The first moon outside our solar system may be found.

“This illustration shows the CD-35 2722 system. A star about half the Sun’s mass is orbited by a brown dwarf. 37 times more massive than Jupiter. The brown dwarf is itself orbited by a newly discovered Jupiter-mass object that behaves like a moon but is massive enough to be considered a planet. Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser.” (SitechDaily, Astronomers May Have Found the First Moon Beyond Our Solar System)

CD-35 2722 is a binary star system. A  solar system. Containing. A red dwarf and a brown dwarf. The red dwarf's mass is about half the Sun’s mass. Its companion star has a mass about 37 Jupiter masses. The companion star might have a massive companion. The Jupiter-mass object seems to orbit that massive brown dwarf. This could be the first time. When. Reseachers find a moon in another solar system. Finding exomoons is not as easy as people might believe. There are two ways to find those objects. One is the double dimming of the planet that travels between Earth and a distant star. The other thing is the exoplanet’s wobbling movement. There are many problems with those methods. A double-dim method fits. Only. For dim stars. The moon must really travel between the star and Earth. 

Another thing is that. The method doesn’t make a difference. Between ring systems and moons. A ring system can form the triple-dom effect. But in the case of bright stars. That method is not suitable. Another thing is that. If. The moon orbits an exoplanet that is very close to the red dwarf. That moon must orbit that planet in a polar trajectory. So the moon orbiter must be in the form. The trajectory keeps the moon at the same distance from the red dwarf. That means the trajectory must be a standing position relative to the star.  If. The moon’s trajectory takes it too close to the star. That causes the moon to fall onto the star. 

“Artist’s impression of the CD-35 2722 system. Credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers May Have Found the First Moon Beyond Our Solar System)

If. The planet is far from the star. The moon cannot cause that effect. And the only way to find it is to follow the planet’s trajectory. The moon's mass relative to the planet must be high enough.  That. It can affect the planet’s trajectory. A planet. That mass is more than ten times Jupiter's. It is so large. The moon must also be massive. 

That it changes the planet’s trajectory. If. We use our solar system as a model. There could be lots of moons in those distant solar systems. But most of those moons are so small that they cannot affect the exoplanet's trajectory. Most of them could be Ceres- and maybe Galilean moon-sized worlds. This means they cannot affect even a small exoplanet’s trajectory. Even Earth-mass moons. They cannot affect the super-Jupiter’s trajectory. The large exoplanets. And brown dwarfs; they can have systems. Their moons orbit each other, forming complicated mini-solar systems. 

There are models there. Exoplanets' massive moons could host life. The brown dwarf orbits a star in the habitable zone. It can host even intelligent life. The moon must not orbit a brown or red dwarf in the habitable zone. The red dwarf can orbit the G-2 star in the habitable zone. If. The planet’s trajectory stands to the sun. That keeps the temperature on that moon stable. 

The brown or red dwarf orbits a yellow star. It can, along with the center star. Form habitable conditions on the moon that is outside the habitable zone of the G star and that dwarf star. But are there such solar systems? Maybe, maybe not. Also, the greenhouse effect in a planet’s atmosphere can keep it habitable at longer distances from its central star. The brown dwarfs' tidal forces are massive. And they could lock its moons. 

Than the habitable zone is. But. There are many more variables than just the greenhouse effect. But the greenhouse effect can keep the planet’s surface temperature warm. Even. If their distance from their central star is longer. Than the habitable zone around them is. That means that. Also, Red and orange dwarf stars’ planets. Can spin. And they can be away from their mass eruptions. But as I wrote many times. Many variables make planets and their moons habitable or non-habitable. There are many solar systems. They are all different. Maybe. It's not possible. To make a common model for habitable worlds. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-may-have-found-the-first-moon-beyond-our-solar-system/

New exoplanet found near Beta Pictoris.

"Beta Pictoris is located about 60 light-years away toward the constellation of Pictor (the Painter’s Easel) and is one of the best-known examples of a star surrounded by a dusty debris disc. This image, based on data from the Digitized Sky Survey 2, shows a region of approximately 1.7 x 2.3 degrees around Beta Pictoris. Credit: ESO/Digitized Sky Survey 2" (Wikipedia, Giant Alien World Found Hiding in Plain Sight for 11 Years)

Beta Pictoris is the second-brightest star in the constellation Pictor, 63 ly from Earth. This young A-spectral-class star has three known exoplanets. Beta Pictoris b and c are large worlds. Both of those worlds have masses about 10 times Jupiter's. The exact masses of those gas giants are seen in the table. 

Beta Pictoris d is farther. Its mass is about 2,5 times Jupiter's. This means this solar system seems to be upside down. Heavier planets are closer to Beta Pictoris. c is the closest. But the second one, Beta Pictoris b, is in the middle. And the last and lightest, Beta Pictoris d, is farthest. 

Those exoplanets' orbital periods are: Beta Pictoris c: about 3,29 years. Beta Pictoris b: about 23,77 years. And Beta Pictoris d: about 91 or more years.

"These images trace Beta Pictoris d over more than a decade, from its discovery with ESO’s VLT to earlier detections in archival VLT and JWST data. The arrow marks the faint planet, while the brighter Beta Pictoris b appears in the upper images; the diagonal band is the system’s edge-on debris disc. Credit: ESO/B. Sutlieff, M. Bonse et al." (Wikipedia, Giant Alien World Found Hiding in Plain Sight for 11 Years)

That means that those three massive planets are forming in a planetary system. There is lots of matter. Those large and heavy exoplanets may have very large moons. There is a material ring around Beta Pictoris. That means. Those three planets. They might not only.

Larger objects orbiting that star. The moon is an object that orbits a planet. This means those giant exoplanets. They can have large Earth-size moons. Or. Even larger orbiters. This means that those super exoplanets. They can have other gas giants orbiting them. And anyway, Beta Pictoris d is the faintest exoplanet ever found. 

By using an Earth-based telescope. Beta Pictoris is too young and too hot to host habitable worlds.  

“A series of images shows observations of the exoplanet Beta Pictoris d over more than a decade. (Image credit: ESO/B. Sutlieff, M. Bonse et al.”(Space.com)

“The motion of Beta Pictoris b. The orbital plane is viewed side-on; the planet is not moving towards the star.” (Wikipedia, Beta Pictoris b)

A-type star loses lots of mass. When. It turns mature.  The strong hydrogen line means that the star is young. But it also shows where that star was formed. 

It is a very hydrogen-rich nebula. Another interesting detail in the Beta Pictoris system is the large molecular ring around it. This dust disk is asymmetric. 

Those large planets in the Beta Pictoris system. Suggest this star. Could have traveled in some interstellar nebula. Then that star is pulled into that nebula around it. The gas giant. Doesn’t necessarily mean something light. Material. Or elements that formed the planet determine its weight. The planet can be larger than Earth. But it can have weaker gravity if it is formed of very light elements. This means that an exoplanet could be very different than any planet in our solar system. Those exoplanets are so different. 

That makes it impossible. To create. Some common models for planetary systems and their habitability. There are about 1,5-2 Earth-sized and Earth-mass planets in habitable zones. But most of those planets. They have no atmosphere. 

Things. like megaflares or some cosmic events. They can strip that atmosphere away in seconds. Or maybe some rocky worlds. They have no such core. That. It could form the magnetic field. Without a magnetic field, plasma eruptions strip the atmosphere into space. And in the case of large stars. Those plasma eruptions. They can travel to very long distances. A normal solar wind. It can blow the atmosphere off large planets. 

https://science.nasa.gov/missions/webb/nasas-webb-discovers-hidden-planet-in-famous-star-system/

https://scitechdaily.com/giant-alien-world-found-hiding-in-plain-sight-for-11-years/

https://www.space.com/astronomy/exoplanets/found-you-astronomers-spot-faintest-exoplanet-ever-seen-from-earth-after-a-decade-of-hide-and-seek

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Pictoris

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Pictoris_b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Pictoris_c

Can dark matter have some hidden force?

“Dark matter may experience an unseen attractive force, but stronger attraction does not necessarily make the Universe more clumped. Credit: SciTechDaily.com.” (SciTechDaily, Dark Matter’s Secret Force Could Reshape Our Understanding of the Universe)

Dark matter is one of the suggested sources of dark energy. This means that if WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) are real particles or quasiparticles. Those things can send wave movement. That can affect only another WIMP. This means that: 

A hidden force. Between those particles. It is wave movement. In the same way as all four fundamental interactions are. This means that the “fifth force”. It could be the wave effect between WIMPs. And then we can ask. What kind of particle could the WIMP be? The particle could be very massive. But it also could tunnel through other particles. So could those WIMPs be extremely fast-spinning particles? This means that the very fast spin makes those particles like spaghetti. When those WIMPs spin. 

They bind energy from around them. And that thing can make a gravity-like effect. The spinning particle. It could form energy strings. Similar to how neutron stars or black holes form. Their jet beams. This means. The WIMP could focus energy and aim it. Into. A certain direction. Another model is that the WIMP. It could be some. Kind. Of quasiparticle. 

In this case. The WIMP. It is like a tornado in the quantum field. If that kind of structure forms. The quantum field can create a bulge in that quantum tornado. That quantum tornado presses energy into that bulge. And presses energy into it. This presses the quantum bulge into collapse. That turns it into the shape of a string.  These kinds of quasiparticles. They can pull energy into them. From. Both sides of the structure. That thing can cause a quantum version of an electric arc. That thing. It can form the quantum version of the pressure wave. But what causes that quantum tornado? One suspected thing is tachyon.  

Tachyon is a hypothetical faster-than-light particle. When. Tachyon travels faster-than-light. That particle cannot interact with other particles. But when its speed slows. It must realease its energy to the environment. That energy has a similar shape to the supersonic boom. That forms a model. That could mean photons. Could be the structures that form when tachyons release their energy. And form the ring-shaped energy string. In that process, the tachyon transforms into some other particle. That particle could be the Higgs Boson. Or some other particle that is a very similar, short-lived, high-energy particle. When the hypothetical tachyon releases its energy. 

This process form the energy string. That looks like a wheel. When. That energy string travels out from the particle. It forms low-pressure energy behind it. Maybe a single tachyon cannot make anything fundamental. But if there are billions and billions of tachyons. Those things have an effect. In some models, tachyons form outside the universe. Or in cosmic voids. This means they could be “normal” particles. That travel faster than they should. When those particles hit a denser quantum field. They. Release their extra energy. This means they turn into some other particles. That we already know. 

https://scitechdaily.com/dark-matters-secret-force-could-reshape-our-understanding-of-the-universe/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Exploding white dwarfs and neutron stars uncover primordial black holes.

“Primordial black holes may pass through white dwarfs and ignite a subset of Type Ia supernovae. New models suggest these hidden encounters could reproduce observed explosion signatures while leaving distinctive chemical traces across the Milky Way. Credit: SciTechDaily.com. “(ScitechDaily, Invisible Black Holes Could Be Triggering Supernovae)

It is possible that so-called hidden black holes can trigger white dwarf explosions. The so-called primordial black holes could be very small. They can form a shell that resembles a planet or even a dwarf planet. Those very small black holes can sometimes impact white dwarfs. Or even neutron stars or magnetars. When a small primordial black hole impacts a white dwarf. 

This event causes a strong nuclear reaction. The carbon atoms in the white dwarf melt together. That primordial black hole is so small that it cannot pull the white dwarf into it in one bite. The black hole rips the white dwarf into pieces. And turns it into liquid or gas. Before. It pulls that matter inside it.

The white dwarf does not involve van der Waals bonds. Atoms, mainly oxygen and carbon, are very close together. That causes collapse in their electron shells. Those atoms are actually in the form. They are extremely ionized. If some energy impact, like a GRB or FRB, hits that thing. It can cause a Type 1a supernova. 

“Schematic Illustration of a Primordial Black Hole Passing Through a White Dwarf. Schematic illustration of the primordial black hole passing through a white dwarf. Along its trajectory, the gravitational force of the passing black hole creates tidal heating. “(ScitechDaily, Invisible Black Holes Could Be Triggering Supernovae)

“To the surrounding matter inside the white dwarf. As the heated matter reaches the threshold temperature (<~0.5 billion Kelvin), the hydrostatic carbon burning will exceed the neutrino cooling, creating an uncontrolled burning. “(ScitechDaily, Invisible Black Holes Could Be Triggering Supernovae)

When. The burning zone is large enough. The heated matter can form. A local thermonuclear runaway which triggers the later Type Ia supernova explosion. Credit: Generated using Gemini AI (Banana Pro)) (ScitechDaily, Invisible Black Holes Could Be Triggering Supernovae)

“A Type Ia supernova (read: "type one-A") is a supernova that occurs in binary systems (two stars orbiting one another) in which one of the stars is a white dwarf. The other star can be anything from a giant star to an even smaller white dwarf. ” ”(Wikipedia, Type 1a Supernova)

“Physically, carbon–oxygen white dwarfs with a low rate of rotation are limited to below 1.44 solar masses (M☉). Beyond this "critical mass", they reignite and in some cases trigger a supernova explosion; this critical mass is often referred to as the Chandrasekhar mass, but is marginally different from the absolute Chandrasekhar limit, where electron degeneracy pressure is unable to prevent catastrophic collapse.”(Wikipedia, Type 1a Supernova)

If. There are electrons in the core. That doesn’t form the fusion. Oxygen and carbon ions. There. Atomic cores are against each other without electron shells. The strong energy load causes a situation. There, those ions melt together. Releasing lots of energy. 

Another thing that releases energy is the fusion between carbon atoms. That reaction releases an extremely strong energy load. Another version of the white dwarf explosion can be the case. There, the black hole’s energy beam hits the white dwarf. That could cause a fusion reaction between carbon and oxygen atoms. That combination is the most common in white dwarfs. Another version is the heavy white dwarfs. These are formed of carbon and neon. 

The same way as when a small black hole faces a neutron star. This means that the neutron star’s iron shell detonates immediately. The detonation cannot destroy the neutron core. But the effect is extremely rough. The neutron bonds can resist that power. But the neutron star. It sends gamma- and X-ray radiation. 

A black hole’s gravity field. It can turn a neutron star into neutron smoke. That releases a lot of energy in that reaction. Those reactions can uncover the existence of the primordial black holes. The primordial black hole is the thing. That could detonate a white dwarf or neutron star. The detonation. That happens in a lone white dwarf. 

If a white dwarf detonates. Without visible reason. That could uncover a small black hole.  Same way, if a neutron star starts to send unexpected X- or gamma-rays. And there are no observable material disks. Or some marks of a merger with another neutron star. That thing can be the thing. That uncovers the existence of low-mass black holes. 

https://scitechdaily.com/invisible-black-holes-could-be-triggering-supernovae/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_Ia_supernova

Reseachers found missing fermionic (or baryonic) matter.

"Caption:Simulated gas distribution (blue, green, and yellow colors) around galaxies (white dots on the image). The study finds that gas in our Universe extends farther from galaxies than most simulations predict, indicating strong activity from galaxies that have expelled gas away from galaxy groups.Credit: IllustrisTNG" (MIT News, Diffuse puffs of “missing” matter surround most galaxies)

Reseachers found missing fermionic (or baryonic) matter. And could that be the route to finding the source of dark energy?

Could the extremely cold material cloud outside the universe be the reason for the universe’s expansion? If there is an extremely cold material cloud in space. Its energy minimum is lower than that in the observable universe. That makes that matter invisible. That means that. The dark energy. That expands the universe. It could be the virtual effect. Caused by the hypothetical “universal Oort Cloud” of the fermionic material outside the visible universe. Here I write fermionic. The reason for that is that matter must not be in protons and neutrons. Those particles are baryons. And atoms are baryonic objects. But. Those hypothetical clouds. They can be free quarks or some other fermions like low-energy electrons. So here I use fermionic instead of baryonic.

"The spatial distribution of fast radio burst signal across the sky (above), compared against the galaxy distributions (below). The study has found a significant correlation between the two distributions, revealing missing baryonic matter in the Universe.Credit: Haochen Wang" (MIT News, Diffuse puffs of “missing” matter surround most galaxies)

Reseachers found missing fermionic matter in space between galaxies and galaxy clusters. This means this. There could be lots of matter in the universe. We cannot see it because we are in our solar system and galaxy. The temperature in our solar system is higher than outside the partially hypothetical Oort Cloud and the Kuiper belt. This makes it hard to detect weak IR objects outside the heliopause. The small dwarf planets and asteroids outside Pluto’s orbit are confirmed. 

Most of those objects are maybe metric or centimeter class. The diameter of the Oort Cloud is a mystery. But many times. When people talk about the Kuiper belt and Oort Cloud, they mean the same thing. The asteroid and dust cloud around the solar system. The size of that cloud is enormous. And that means that it causes scattering effects. That makes it hard to get an IR signature from objects that are behind it. The warmer objects cover those colder objects behind them. Even if the temperature difference between those objects is less than a degree. Energy travels to a lower-energy area. 

Kuiper belt and Oort Cloud. Could. This kind of structure? But on a larger scale. Surround the entire universe? If the ultimate large-scale version of matter cloud surrounds the universe. That thing could cause a gravitational effect that expands the universe. We could see this kind of material structure and its interaction as dark energy. If. Energy travels only to that cloud. That makes it invisible. If the energy level of reflection is lower. 

Same way. The temperature in our galaxy, along with brightness, is higher than outside it. This means that the Oort Cloud and matter in our galaxy extend beyond our galaxy. Matter in our galaxy and in our solar system shines brighter.  Than matter outside it. The reason for that is the scattering of light from our Sun and billions of other stars. We can compare this situation with cases where we drive a car in a snowstorm. When we turn on our headlights, we can see only the snow. The reason for that is reflection from the snowflakes. This means inside the universe and outside it. Could be a similar effect. 

Then the energy level in the universe is. There can be lots of matter that we cannot see, because it's so cold.  Here I mean fermionic matter. And the shine of other material covers it under its IR brightness. And of course. Dark matter is one of the mysteries. 

“The filament is made up of hot intergalactic gas (shown in mottled black-yellow), a type of ‘ordinary matter’ that has proven really difficult for astronomers to find.” (ESA)

There is a possibility that the temperature outside the universe could be below the energy minimum inside the universe. This means that energy moves out from the universe. And if there is no such high-energy reflection, it can travel back into the universe. That can cause a situation where we cannot see that matter. For sending. A reflection that can penetrate the universe. The reflecting particle. It must have such a high energy level. That the energy in that reflection. Is higher than the energy level in the universe. 

But reseachers found missing matter outside the galaxies. And outside the galaxy clusters. This means that high-energy reactions. They can throw matter out from the galaxy clusters. This causes. An idea.  That maybe there is lots of matter that is even harder to detect. But the Kuiper belt and Oort Cloud. They can be used as a base for conclusions. 

When the diameter of the galaxies is about 100 million light-years. The diameter. The missing material cloud is about 4-5 billion light-years. So could there be a large material cloud outside the visible universe? That material cloud of extremely low-energy matter could pull the universe outward. So, could that kind of material cloud explain dark energy as a virtual effect? The reason for the virtual effect could be extremely low-energy material outside the visible universe. 

https://www.esa.int/Science_Exploration/Space_Science/XMM-Newton/The_models_were_right_astronomers_find_missing_matter

https://www.livescience.com/space/astronomy/much-more-violent-than-predicted-a-chunk-of-the-universes-missing-matter-was-powerfully-hurled-out-of-galaxies

https://news.mit.edu/2026/missing-matter-diffuse-puffs-surround-most-galaxies-0721

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuiper_belt

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oort_cloud

Barnard’s Star’s planets are weirder and more hostile than. Nobody expected.

“Artist’s illustration of exoplanets orbiting Barnard’s Star. Credit: International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/P. Marenfeld” (ScitechDaily, These Nearby Alien Planets Are Stranger – and More Hostile – Than Expected)

Barnard’s Star is a small red dwarf. Slightly larger than Jupiter. The size of Barnard’s Star is two times that of Jupiter. But its mass is 150 times bigger. The age of that star is about 10 billion years.  Barnard’s Star has four planets. Those planets are sub-Earths. Mass between Venus and Mars. Those sub-Earths have weaker gravity. And Barnard’s Star's massive mass eruptions could reach their surface. If. Those planets have an atmosphere. They must have strong magnetic fields. That magnetic field should be as strong as. It drives those mass eruptions away from their surface and atmosphere. If those mass eruptions impact a planet’s atmosphere, they wipe it out into space immediately. 

“Just under six light-years from Earth, Barnard’s Star hosts four small worlds unlike any planet in our own Solar System. The nearby star, second only to Alpha Centauri in proximity to the Sun, now has its most detailed planetary profile yet.”(ScitechDaily, These Nearby Alien Planets Are Stranger – and More Hostile – Than Expected)

“All four planets, discovered in 2025, are smaller than Earth and Venus but larger than Mars. No planet within that size range exists in the Solar System.”(ScitechDaily, These Nearby Alien Planets Are Stranger – and More Hostile – Than Expected)

There are discussions about whether those planets' mass is enough to cause the wobbling movement of Barnard’s Star. Or could there be some more massive object that hides somewhere near that star? Sometimes that wobbling movement is explained as a rocket effect from those mass eruptions from that red dwarf. But legend remains. 

“Size comparison between Jupiter, Barnard's Star, and the Sun”. (Wikipedia, Barnard's Star)

"Barnard's Star has a mass of about 0.16 solar masses (M☉), and a radius about 0.2 times that of the Sun. Thus, although Barnard's Star has roughly 150 times the mass of Jupiter (MJ), its radius is only roughly twice as large, due to its much higher density. Its effective temperature is about 3,220 kelvin, and it has a luminosity of only 0.0034 solar luminosities. Barnard's Star is so faint that if it were at the same distance from Earth as the Sun is, it would appear only 100 times brighter than a full moon, comparable to the brightness of the Sun at 80 astronomical units." (Wikipedia, Barnard's Star)

"Barnard's Star has 10–32% of the solar metallicity. Metallicity is the proportion of stellar mass made up of elements heavier than helium and helps classify stars relative to the galactic population. Barnard's Star seems to be typical of the old, red dwarf population II stars, yet these are also generally metal-poor halo stars. While sub-solar, Barnard's Star's metallicity is higher than that of a halo star and is in keeping with the low end of the metal-rich disk star range; this, plus its high space motion, has led to the designation "intermediate population II star", between a halo and disk star. However, some recently published scientific papers have given much higher estimates for the metallicity of the star, very close to the Sun's level, between 75 and 125% of the solar metallicity." (Wikipedia, Barnard's Star)

They are more hostile than people thought. The superflares from that small red dwarf are impacting those planets. The age of that small star is about two times that of the Sun. But its small size makes it unstable. The planets must orbit it very close. And that means their surface is under a heavy particle bombardment. Radiation from Barnard’s Star is far on the red side of the electromagnetic spectrum. This means that Barnard’s Star transmits more IR radiation than the Sun. 

Those planets, if they are in the habitable zone. They are under heavy radiation because their dayside is locked to that star. The fact is that. Life as we know it on those planets is impossible. The red dwarfs. They might have habitable planets. But Barnard’s Star is not one of those stars. There, lifeforms as a form. As we know. Are possible. Those planets. And their tiny star. They are so different from Earth. That life as we know it could be possible. 

Then we must realize. That. Those red dwarf stars and their planets are so weird. 

That we cannot make any common models for those planets. Or. Maybe. We should say that the Sun is so weird. That we cannot make models for the most common star type in the universe. So, the locked planets are a more common planet type in the habitable zone. Barnard star. It was the first candidate star. That reseachers predicted. To host exoplanets. 

 The proper motion of that star is wobbling. That means that astronomers have believed Barnard’s Star could host a solar system since the 1960s. First reseachers thought that there was some kind of. Super-Earth. Orbiting that red dwarf. But then those suspicions vanished. Until. Those four super-Earths were found in 2025.

“Artist's conception of a planet in orbit around a red dwarf” (Wikipedia, Barnard’s Star)

 “Barnard's Star has been subject to multiple claims of planets that were later disproven. From the early 1960s to the early 1970s, Peter van de Kamp argued that planets orbited Barnard's Star. His specific claims of large gas giants were refuted in the mid-1970s after much debate. In November 2018, a candidate super-Earth planetary companion was reported to orbit Barnard's Star. It was believed to have a minimum mass of 3.2 M🜨 and orbit at 0.4 AU. However, work presented in July 2021 refuted the existence of this planet” (Wikipedia, Barnard’s Star)

We must realize. That van der Kamp. He was a trained astronomer. Who had the right to believe in the existence. Van der Kamp was wrong about those planets’ size. Confirmed planets were small sub-Earths. But those planets are very close to Barnard’s Star. That means friction from that star’s atmosphere should slow those planets’ speed. That means those planets could fall to that red dwarf. So could there be some “favorable Jupiter” outside that solar system? The favorable Jupiter means a massive object that stabilizes those planets’ trajectory. That object’s distance depends on its mass. 

So, if the mass of “favorable Jupiter” is two times Jupiter's. That means it orbits at a distance of two times Jupiter's distance. This distance also depends on the mass of the central star. This means that if the favorable Jupiter is at a very long distance from its star. That means its temperature is very low. And the red dwarf’s radiation impacts that hypothetical planet. It's very weak. Its temperature would be just higher. Than. absolute zero, or zero kelvin. 

The existence of those exoplanets was confirmed in 2025. Those four planets are larger than Mars. But smaller than Venus. There is a lot of magnesium in that solar system. When. We say something about a planet’s possible lifeforms. And how habitable those planets really are. We must say that if some planet seems hostile to humans. That planet is not hostile to creatures. That formed there. Even the most hellish planet is paradise for its endemic species. And here I don’t mean intelligent species. 

https://scitechdaily.com/these-nearby-alien-planets-are-stranger-and-more-hostile-than-expected/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard%27s_Star

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard's_Star_b

2024 article. Published just before those exoplanets were found. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/discovery-of-a-tiny-exoplanet-sheds-new-light-on-a-very-old-star/

2018 article: Interesting information about the search for Barnard B. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/the-complicated-history-of-planets-around-barnards-star/

How can the universe expand faster than light? And a quantum gravitational problem.

 

“The observable universe extends far beyond its age in light-years because space itself has expanded during the journey of distant light. Yet even within that vast region, some galaxies are destined to fade from sight forever. Credit: Shutterstock.” (ScitechDaily, The Universe Can Expand Faster Than Light Without Breaking Physics)

Can the universe expand faster than light? The answer is yes. If. The limit of the universe is the distance between two photons. That left from the Big Bang. That means those photons that travel at the speed of light. Are moving away from each other. With. A speed that is virtually two times faster than the speed of light. The total escaping velocity of those photons is two times the speed of light. 

Same way. If the mutual escape velocity between two galaxies. It can be virtually faster than the speed of light. When. Two objects are growing apart. That causes the Doppler effect. While. Those objects’ distance grows. The wavelength of waves that travel between them turns longer. This means light that travels between distancing galaxies turns red. Or the spectral lines of those galaxies shift to red. 

This is why the Doppler effect is known as redshift. When. Objects are on an impact course. This causes the effect. The wavelength turns shorter. The particle pushes the wave movement ahead of it. That means light or spectral lines shift to the blue. That causes the name blueshift for objects that travel toward each other. 

When the mutual escape velocity. That is Between. Two objects. It turns fast enough. The redshift between those objects turns so strong. 

That. The wavelength grows so long. That the observations between those two objects. They turn impossible. The wavelength of the light turns so long. That those waves. They will stretch out from the optical area. If. The mutual escaping velocity is high enough. All radiation that reaches another object is radio waves. Finally, redshift stretches all radiation out from the known electromagnetic spectrum. 

Black holes are also stretching light and all other radiation. This causes a situation. The black hole’s redshift is very strong. Because. Gravitation stretches radiation. Black holes. They seem. To be. At a longer distance. Than it actually is. 

So, could Hawking radiation have such a long wavelength? That. Its wavelength is longer. Than. Any known radio wave has. So, that means Hawking radiation. It could be outside the known electromagnetic spectrum. 

"An animation illustrating how the Doppler effect causes a car engine or siren to sound higher in pitch when it is approaching than when it is receding. The red circles represent sound waves." (Wikipedia, Doppler effect)

Electromagnetic spectrum. 

Could the Hawking radiation have such a long wavelength? That it’s outside the visible electromagnetic spectrum? So, are researchers searching for that radiation on the wrong side of the electromagnetic spectrum? 

Redshift is one of the reasons. Why. We cannot see the black hole. A black hole’s gravity stretches light. And all wave movement. This means that if the photon or some wave movement can escape from the black hole’s event horizon. That means that this wave movement. Its wavelength is extremely long. So, this model. It causes an idea. That maybe Hawking radiation. It has an extremely long wavelength.  Could that wavelength be so long? That it's longer than known radio waves? 

“Physicists have long assumed that uniting quantum mechanics with gravity would require spacetime itself to behave quantum mechanically. A new theoretical framework suggests that some apparent signs of “quantum gravity” may instead be explained by quantum particles moving through ordinary spacetime, raising new questions about what future experiments must actually detect. Credit: Shutterstock. (ScitechDaily, Quantum Gravity May Be Far Less Quantum Than Physicists Expected)

“A quantum superposition of gravitational fields or spacetimes (top) and a “test” particle in a quantum superposition of locations in an ordinary gravitational field (bottom). The gravitational field could be that produced by a star, black hole, or even another quantum “source” particle. Credit: Joshua Foo/Kyushu University. “ (ScitechDaily, Quantum Gravity May Be Far Less Quantum Than Physicists Expected)

Can we put gravitational fields into superpositions? 

Even if the particle is in a superposition, the superposition between gravitational fields is not necessary. The ability to put particles into superposition. And if that thing puts gravitational fields around those particles into superposition. That means that. Gravitational field. around those particles. Will reach half of its power. 

So by using multiple superpositioned particles. It’s possible that those particles. could suck gravitational fields away from around those objects. The idea is the same as photonic decay. The photon can decay. It can form another photon. But in that multiplying process. Those two photons have, let’s say, 50% of the mass of the original photon. 

Or. Those two photons' Total mass. It is the same as the original photon. If. Gravitational fields follow the same rule. This. Is one of the most interesting Things in the history of physics. If. The gravitational field around particles behaves like a photon. That makes negative gravitation possible. But the system. It should make multiple superpositions in gravitational fields. Or. In some other models, superposition. It can suck another particle’s gravitational field from around it. This is one version of how gravitational fields interact at the quantum level. 

So, a gravitational field. It’s the sum of the quantum gravitational centers. That forms another interesting model. The black hole’s singularity has no internal structure. That means. That it. Forms the strong quantum gravitational effect. 

The black hole’s gravitational center. The singularity seems like a quark from outside. The gravitational effect is similar to quarks. But its strength is stronger. This gravitational field stretches other quantum fields, such as the electromagnetic field. And the fields of weak and strong nuclear forces. 

The gravitational field is like a lasso. It pulls particles with it. So. If we could see the pothole of the gravitational field. That pothole travels to the stronger gravitational field. Or, a deeper gravitational pothole. That deeper gravitational pothole breaks the edge of the smaller pothole. And then that opposite slope of the gravitational field pushes the object to the stronger gravitational field. 

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-can-expand-faster-than-light-without-breaking-physics/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-gravity-may-be-far-less-quantum-than-physicists-expected/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift

The world's first superconducting quantum heat engine is real.

“Artistic impression of a superconducting quantum heat engine. Credit: Heikka Valja / Aalto University”  (ScitechDaily, World’s First Superconducting Quantum Heat Engine Could Transform Quantum Computing) 

Finnish researchers have created the first quantum heat engine. “Researchers at Aalto University have built the first cyclic quantum heat engine inside a superconducting circuit. The device uses a qubit, the basic unit of quantum information, as its working substance and repeatedly drives it through heating, cooling, and energy conversion.” (ScitechDaily, World’s First Superconducting Quantum Heat Engine Could Transform Quantum Computing) 

“Quantum heat engines have previously been demonstrated with systems including trapped ions, atomic gases, nuclear spins, and defects in diamonds. Superconducting circuits are especially important because they are already among the leading platforms for quantum computing, communication, and sensing. Until now, however, no experiment had completed a cyclic quantum heat engine using this technology.” (ScitechDaily, World’s First Superconducting Quantum Heat Engine Could Transform Quantum Computing) 

“The immediate significance is not the amount of work generated, which is extraordinarily small. Instead, the experiment shows that heat can be deliberately controlled and converted inside the same type of circuitry used to build quantum processors.”(ScitechDaily, World’s First Superconducting Quantum Heat Engine Could Transform Quantum Computing) 

Quantum engines are the miniaturized versions of nanotechnology. If those systems. They can put particle spin very fast. When particles spin in the cage. It pulls energy through that structure. That causes a quantum glow in that cage. Basically, a quantum engine; it’s similar to other engines. e It can use the magnetic field and IR radiation combination. To make transform radiation into motion. Those systems. They just transform wave movement. Or electromagnetism. Into kinetic energy. So, when the core in a quantum engine spins. That core binds energy into it. When its speed accelerates. When it slows. It delivers energy. 

“That capability may become valuable as quantum computers grow. Today’s superconducting machines depend on large numbers of microwave cables running between room-temperature electronics and processors kept at temperatures only a fraction of a degree above absolute zero. Each cable adds cost, occupies space, and can carry unwanted heat or noise into the system.” (ScitechDaily, World’s First Superconducting Quantum Heat Engine Could Transform Quantum Computing) 

“The researchers are now working toward a fully autonomous version of the engine. One possible application would be reading the state of a qubit without sending a microwave signal from the cold processor to room temperature. Placing more control functions directly inside the cryogenic circuit could reduce the amount of external wiring required.” (ScitechDaily, World’s First Superconducting Quantum Heat Engine Could Transform Quantum Computing) 

The quantum engine that transforms infrared radiation into motion is a fascinating tool. 

This. Kind of system. It can transform all radiation types. Into another by using motion. The radiation. Like radio waves. Hits the quantum engine. It starts to move. And then. It transforms that movement into electricity. Then that electricity. It can be used. As an example, an X-ray system.

Quantum system. That transforms kinetic energy into motion. That thing can be the new tool for micrometeor and armour technology. If the system can transfer impact energy into rotating movement. That can turn a surface extremely hard. In stealth technology. That ability to transfer electromagnetic radiation into movement. Makes it possible to pull standing waves out from space between atoms. Those systems. 

This kind of system. They can feed energy to quantum computers. The system. That can transform radiation into motion. This can bring interesting ideas for energy sources. To the journeys to the edge of the solar system. The quantum engine that can turn minimal energy into motion is the thing. That could replace at least some of the RTG (Radio Thermal Generators). Used in long-distance space journeys. Or those systems. They can at least make the RTG power sources more effective. By benefiting from the temperature that those isotope generators deliver. 

Nano- and quantum technology that transforms heat into motion. That is the system. That can help to create more sustainable materials. That stand the heat. The idea is that those quantum systems. They can transfer heat energy from the shell of the spacecraft or airplane into a moving part. This turns infrared radiation into movement. And then that nano-. Or quantum generator. It can transform the heat into UV light. 

This kind of transformation is quite easy to make. The nanotechnical generator. It simply transforms heat energy into electricity. Then that electricity. It can be transferred to UV light. This kind of system. It can transform almost any wavelength into another. When things like radio waves hit this kind of system. That system can transform radio waves into X-rays through motion. This kind of system. They can be the next-generation tools. For new stealth  technology. 

https://scitechdaily.com/worlds-first-superconducting-quantum-heat-engine-could-transform-quantum-computing/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioisotope_thermoelectric_generator

A new theory can help to model black holes more accurately.

"Illustration of a black hole that is growing in response to an influx of energy. New research from Penn State suggests a new measure for a black hole’s entropy that extends Stephen Hawking’s laws of black hole mechanics to such out-of-equilibrium, dynamic black holes that form, merge, and evaporate. Credit: Jonathan Shu and Daniel Paraizo, Penn State" (ScitechDaily, New Black Hole Theory Solves a 50-Year-Old Problem)

The problem with modern models of black holes is this. Those models do not take into account the changes in the black hole environment and black holes themselves. The model of the static black holes is not suitable and in line. With the newest models and observations. The new models don’t handle black holes and their event horizons as static objects. 

But evaporation and collimation of black holes. Means that those objects are dynamic structures. The black hole’s event horizon is a dynamic entity. The features of that point depend on the black hole’s environment at a certain moment. This means that the model. That seems suitable for a certain moment. It can turn unsuitable after a very short moment. Things that affect a black hole’s features are its environment.

And its spin and expansion of the universe. Those things. Means that black holes seem stable. But they are changing and dynamic in their entirety. The material and energy that a black hole pulls in affect its spin. In the same way, a material disk. Around a black hole, pump energy into it. But at the same time. The gravity of that matter tries to steal energy from the black hole. 

If we think that all particles.  That orbiting a black hole sends synchrotron or Bremsstrahlung radiation. That causes an interesting theorem. Is the origin of the gravitational waves in hypothetical gravitons? That orbit black hole at the point of the event horizon. If all particles change their direction. Send photons. Gravitons that orbit black holes. Will also send radiation. 

Reseachers noticed that there are gravitational waves. That origin is straight from the event horizon. That gravitational wave. It can explain something about the black hole’s internal structures. In some models, black holes are like onions. And that means the black hole could release one of its gravity field’s shells when it sends that gravitational wave. The gravitational field around black holes is extremely strong. Or dense. 

This means that it’s possible that in that field there are gravitational shells. If we think. That's some photons. They are just behind the event horizon. And then that gravitational wave escapes. That could release those photons back. This model explains that gravitational waves are part of a black hole’s evaporation process. The gravitational wave. It was seen in the merge. Of the supermassive black holes. 

The radio waves that come near a black hole’s event horizon. They tell something about that strange environment. The reflection from inside the event horizon. It's impossible. But reflection from particles that orbit a black hole. It is possible. When those particles orbit a black hole. They travel in an extremely strong radiation field. This means that those particles. They start to send synchrotron radiation. 

“In particle physics, bremsstrahlung, from German bremsen 'to brake' and Strahlung 'radiation'. It is electromagnetic radiation produced by the deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by another charged particle, typically an electron by an atomic nucleus. The moving particle loses kinetic energy, which is converted into radiation (i.e., photons), thus satisfying the law of conservation of energy.” (Wikipedia, Bremsstrahlung)

“The term is also used to refer to the process of producing the radiation. Bremsstrahlung has a continuous spectrum. Which becomes more intense and whose peak intensity shifts toward higher frequencies as. The change in the energy of the decelerated particles increases.” (Wikipedia, Bremsstrahlung)

“Synchrotron radiation (also known as magnetobremsstrahlung) is the electromagnetic radiation emitted when relativistic charged particles are subject to an acceleration perpendicular to their velocity (a ⊥ v). It is produced artificially. In some types of particle accelerators or naturally by fast electrons moving through magnetic fields. The radiation produced in this way has a characteristic polarization. And the frequencies. Generated signals can range over a large portion of the electromagnetic spectrum. (Wikipedia, Synchrotron radiation)

This radiation forms. When a particle changes its direction. Just like in a synchrotron. Particles. That orbit. A black hole starts to aim that energy out from that whirl. Those photons are things that turn the black hole’s halo visible. In the same way, a spinning black hole. And a spinning event horizon sends similar radiation. And we see that radiation. As gravitational waves. So if gravitons exist. We should search them just near the black hole’s event horizon. And an interesting model. It is that. Gravitational waves. They form because those hypothetical gravitons orbit a black hole at the point of the event horizon. 

https://www.livescience.com/space/black-holes/a-new-way-to-study-the-edge-of-a-black-hole-physicists-just-got-the-closest-ever-look-at-a-black-holes-event-horizon

https://physicsworld.com/a/super-loud-gravitational-waves-offer-a-new-way-to-study-black-hole-event-horizons/

https://scitechdaily.com/new-black-hole-theory-solves-a-50-year-old-problem/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremsstrahlung

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synchrotron_radiation

Could the dark matter be from the fifth dimension?

“A new theoretical framework suggests dark matter’s elusive behavior may arise from the geometry of a hidden fifth dimension. Credit: Shutterstock” (ScitechDaily, Could Dark Matter Be Hiding in a Hidden Fifth Dimension?)

“The geometry of a hidden dimension may naturally explain dark matter resonance and its elusive behavior. Every galaxy appears to carry far more mass than telescopes can see. That invisible material, known as dark matter, may be linked to a hidden fifth dimension whose geometry naturally shapes how dark matter particles behave, according to a theory developed at the University of Sheffield.” (ScitechDaily, Could Dark Matter Be Hiding in a Hidden Fifth Dimension?)

There is a possibility. That dark matter has two forms. The thing that binds energy. And the form that releases energy. So this means that. Dark matter. It could be a source for dark energy. The idea is that. Hypothetical dark matter particle, WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle). It can have a spin of 2-3. So WIMP rotates 2-3 times around its axle. Until it releases the light quantum. While it changes its direction. When a particle changes its direction. It must stop first. And in that process, it releases energy as a light quantum. Normally, a fermion's spin is 1/2. If the particle’s spin is 2-3. That means it stores more energy in itself. And released light quantum. It has more energy than. In the case of a “normal” fermion. 

This is an interesting question. The idea is that dark matter could be a particle that is from a different dimension. The problem with the fifth dimension. Is this. We cannot see the fifth dimension. And the reason for that is logical. The fifth dimension. It can exist only in the fourth dimension. And that means that. All dimensions are surrounded by the lower dimension. And this means the journey to the fifth dimension passes through the fourth. So the fourth dimension is between the third and fifth dimensions. Sometimes it is explained that the fourth dimension.

It’s time that runs forward. And the fifth dimension is time that runs backward. So, when the particle reaches the third dimension. It must release its energy. If it comes from the higher dimensions. This causes radiation. But it also causes evaporation. And that can create a situation where the matter or its environment binds energy very fast. That can cause a situation that we see as dark matter. 

Can dark matter be some kind of quasiparticle? 

In some dark matter models. Very fast particles that come to the Galaxy from its supermassive black holes or outside the galaxy. Create some kind of “holes” in the quantum fields in the galaxy. So, if some particles really make holes in a dense quantum field. That field tries to fill that hole or channel. And those holes can act like real particles. This means that at least some part of the dark matter particles are hypothetical WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles). They can be virtual particles. Or some kind of quasiparticles. The thing that supports this model. That is, dark matter seems to be especially concentrated in galaxies. And if the hole, or channel, forms in a dense field. That channel has a stronger effect than in a weak field. 

This means that if the dark matter is like a channel that looks like a deep exciton. It can be the reason. For why dark matter exists in the galaxies. The fact is that. All galaxies seem to have no dark matter. And this is the thing. That supports the model that WIMPs are real particles. But in some other models, an active galaxy can form a cosmic void around it. The gamma ray glow. It can push matter and quantum fields out from around the galaxy. This means that the galaxy. It can be in the cosmic void. And that can mean: it can spin faster than it should. 

Or, could WIMP be a particle? That spin is different. Than others?

But could the radiation from the center? Of the galaxies? And their black holes cause a situation. There are some particles. That spin turns very fast. This means that the gamma-ray glow pushes some particles and turns their spin into >1. 

A normal fermion has spin 1/2. If the spin turns >1, that means that those particles bind energy more strongly. The particle binds energy until its spin direction changes. So, if the particles spin. It’s, let’s say, 2-3. That means it spins around its axle 2-3 times before it releases energy. So, this means that. The particle will be far heavier. Than other particles. Same way. When it changes its direction. That particle will release. A far stronger wave quantum. Than a regular fermion. This means that the WIMP could still be the source of the dark energy. 

There is a model. There. The WIMPs, or dark matter. It has not only one shape. This means that WIMPs are multiple phenomena. This means that dark matter can be different types of things that we see.  As the gravitational effect. But then return to the galaxies without dark matter. Could it be possible that there is some kind of mass effect? What causes the situation? There, the galaxy spins too fast. It's possible that if the galaxy is very active. And it sends very strong gamma-rays. That radiation removes matter from its edge. That means that the mass is in the outer layer. Of the galaxy. It can be very thin. If the galaxy spins in a cosmic void. Its spin can be faster than that of other galaxies. 

https://scitechdaily.com/could-dark-matter-be-hiding-in-a-hidden-fifth-dimension/

https://scitechdaily.com/what-if-dark-matter-has-two-forms-bold-new-hypothesis-could-explain-a-cosmic-mystery/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five-dimensional_space

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiparticle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Can the recoil effect cause supermassive black holes to move?

“Artist’s rendition of an Active Galactic Nucleus with the accretion disk highlighted. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center’s Conceptual Image Lab” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Find a New Clue for Detecting Runaway Supermassive Black Holes) 

“When galaxies collide, the chaos does not stop with stars and gas. At the center of each galaxy, Supermassive Black Holes (SMBHs) can fall into a tightening gravitational dance, spiraling together until they merge into one enormous remnant. In some cases, the final black hole may not remain where it formed. It can be “kicked” away from the galactic center at extraordinary speed.” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Find a New Clue for Detecting Runaway Supermassive Black Holes) 

Normally, black holes do not move. They move spacetime. But the asymmetry. in spacetime. Or in the gravitational waves. It can give a kick. To the black hole to move. If another side of the black hole. Or its environment has a lower energy level. That thing can make the black hole move.  Another thing. That can put a black hole. Into the move. It is larger.  

And a heavier object. The star has a mass. That is five times larger than the sun. Closes a black hole that is about 3-4 times heavier than the sun. The mass of that star is higher. But the black hole has a stronger. And a denser gravity field. So first, the star pulls a black hole into it. But then the black hole starts to pull matter from the star. The gravitational pothole around the black hole. It is deeper than around the star. Then matter starts to fall into the black hole. 

Can recoil push a black hole to move? “Astronomers have searched for these 'recoiling' black holes for decades, but they are difficult to identify. A new paper available on arXiv, written by an international team, proposes a different way to look for them by studying the dust and gas that may stay bound to a black hole after it is launched from the center of its galaxy.” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Find a New Clue for Detecting Runaway Supermassive Black Holes)

“The kick comes from a consequence of Einstein’s theory of general relativity. When two merging black holes have unequal masses or spins that point in different directions, the gravitational waves they release can carry more momentum one way than another. The merged black hole is then pushed in the opposite direction. In extreme cases, that recoil can accelerate the black hole to hundreds or even thousands of kilometers per second.” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Find a New Clue for Detecting Runaway Supermassive Black Holes)

Asymmetry in the gravitational waves can kick black holes. That asymmetry mean. That is the lower or weaker. Gravitational waves. on the other side. And if the other side's gravitational waves are deeper or more powerful. The weaker gravitational waves. They fall. A black hole in the side. There. Gravitational waves are stronger. Stronger gravitational wave. It means that the energy ditches on that side are deeper. And those black holes fall into that side.  Another interesting scenario. It is the disturbance in the black hole. Or its event horizon. There is a possibility that something causes asymmetry in the black hole’s event horizon. Or energy and matter flow in the black hole. 

The position of the singularity. That is in the middle of the black hole. If that position changes. The event horizon. It moves to the new position. Another thing that can cause needed asymmetry. It is the gamma ray burst. That decreases entropy on the other side of the black hole. That can cause a stretch in the event horizon. When the position. Of the singularity changes. The other side of the event horizon “stretches”. That causes energy asymmetry in the event horizon. 

The event horizon forms at the Schwarzschild radius. But another thing that affects the distance. It is the speed of light in that region. Things like entropy are also affecting that thing. So if the evaporation of the black hole. It is asymmetrical. That effect can also kick a black hole. To move. 

When we think about the spiralic form of falling energy and matter. There is a possibility that a disturbance forms in that spiral. The idea is that. The asymmetry in matter and energy that falls into the black hole. It causes a minimal energy asymmetry near the singularity. If the singularity, or its position, moves. In the center of the black hole. That causes the event horizon to move to the new position. 

The recoil effect means that. The black hole collisions. And other kinds of cases. They can form asymmetry in the black hole’s halo and material disks. When that asymmetry happens. That thing can put a black hole into motion. That asymmetry. It can form when another black hole stretches the material disk and halo around the larger black hole. When black holes collide. The first things that penetrate each other. They are black holes’ material disks and halos. That reaction. It can create very strong flashes of energy. When black holes collide. There is a model.

These black holes can pull quantum fields from between them. That means the quantum fields between those black holes turn very weak. Then other quantum fields. The sides of that channel can collapse into it. That can form the energy wave. That pushes those black holes to journey through the universe. 

So, in the models. The change in energy symmetry in the extremely high energy region. around a black hole. It can cause a black hole movement. In some other models, the loss of entropy occurs at some point near the black hole. That can cause the recoil effect. The fast gamma-ray burst. It can form the channel. Through the universe. Or, a high-energy eruption near the black hole’s hemisphere. It can form the cosmic void. That void. It can pull a black hole into the trip. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-find-a-new-clue-for-detecting-runaway-supermassive-black-holes/

https://arxiv.org/abs/2301.00018