www.iflscience.com/are-those-eerie-oversized-black-holes-in-the-early-universe-the-result-of-direct-collapse-74341

https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/12314

https://www.space.com/astronomy/black-holes/tiny-primordial-black-holes-created-in-the-big-bang-may-have-rapidly-grown-to-supermassive-sizes

Time collapses at the quantum level.

When a particle releases information or energy it turns older. When a particle receives energy it turns younger. 

The time arrow (or arrow of time) means energy flows from one particle into another. When a transmitting particle sends energy it turns older. The receiving particle gets extra energy and that causes time dilation in that particle. Time arrows also exist for information. In some models, the Big Bang formed when two different ways traveling time arrows, the time arrow that travels forward and the time arrow that travels back in time impacted. 

The new theory says that time existed before the Big Bang and space is one of the forms of time, we face models where time is like a path or river. The three-dimensional means that there are two-time arrows. Those time arrows move to the future and to the past. When one arrow moves to the future it releases energy. That energy pushes particles around it back in time. Or it forms another time arrow that moves in the opposite direction. 

One and the most regular time arrow goes forward or to the future And the second time arrow will travel backward. The third dimension of time exists between those paths. We can think that we are in the river and the flow takes us with it. We see the bottom of the river. We see that we move over the bottom and because there is garbage in the river we cannot see the destiny. 

In the universe or quantum systems, there is also garbage and hummus. They are particles and reflection between particles is the reason why we cannot see the end of that road. We would see the end of the river “easily” if we just put our heads above the surface. But that requires that we just raise our energy level to so high that we can go out from the 3D spacetime. 

"Illustration of the dual arrows of time in open quantum systems. Image generated by AI." (Sustainability Times, “Time Breaks Down at Quantum Scale”: New Scientific Discovery Shocks Physicists and Redefines the Laws of the Universe)

The light cones or time cones can introduce situations where time arrows impact. If two time arrows impact that can cause some kind of explosion. And can the impacting time arrows or information that they involved cause things like the Big Bang? If we look at the time, or light cone we can think that we live at the hypersurface of the present. That could be the third dimension of time that formed when two time arrows or time cones imacted. 

The reason why I always compare time to the river is this: Time itself is the thing that always moves. If we try to swim against that river we need more energy to win that flow. This is the reason why we cannot make time machines as easily as we think. 

We cannot affect time itself. But we can affect how time behaves near us. Time is like a river. Near the bottom and sides, the time moves slower. When the energy level of a particle decreases, the energy flow’s speed away from it decreases. 

That means when the energy in the particle closes to energy minimum its flow slows because the energy level’s difference between the particle and its environment determines how fast energy travels out from the particle. If that difference is high energy flows out from the particle faster than if the difference between energy levels of the particle and environment is low.  

So, when the particle releases its energy fast, that thing means that it creates a fast time arrow that pushes other particles or time arrows back. The idea is that when a particle releases its energy, some other particle receives it. That causes time dilation in those particles. 

In closed quantum systems like in black holes. The particle has no space to avoid the time arrow. A long time researchers thought that the time arrow could move back in time.  Only in closed systems, because in open systems time arrow or energy flow pushes particles away from it's route. The energy flow can cause time dilation only if it is stored in a particle.  And the particle must not release that energy somewhere. 

The first time British researchers confirmed two ways of two-dimensional time arrows in open quantum systems. "This revelation challenges the notion of irreversible processes and suggests a more complex relationship between time and entropy" (Sustainability Times, “Time Breaks Down at Quantum Scale”: New Scientific Discovery Shocks Physicists and Redefines the Laws of the Universe). 

That thing might not bring time machines into our hands. But it helps to understand the nature of time. The opposite time arrows are thought to exist only in a closed quantum system. Time is the dominating element in the universe. 

However, if a traditional time model has two dimensions, back and forward, we face one question: what if we stand between the time arrows? Does that thing make us or the object to stretch and start existence in the past and the future at the same time? Those things are interesting philosophical ideas. 

https://www.sustainability-times.com/research/time-breaks-down-at-quantum-scale-new-scientific-discovery-shocks-physicists-and-redefines-the-laws-of-the-universe/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

What was first: energy or the Big Bang?

The problem with cosmology is the universe’s size. When we think that gravity stretches light that means that massive objects seem to be at longer distances than they really are. The virtual redshift means that massive objects stretch light waves. And that means we see light as more red because of that effect than it really is. So because gravity stretches light all objects seem to be more red than they are.  When we look at objects from different angles the gravity and curvature of light make images distorted. Black holes pull light waves almost straight. And it's possible. The massive gravity pulls electromagnetic radiation longer so much that the visible light or IR radiation turns straight into radio waves. 

Did photons or energy exist before the Big Bang? The answer is that energy cannot come from anywhere. So there should be some kind of wave movement that focuses on the event where material and energy formed in the form as we know them. When we think of the Big Bang as a series of events that turned material and energy into form as we know them, we must realize that even if the Big Bang was only one single event there could be material that is impossible in our universe. In the just born universe energy level was higher. 

And maybe the higher energy quarks like bottom and top quarks could form short-term material like “hydrogen”. Their top quark and bottom quarks form the “proton” and the muon orbits that structure. Those things are impossible in the modern universe. And those structures vanished just after the Big Bang. Just after the Big Bang formed matter and antimatter. Then those particles and their mirror particles formed giant annihilation. So maybe the asymmetry in the wave-particle duality happened when some event like a primordial black hole pushed a little bit of material away from the antimatter. That great annihilation can form black holes because their energy level is so high. 

There are models of the Big Bang as a series of events, and some astronomers searched the place where that event happened. But there is no visible evidence of that place’s existence. There are theories that maybe some material formed a black hole just after the Big Bang. And that black hole could form the center of the universe. The idea is taken from the nuclear bomb explosions. When the Big Bang happened it pushed material into a ring-shaped structure. 

There formed a massive quantum vacuum or cosmic void in the middle of that ring. Then part of the material could fall back to the point where the Big Bang happened. When we think about models there the Big Bang was a series of events. We can imagine a situation where in the space before the Big Bang two strings or superstrings impacted. That impact formed the ring-shaped string called a photon. That photon started to form a quantum vacuum in it. Then that thing caused an effect where the quantum fields started to focus around that point. Then that energy broke out from that point. 

There are also models where the giant “photon” surrounds our universe whose geometrical shape can be like some kind of flat disk. The normal model says that the photons were formed seconds after the Big Bang. So could photons exist before the Big Bang? That could require the existence of the multiverse. The thing is that if those “photons” existed before the Big Bang I must say that they might have very little thing to do with the modern photons. And maybe the Big Bang began when those things formed. 

In String and Brane-theories the thing that began the Big Bang was the hole that formed in the wave movement before the Big Bang. That hole caused the upper Brane or dimension to fall through the energy bottom and smash with that wave movement. That pushed energy into that point forming the particles and energy. So, particles are droplets from the energy impact that happened a long time ago. 

The expansion of the universe supports superstring theory where the universe exists in the giant superstring. That expansion happens because the universe and material release energy into supersting.  In the newest theory time is the only real thing in the universe. And that means everything happens in and because of time. 

https://www.livescience.com/space/cosmology/did-light-exist-at-the-beginning-of-the-universe

Could the universe expand faster-than-light during cosmic inflation?

In the cosmic inflation model is the statement that the gravity turned opposite in the Big Bang. That means the energy level in the very early universe was raised higher than its environment. The energy minimum was far higher than in the modern universe. And entropy was lower. It’s possible to eliminate the gravity wave that is the energy ditch by decreasing the energy level lower than the bottom of the gravity wave. Or lower than the energy minimum in the universe. Only time in history that this thing happened was the birth of the universe. 

When the universe turned cooler and the material formed there formed multiple gravity centers that formed the gravity turbulence. Before the first particles formed gravity waves traveled in straight lines. The growing entropy made space between those gravity waves. And turned them into curves. If straight horizontal gravity waves are possible that makes energy valley there particles can travel. That kind of gravity wave can pump energy to a particle that travels in it. 

The key element in cosmic inflation is somewhere in the history of the early universe: it expanded faster than light. And how that is possible. When material erupted from the Big Bang there was nothing that could slow that event. There is a possibility that the entire universe’s energy level including gravity waves were above the energy level around that event. So if the entire universe was at a higher energy level that means there was only a pushing effect that pushed material away. Because there was no scattering or other things and energy traveled in straight lines there were situations where nothing pulled energy out from that radiation. 

And then that thing made it possible for particles to cross the speed of light. Otr they crossed the speed of light in the modern universe. As we know, the speed of light is relative. It depends on the medium, where it travels. Without scattering there was no effect that pulled energy out from the first photons. So can the universe still expand faster than the speed of light. The fact is that if there is nothing outside the universe that means there is nothing that can limit the photon’s speed. Except only known photons come from our universe. 

And that means the gravity effect behind those photons slows them. But there is a theoretical situation where gravity can turn opposite. That situation is that the environment’s energy level turns lower than the energy level at the bottom of the gravity wave. This effect eliminates gravity. So, that means that in the very young universe gravity turned opposite. The reason for that is that the universe’s entire energy level was higher than its environment. And that is the only known theoretical situation. 

If we think possibility that the universe expansion causes gravity wave ahead the universe, that requires quantum field outside the universe. That means the energy ditch surrounds the material bubble that we call the universe. If the energy ditch is deeper at the front of the structure it pulls that structure forward. If there is an energy ditch only at the front of the structure, the force of the energy ditch at the back of the particle will not disturb its acceleration. When a particle or any other structure moves it binds energy into itself. That thing causes an energy ditch at the front of the particle. The energy ditch will fill sooner or later. And that causes that particle to slow. Differences between energy levels behind and forward of the particle determines its speed or acceleration. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_inflation

Could photons support string theory?

"The gravity quantum field is calculated in flat spacetime. The curved classical metric is calculated using the expectation value of the gravity quantum field. Image: Mikko Partanen and Jukka Tulkki / Aalto University." (Aalto, New theory of gravity brings long-sought Theory of Everything a crucial step closer) 

The photon is a donut-shaped strange particle. That particle has no mass. That makes photons interesting. There is a model that photons are the shine that surrounds small gravity potholes. In the gravity model the gravity hovers in the gravity pothole. The gravity center binds energy inside it. That creates the pothole. So if there is an invisible particle above (or front) of a photon that particle binds energy inside it. 

When outcoming energy hits that particle's quantum field that forms the ring, or donut-shaped energy field that could be a photon. So can the mysterious, hypothetical graviton particle that transports gravity be the thing that we can find when we research photons? 

In string theory. All superstrings that can form material are wormholes. The wormhole is a tight energy tube that closes energy inside it. And then that string, or an energy tube. Offers a shortcut to the future. The tight structure of the wormhole prevents the energy travel out from the particle. That means that there is no time in a wormhole. The wormhole is an energy tornado that closes information inside it. 

When energy travels in the wormhole it makes its edge shine. That shine forms when energy interacts with that tube. The interaction is similar to the case in which high-speed airflow travels into the tube. That thing puts the tube's edge anneal. The same way the hypothetical superstring's edge will anneal. 

"A new theory, that explains how light and matter interact at the quantum level has enabled researchers to define for the first time the precise shape of a single photon. Credit: Dr. Benjamin Yuen" (ScitechDaily, Quantum Leap: Scientists Reveal the Shape of a Single Photon for the First Time)

That causes questions about the photon. Could photons be the edge of those microscopic wormholes? In string theory, the superstrings form reality. When those strings turn into tight rolls they form the wormholes. And in Stephen Hawking's model, the universe is full of tiny wormholes that are smaller than quarks. 

The quantum tornado's energy level is so high that particles and energy cannot escape from that tunnel. When radiation or wave movement travels through the wormhole. They form the cosmic thermal pump that pulls energy into that structure. 

When we closely look at the string models we can see one. A very impressive thing. In string models. Strings that form material can turn into a roll. Those rolls can be billions of lightyears long. And that makes them transport energy from the past to the future. The string must be long enough that the energy that travels through it can keep it open. That causes one very interesting idea. 

Can the photon be the edge of the string that anneals when energy travels through it? That explains the photon's strange behavior. How can that particle exist without mass? Could the photon be the edge of the wormhole? If that is true that explains why photons lack mass. 

Or maybe the photon is the edge of the gravitational pothole. That surrounds every particle in the universe. When we look at the gravitational models the particle with mass hovers above the gravity pothole. That is below and around it. In that model, there is an invisible particle above the photon. That particle makes the gravity pothole and the photon is the shine around it. So can we find a graviton in the middle of the photon, as I wrote at the beginning of the text? 

https://www.aalto.fi/en/news/new-theory-of-gravity-brings-long-sought-theory-of-everything-a-crucial-step-closer

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-leap-scientists-reveal-the-shape-of-a-single-photon-for-the-first-time/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

String theory and material.

"Six-dimensional shapes called Calabi-Yau manifolds (3D slices of which are shown here) come in increasingly complicated varieties. In string theory, a microscopic manifold lies at every point in our 4D universe and determines the laws of physics we experience." (QuantaMagazine)

Think about the ring that stands and spins around its axle. That object seems like a ball. In string theory, all material is formed of strings. Think about the ring that stands and spins around its axle. That object seems like a ball. In string theory, all material is formed of strings. Those strings can stretch if they get energy from outside. They can turn into spirals and turn around each other. They can also wrap around themselves and each other. Those strings can form tunnels where energy moves from one place to another. 

In this model, the material is the string that looks like a ring spins around its standing axle. That standing axle is another string. The quantum-low pressure locks the ring around that axle. The axle is colder than the ring and that connects the ring-shaped string into it. In the same way standing, and spinning strings look like the ball, because it spins so fast. That means the 3D structure in the material is only virtual. The thing that keeps this structure stable is the tornado-shaped energy field that conducts energy out from the particle in the middle of it. 

So, that thin energy field forms the axle that connects the ring-shaped energy field into it. The idea is that the tornado must not go through that ring. An energy tornado is like a screw that transports energy out of the structure. The ring-shaped energy field stays standing because there is a small weak point in the electromagnetic field around that quantum tornado. 

If that effect happens between molecules we can say that there is an electromagnetic low pressure. That pulls the ring-shaped energy field against that energy tornado. The energy tornado pulls energy out from the ring. That turns smaller. When that ring turns smaller the outcoming energy, or quantum field tries to fill that place. In that case, the ring-shaped energy field sings like some spring.  If the material is the standing ring that spins around the metal stick that explains also dark energy and dark matter. 

That means the particle wobbles back and forth. Because the ring-shaped energy field is not straight it wobbles. The effect is similar as we would put the ring to spin in a position that it will not be standing straight. There is the possibility that the particle, or energy ring spins half-lying position. That means the dark matter can be the string that's half-laying. The dark energy can be the radiation that comes from the point where the energy tornado hits the energy field. That causes quantum friction which sends wave movement from that point in elementary particles. 

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In the string model material is like a ring-shaped string that spins around the vertical axle. That axle is the quantum tornado that transports energy out from the middle of the structure. Because that ring-shaped energy field spins so fast it seems like a ball. And that means the particle's 3D structure is virtual. 

In the same way, we see a spinning ring that stands and spins around its vertical axle as a ball. We see the material as a ball. The thing is that if that energy tornado cannot transport energy out from the structure. The energy will break the ring. So, a stable black hole can form only in the case, where the energy can travel out from it. 

Or strings can bind energy into the spinning movement. The thing that destroys black holes and other material is the free energy, not energy, that is connected into its structure. The problem is that the structure’s energy level cannot rise endlessly. When the structure’s energy level turns higher than its environment it starts to send energy, or anneal. Energy cannot stay in place. It always moves to a lower energy level.

If we think that superstrings bind energy, their energy level rises. And then some of those strings get lower energy levels. That makes energy move between these strings. That causes giant energy turbulence that rips the structure open. When those energy strings send energy they form empty space. That increases entropy in the system. And then sooner or later, some of the superstrings cut or form a hole in the black hole structure. That releases energy against outer strings at a very high speed. That energy wave breaks those strings. 

*********'

String theory also explains the existence of the universe like this. Before the Big Bang event. There formed a ring-shaped energy field that started to pack energy inside it. Because that ring- or wheel-shaped string started to spin around its vertical axle and its energy level was higher than the field inside it, that field started to pack energy into one point. The wheel or ring can pack energy until its energy level turns lower than the field inside it. 

That happens when the string's size turns larger and it cannot harness energy from outside. If a string pulls energy from inside it that causes a low energy area near it. The idea is that the field inside that string is actually, many internal strings. And then some of the strings inside that giant ring-shaped steering string cut. 

That causes energy flow against that string. The effect of energy depends on the area and the speed of the energy effect. The small-diameter bullet penetrates the target better than large diameter bullet if the energy that it sends is the same because its impact area is smaller. And that a small bullet transports more energy at its impact point than a large bullet. 

The nuclear bomb and nuclear power plant involve as much energy. The thing that makes the nuclear bomb more devastating is simple. The nuclear bomb releases its energy in a nanosecond. The nuclear plant uses months or years to release that energy. 

The problem is that the string itself cannot turn larger and keep its energy level stable. 

Because the law of conservation of mass and energy means that the string cannot form energy from emptiness. Mass can change into energy and energy can turn into mass. When it expands there is less energy for its area. When the string's energy level decreases, energy from inside breaks out. 

So, where does that energy ring come from? The natural explanation could be the Phoenix Universe or some other universe. The energy stick that travels through the quantum field can make ring-shaped energy fields like when we throw a stick into water. 

When we use things called earthing we conduct electricity to ground. The thing that turns electricity harmless is it travels into such a large object that its level turns low. The electricity itself doesn't go anywhere. It just travels to such a large object that its level turns so low, that we cannot feel it. So the same energy level or energy mass, if we compare the energy with water can turn devastating, if it's in a small object there it is released very fast. In small-area objects, the fall-altitude of energy is higher than in large-area objects. 

Theoretically it is possible that we can carry electricity in the large plates and then focus that energy on the small plate. The problem is that the energy level in a small object is higher. So we must make a system that pulls energy into the smaller plate from the back of that plate. Another thing is that the energy can travel from a larger area to a smaller area only if the larger area has a higher energy level than the small particle. 

The answer to that question can be a large energy pump that pulls energy out from the back of the smaller particle. The energy flow that comes from the front loads energy to that particle that is between the energy pump and the energy source. This energy makes the star's anneal brighter near black holes. 

https://cerncourier.com/a/testing-times-for-strings/

https://www.quantamagazine.org/ai-starts-to-sift-through-string-theorys-near-endless-possibilities-20240423/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

The Big Bang was not probably as we believed.

"A new cosmological model proposes that the universe grows not from a single Big Bang, but from multiple, rapid bursts of energy called temporal singularities. These unseen events may explain galaxy formation and cosmic acceleration—without relying on dark matter or dark energy. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, No Big Bang? A Theory of Repeating Bursts Could Explain Everything)

In the new model, the Big Bang did not exist. Or its form was different. From we believed. It's possible that the Big Bang was a series of events that made the wave-particle duality from particles straight from the radiation. 

The new model of the universe's beginning is not as radical as it can be. The model is that the Big Bang was a series of events, not a single "bang". The idea of the Big Bang is that. There was an event where energy turned into material and those particles reached certain energy levels. 

There is the possibility that before modern material formed there formed some particle-antiparticle pairs that are very exotic in the modern universe. Those particles and their antiparticle pairs could be very common in the young, high-energy universe. 

There is a possibility that the very first gravitational centers, "Kugelblitz black holes". Those things formed when there formed whirls in the Higgs field. Those very first primordial black holes could explain the crossing waves that form the 

The energy or wave movement transformed into particles in the very high energy event that we call the "Big Bang". The only problem with the Big Bang model is that this thing. Wave-particle duality requires that wave movement impacts with opposite or crossing wave movement. 

When wave movement turns into particles. That requires crossing wave movement. There must be some source that sends those crossing waves. 

The wave-particle duality means that energy or wave movement can transform into a particle, or the particle can transform into energy. Those whirls can create crossing-wave movement. 

One of the possible models is that the Big Bang was a series of bursts that formed particles. There is a model. The Big Bang had multiple cores. The points where energy was released into the spacetime. When those energy waves crossed they formed particles that don't exist anymore. The young universe had a higher energy level than the modern universe. The energy flow from particles was slower than in the modern universe. 

That means there can be particles and atoms that cannot exist in the modern universe. The particle's ability to create compounds depends on the energy flow. That comes out from the particle. If that energy flow is too fast it pushes those particles away from each other. 

 https://scitechdaily.com/no-big-bang-a-theory-of-repeating-bursts-could-explain-everything/

The universe's dark second origin is unveiled.

"Dark matter may have sprung from its own “Dark Big Bang,” separate from the traditional Big Bang, with potential proof coming from future experiments detecting gravitational waves. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/CI Lab, edited" (ScitechDaily, The Dark Big Bang: Unveiling the Universe’s Hidden Second Origin)

It's possible. That dark matter is the shadows in the Higgs field. But we cannot be sure about that. 

The evidence that the universe did not begin from one event is stronger. That means that the Big Bang was a series of events that included many forms and energy levels before the material and energy formed. The dark Big Bang is the model that there were material before the universe. The dark Big Bang means that the dark matter is released in its own event. And that is one of the most interesting theories in the world. If the dark matter formed in a different, unique event that means it would be hard to see that material even if it's similar to visible material. 

The reason for that is that the dark matter particles or their elementary particle size will be different from than visible material. That means the wavelength that the dark matter particles send would be different than the wavelengths that we see. The different origin of the dark matter is one of the ways how to close that mysterious interaction. The young universe was different than the modern universe. The temperature of that universe was higher. And differences between energy levels were lower than in the modern universe. 

That means the energy flow from higher energy levels was slower and that means in the very young universe other fermions than just up and down quarks and electrons could form "stable" particles. The thing is that the muons and top and bottom quarks should have the ability to form "similar" particles as up and down quarks and electrons. The fast energy flow destroys those structures in the modern universe. But in a very high-energy environment that kind of hypothetical material could be possible. But that cannot happen in the modern universe because of the short existence of those particles. That material requires higher energy and more stable conditions. 

The sombrero model tells how gravity destroys the material. A standing gravity wave surrounds all particles. That gravity wave is the low energy area around particles or other gravity centers. If the differences between the particle's energy level and the bottom of the energy ditch around the particle are high enough, energy travels out from from particle so fast that it destroys it. 

When we think of models that gravity destroys the universe or all matter from inside it, we can think that the gravity ditch or gravity wave surrounds all particles. The gravity wave or lower energy area that forms the ditch around particles is the thing, that causes energy flow in it. The energy travels from outside and another energy wave comes from the particle inside that "sombrero". 

If the standing gravity wave or pothole is too deep particle vanishes into it. If we make a model where energy travels to that particle from above, that thing can cause reflection that covers the gravitation or energy pothole. Just like water that creates a roof-like form when we aim water dush to peg straight from above. The problem is that if the gravitational pothole is deep enough that causes a situation where energy travels out from the particle very fast. 

That thing rips their structure immediately. So can gravitation be the negative energy?  The idea is that. Negative energy is the energy that travels away from a particle. And the energy that travels into particles is positive energy. The determinator is in the energy flow direction. If the gravity wave is a lower energy point in the base energy field in the universe that means gravity itself or the energy flow that gravity causes is the negative energy. 

Cosmic inflation

"From a region of space as small as can be imagined (all the way down to the Planck scale), cosmological inflation causes space to expand exponentially: relentlessly doubling and doubling again with each tiny fraction-of-a-second that elapses. Although this empties the Universe and stretches it flat, it also contains quantum fluctuations superimposed atop it: fluctuations that will later provide the seeds for cosmic structure within our own Universe. What happened before the final ~10^-32 seconds of inflation, including the question of whether inflation arose from a singular state before it, not only isn't known, but may be fundamentally unknowable." (BigThink, Ask Ethan: What’s the deal with cosmic inflation and the Big Bang?)

The universe requires cosmic inflation. Cosmic inflation releases energy. That was once bound to material and black holes. So, we can say that cosmic inflation keeps the energy moving. 

The key element of modern cosmology is that the Big Bang released all energy and material into its entirety. We call that entirety "the universe". All particles bound energy from space. Or they roll wave movement to the ball-shaped structure. The free energy is the thing that makes reactions in the universe possible. When energy takes particle form it is bound to the structure. 

The interaction between the particle and its environment determines the length of the particle's existence. If the particle's energy level is very high. Energy travels fast to its environment. And that destroys the particle. 

The idea of cosmic inflation is simple. If the space expands. But if there are no more particles or energy from outside the space expands if we compare it with material and energy. So there is more space in comparison to particles. 

When the universe expands its energy level turns lower. That means the energy always travels out from the material. Or, particles release energy that they bound a long time ago in their structure. 

The expansion of the universe causes the amount of matter and energy relative to space to decrease. The universe is like a balloon in a vacuum. When energy and material travel out from the Universe that makes it lighter. 

"As a balloon inflates, any coins glued to its surface will appear to recede away from one another, with “more distant” coins receding more rapidly than the less distant ones. Any light will redshift, as its wavelength ‘stretches’ to longer values as the balloon’s fabric expands. This visualization solidly explains cosmological redshift within the context of the expanding Universe. If the Universe is expanding today, that implies a past where it was smaller, hotter, denser, and more uniform: leading to the picture of the hot Big Bang." (BigThink, Ask Ethan: What’s the deal with cosmic inflation and the Big Bang?)

"There is a large suite of scientific evidence that supports the expanding Universe and the Big Bang. At every moment throughout our cosmic history for the first several billion years, the expansion rate and the total energy density balanced precisely, enabling our Universe to persist and form complex structures. Today, dark energy dominates the Universe, while early on, prior to the onset of the hot Big Bang, a phase of cosmological inflation occurred, preceding it and setting it up." (BigThink, Ask Ethan: What’s the deal with cosmic inflation and the Big Bang?)

The universe loses its energy and material into the space around it. Material is one form of energy. Particles are packed wave movement that we call energy. Sometimes that is called outer border inflation. There is also one other inflation. When black holes pull energy inside them, that means energy that travels to black holes is out from the universe and its interactions. So the black holes cause an effect that we can call inner inflation. 

When things like atoms form in big stars. That means the star creates a fusion that combines light atoms into a new element. When elementary particles form in the young universe they bound energy into their structures. When the Schwinger effect or wave-particle duality forms elementary particles it rolls wave movement into the ball-shaped structures. That wave movement or energy was away from the energy interaction. There was limited energy in the universe. Because all energy existed in the universe, that meant that there couldn't be an unlimited number of elementary particles. 

If energy or or wave movement would be like water we might simply say that there is a smaller energy mass and smaller number of particles in the modern universe than in the young universe. Some of those particles flew away from the universe and turned back into wave movement. Some of them are in black holes. 

They release black when those black holes vaporize. Black holes take energy and material in them. And that means there is a lower number of particles and a lower free energy level in the universe. Cosmic inflation causes a thing that we can call quantum vaporization. 

Because the energy level in the universe decreases all the time energy travels out from material or particles all the time. This thing means that cosmic inflation causes material vaporization where it turns back. To energy or wave movement. Black holes are also vaporizing. The black hole sends energy waves all the time into the universe. 

When the universe expands black holes are losing energy. The expansion causes the material disk around the black hole to jump outside. That means there can form a small energy vacuum between a black hole and its material disk. That effect rips energy out from the layer that is at the front of the event horizon. 

The material disk around the black hole is the thing that pumps energy into the black hole. If a black hole travels to the cosmic vacuum energy starts to travel out from it. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/ask-ethan-cosmic-inflation-big-bang/

The Universe did not begin from "nothing".

  The Universe did not begin from "nothing". 

The reason why, the Big Bang is so hard to understand is that: there should be material or some kind of quantum field before that event. So if the Schwinger effect formed material that requires that there were quantum fields or quantum foam before the event called the Big Bang. The fact is that the Big Bang was a series of events that formed all the material and energy that we know. And the material is one form of energy. 

The Big Bang never ended. We are living in the Big Bang that continues until time in the Universe ends and all material transformed into wave movement. The Universe is the Big Bang's remnant.  It's temperature decreases all the time. 

The modern universe is the fading remnant of that energy eruption that was the beginning of known material and energy.  Because the energy level in the universe decreases. As the size of the Universe increases we can say that the change is only a stable thing in that system of all confirmed material and energy. 

Material is one form of energy. And particles are thicker points in quantum fields. Swinger effect where two crossing energy fields turn into quarks requires that there is some kind of quantum field. The Big Bang can form material only if it sends some kind of shockwave into the quantum field around it. That shockwave turns the quantum field into particles. 

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The cosmic inflation

The history of the universe involves a stage that we call inflation. Term cosmic inflation means that the ratio of matter and energy to the volume of the universe is decreasing. In the young universe, material was more homogenous than in the modern universe. Gluons were the first particles that formed. The first plasma was gluon plasma, and then whirls of that gluon plasma formed quarks. 

The next step from gluon plasma is the quark-gluon plasma. If gluons send energy into space, that energy impacts only another gluon. The repelling effect of that radiation is more powerful than in a heterogenous universe that is full of different-sized particles. 

The inflation continues. The reason for that is that the universe expands. The expansion decreases the density of material and radiation. So maybe we should say that there are two stages of cosmic inflation. The hot and very fast inflation. And cold and slower inflation.  

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The Big Bang was not a "bang" that happened in total emptiness. There is no "nothing" or "empty" in the quantum world. And that means the Big Bang was the interaction between two quantum fields. There were some kind of quantum fields or quantum foam before the Big Bang. In all possible interaction models. 

The reason for that is that the Schwinger effect where the energy field will turn to material requires two crossing quantum fields. The impact of those quantum fields forms whirls that are turning to material.  Schwinger effect form always particle-antiparticle pair. And if the Schwinger effect formed the Universe. 

It means there should be at least the hypothetical "anti-universe" or antimatter universe. Time travels forward in the antimatter universe, but the particles are their mirror versions. In a hypothetical antiuniverse, electrons have a positive electric load, protons have negative electricity, and neutrons spin oppositely. 

There is the possibility that the Schwinger effect formed material from the quantum foam in the phenomenon that looks like the vacuum bomb. First, some effect formed shockwave or electromagnetic vacuum or void in the quantum foam. Then that vacuum fell. Or outside quantum field pressed it together, and quantum foam impacted in the middle of that bubble. Impacting quantum fields just reflect from the center of the bubble. 

And the pressure wave travels back and forth. During that movement, it collected energy into it. Sooner or later that extremely powerful radiation formed the bubble that continues its expansion. When the energy level turned low enough those chaotic energy fields formed first gluons. 

https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/deep-space/a44938366/was-our-universe-created-by-black-hole/

The gravitational waves can bring us back to the point where everything began.

    

Gravitational waves are a new tool for researching the universe astronomers observe the most distant objects. To find things that happened a long time ago. 

Gravitational waves can tell about things that happen behind a black hole's event horizons, but they can also use to detect black holes.  If a black hole's transition disk is weak. 

Or if its distance is very long. It's possible that X- and Gamma ray radiation. That comes from the black hole disappearing in X- and Gamma-ray background. 

Galaxy GN-z11 is the most distant galaxy that we ever saw in history. The distance to that galaxy is 38 billion light years. So we see what happened in that galaxy 38 billion years ago. 

The reason why researchers are observing extremely distant galaxies is that particles that are traveling across the universe are taking plague to their core. That plague involves information about the universe that the particle touched. 

Another reason that those distant galaxies can uncover is the place. Where the Big Bang happened. There is a possibility that at that point is the black hole that stored the information about the Big Bang.  If that hypothetical supermassive black hole in the center of the universe is real. This thing would be the biggest event in the history of cosmology, 

But even the most distant galaxies will not help us to see the event called the Big Bang. The reason for that is simple. Those galaxies formed after the Big Bang. 

But can we find the Big Bang? Or can we get information about that event? There is one little possibility to see the photons or something. That are remnants of the Big Bang. 

The theory of the Big Bang goes like this. All visible material and energy in the universe are released in this event. 

Theoretically, it is possible. That part of that material and energy formed a black hole. If researchers can find the first black hole. There could be stored photons that involve information about the Big Bang. 

The idea of this hypothesis is that the black hole can trap some photons at the point of the event horizon. The time is not moving at that point. So black holes can store information from the Big Bang. But there is one requirement. The black hole must be formed during the Big Bang. Otherwise, it cannot trap the right photons. 

When we think about the first photons or information that Big Bang released we cannot see that information because that information travels away from us. The problem with photons is that we cannot see them from backward. We can see photon that travels to us.

But we cannot see photons. That travels in the opposite direction to us. Or we cannot see photon that travels ahead of us. There is a possibility that we can see the photons that are stored in the event horizon of the black hole. The gravitational waves of extremely old black holes can tell many things about the chaotic young universe. 

When the universe was very young and hot it was a chaotic mixture of photons, electrons, and other elementary particles. Then there was formed the central. That central could be a black hole that formed. The first whirl in the chaotic universe in which the temperature was extremely high. The whirl created the sub-whirls in the chaotic quantum-gluon plasma. And maybe those whirls formed material. 

https://scitechdaily.com/revealing-the-start-of-time-itself-ripples-in-the-fabric-of-the-universe-may-peer-back-to-the-beginning-of-everything-we-know/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GN-z11

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/