Black holes again and again.

“Astronomers studying gravitational waves have uncovered evidence that the Universe’s largest black holes may grow through repeated collisions rather than forming directly from collapsing stars. Credit: Shutterstock” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Discovered How the Universe Builds Monster Black Holes)

Black holes are destroyers and creators. The thing we call an event horizon is a point. Their escape velocity reaches the speed of light. The distance between the black hole’s center and the event horizon is called the “Schwarzschild radius”. 

“The Schwarzschild radius is a parameter in the Schwarzschild solution to Einstein's field equations that corresponds to the radius of a sphere in flat space that has the same surface area as that of the event horizon of a Schwarzschild black hole of a given mass. It is a characteristic quantity that may be associated with any quantity of mass. The Schwarzschild radius was named after the German astronomer Karl Schwarzschild, who calculated this solution for the theory of general relativity in 1916.” (Wikipedia, Schwarzschild radius)

“The Schwarzschild radius of an object is proportional to its mass. Accordingly, the Sun has a Schwarzschild radius of approximately 3.0 km (1.9 mi),[6] whereas Earth's is approximately 9 mm (0.35 in)[6] and the Moon's is approximately 0.1 mm (0.004 in).”(Wikipedia, Schwarzschild radius)

This distance is very accurate. And the event horizon is precisely at a certain distance from the black hole’s center or its singularity. Reseachers noticed that there are some kinds of waves in the event horizon. And the reason for that. It is claimed to be the matter. That falls into the black hole.

But maybe. The reason for those waves is something more interesting.  Could it be possible that the form of the singularity changes? A black hole is an interaction. The gravity field pulls the whirl of matter and quantum fields against it. And that field effect pushes back the black hole. Without that whirl, the black hole will erupt. And its existence ends. So if the Schwarzchild radius changes, that means the distance between the singularity and the event horizon changes. 

The supermassive back holes in the young universe could form in massive mergers. First, in the young material or quark-gluon plasma, a black hole was formed. Or, maybe some of the first stars collapsed. The key element in this thing is that. In the young universe, the matter was denser. Stars were closer to each other. And that means. The black holes could eat much more. Than modern black holes. The interesting question is this: Did those primordial black holes form? Straight from energy? Did they form in quark-gluon plasma? Or just from the first stars. The mergers in the young universe formed those ancient monsters. 

Nuclear test: Castle Romeo. 

In some theories, the Universe formed just after the Big Bang. The matter that the Big Bang sent. Was following the form, which looks like the ring, that formed after the nuclear blast. The image is just before that hole starts to fill because of the fireball cooling. If that model is true. The theory about the hyper-massive black hole in the center of the universe could be right. 

The ancient galaxy that formed 2 billion years after the Big Bang doesn’t have spin at all. So, could the glow of the Big Bang be so strong that it locks galaxies into their positions? There is also an interesting hypothesis that could explain this strange effect. In some theories. There is a hyper-massive black hole. At that point, the Big Bang happened. This hypothetical black hole formed. When part of the matter that formed in the Big Bang fell back. The idea is that just after the Big Bang. The matter formed in a ring-shaped structure. 

“Astronomers using the James Webb Space Telescope have discovered a massive galaxy from the early universe that appears to have no rotation, a surprising feature usually seen only in much older galaxies. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Stunned by Ancient Galaxy With No Spin)

There was a lower energy vacuum in the ring. The ring was the energy hill between two vacuums. And then the matter started to fall into both directions. That falling ring caused a huge amount of energy. In the middle of it. The matter ring, which formed when the Big Bang occurred, resembles Saturn’s rings. Or the ring that formed in the nuclear tests. When that structure stretches, its energy level decreases. At the same time, the entropy in the structure rises. And that could explain some anomalies in relations with theoretical models of the universe and observations.

Then back to galaxies. We thought that all galaxies spin. But in the very young universe. There was a galaxy that didn’t spin. The lack of spin is interesting. The reason for that can mean that. Materia travels straight to the black hole. Another version could be far more interesting. The massive material or energy flow that travels through the galaxy can nail it into its position. That means the energy and material flow that travels through the galaxy can explain this phenomenon. Or, maybe. There is a hypermassive. An enormous black hole is behind that galaxy. Without spin, the galaxy should vanish. In normal scenarios, the galaxy spins. All the time. There is also a possibility that the time dilation of the extremely large black hole causes that effect. But those things are hypotheses. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-stunned-by-ancient-galaxy-with-no-spin/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-just-discovered-how-the-universe-builds-monster-black-holes/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarzschild_radius

https://nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Castle.html

Negative time detected.

Time turned opposite in low-energy photons.

The term negative time. Means a quantum phenomenon. A quantum phenomenon where photons, or light particles, appear to exit a medium before they have finished entering it. 

Interesting quantum paradox: Reversible time detected in photons that traveled through the atom cloud. In these tests reseachers shot a low-energy laser pulse through an atom cloud. They measured the time that was traveled backward in that test. The phenomenon that causes these effects is the quantum field that surrounds every single particle, from quarks to atoms and planets to black holes. When low-energy photons travel through those quantum fields. 

Their energy travels to those photons. This effect is measurable only in cases where the photon’s energy level is lower. Than. The energy level of the quantum fields that surround those atoms. If the energy level of a photon is higher than the energy level of those quantum fields, energy travels out from the photon. And we cannot see that time reversal. So, for detecting this effect, the photon's energy level must be as low as possible so that it can transfer energy into itself. And that thing is possible only. If energy travels to photons. 

The low-energy photons. Make invisibility and freezing beams possible. 

The ability to create photons that transfer energy into themselves. We must realize that this kind of photon can make it possible to create the “opposite laser beam”. Or the freezing beam. The laser. That sends very low-energy photons to the surface can make new types of high-energy technology possible. The beam that transports energy out from the layer can protect things like satellites against the laser beams. Those systems can also be used to make objects stealth against the laser scanners. Low-energy photons simply. Pull energy out of the laser beams. This means that those photons make the reflection weaker. 

Sometimes, the low-energy photons are suggested as the reason why we cannot see Planet 9. There is a possibility that low-energy photons. That which surrounds the hypothetical, extremely cold world denies the reflection. Those low-energy photons can pull so much energy out from the photons that come from the sun. That makes the reflection so weak. That we cannot see it. The low-energy photon cloud. It can make objects invisible by pulling. All energy from other photons that travel to it. 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2409.03680

https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20250306-the-bizarre-quantum-paradox-of-negative-time

https://www.bluequbit.io/blog/negative-time

https://www.ecoticias.com/en/scientists-detect-negative-rime-future/17213/

https://www.sciencealert.com/negative-time-really-does-exist-new-experiments-suggest

Entropy in a gravitational field explains its weakness.

The problem with connecting gravitation with quantum gravitation is the key to the Grand Unified Theory (GUT). The model of these two types of gravitational fields is similar. The gravitational center forms the structure that binds energy fields around it. This means that the gravitational center will form the whirl-shaped structure around it. That whirl is the quantum field that orbits gravitational centers. 

That quantum field transports other particles with it. But the problem is that. Gravitation is the weakest of the four fundamental interactions. This means that the spinning movement and evaporation of the material cause a similar effect to melting ice in a room. This thing binds energy. And that forms the effect that we call gravitation. The evaporation forms. Because expansion of the universe makes energy, or quantum fields, weaker. 

The electromagnetic antigravity will not affect the gravity center itself. It pushes against the quantum whirl around the gravity centers. And entropy in gravity fields makes it almost impossible to detect that pushing force. This effect doesn’t delete the gravity field itself. The effect is visible only near black holes or neutron stars. There, the high-energy material disk pushes objects away from the structure. 

The lower entropy in a black hole’s gravitational field makes it so powerful. The homogenous structure. A singularity is the thing that makes the gravity field around a black hole so powerful. In the normal gravity center, there are lots of quantum whirls that make it less powerful. Those quantum whirls or energy hills around the gravity center. Push particles away. And the lack of those whirls makes the gravity effect so powerful.  

Then we must realize one another thing. Only black holes have structure, which makes them homogeneous. And homogenous structures are needed. If a structure “wants” to form a homogenous gravitational field. 

In normal material, the gravitational field is entropic. The different-sized structures. Like quarks, electrons, and other atomic, molecular, and subatomic particles form the whirl that is full of whirls. That structure explains why gravitation is so weak. Whirls around gravitational centers are denser energy objects. 

All of those whirls form an energy hill around the gravitational centers. Those energy hills push. Each other away. This means that the Earth's gravitational field is full of sub-whirls. When energy hits the material, those whirls will push particles away from each other. Around normal objects, the entropy in the gravitational field makes this force so weak. The gravitation. Around a black hole. Forms in a homogeneous object and quantum field interaction. That makes the gravitation around the black hole is without entropy. Or entropy in a black hole’s gravitational field is lower than that of other objects. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity

The new research aims to find the answer to the question: what makes matter mass?

“A new experiment offers intriguing clues about one of physics’ deepest questions: the origin of mass. By probing an exotic, short-lived nuclear state involving a heavy meson, researchers uncovered evidence that particle properties may shift inside dense nuclear matter. Credit: Stock” (ScitechDaily, Where Does Mass Come From? Scientists Find Evidence of a New Exotic Nuclear State)

The mass is one of the biggest mysteries in physics. The question of what constitutes mass is a key element in physics. The mass has a straight connection. With gravity. There is a structure that binds quantum fields. Otherwise, it affects all three other fundamental interactions. When the matter binds quantum fields, the quantum field from outside tries to fill that space. And those fields pull particles and wave movement with them. This causes a situation that. Light can travel faster in a gravitational field than outside that field. This requires that the photon travels. 

To the gravitational center. The speed of light is relative. It’s relative to the speed at which its environment travels. So if the speed of the quantum field is 20 % of the speed of light, that means the photon travels 20 % faster if we compare its speed with the speed of a photon outside the quantum field. Because a photon is inside a quantum field, it travels in a gravitational field. It doesn’t break the laws of physics. When an object falls into a black hole through the event horizon. Its speed. Comparing with the environment is zero. 

When a photon or any other particle escapes from the gravitational field, its speed decreases. The impacting quantum field forms an electromagnetic shadow behind it. So the gravity center pulls energy out of the particle. So when a particle travels to the gravitational center. It will pull energy inside it. But when it escapes from that field, it must deliver as much energy as it got. 

But then. The particle tries to escape from that field. The particle must release or transfer as much energy to the field around it. As the field transitioned into it. When the speed of the field and the particle is precisely the same. The field cannot transfer energy into a particle. That is one of the reasons why nothing can escape from a black hole. The energy transition between particle and field ends. When they travel at the same speed. 

Impression of a photon rocket that could transport people to stars somewhere in the distant future. 

What if the gravitational center suddenly disappears? The particle will not need to deliver the energy that it got when it fell to the gravitational center. 

When a particle tries to escape from a black hole, the quantum field creates a shockwave ahead of it. If a particle tries to stop and turn around, the wave forms at the front of it. Another thing is the quantum shadow behind it. And that shadow pulls energy out of it. When the field travels .To the gravity center. With a speed 20% of the speed of light, the impact speed of the static particle and field is 20% of the speed of light. 

This means that the photon’s speed is 20 % lower if we compare the escaping photon’s speed with the speed of a photon that travels outside the gravity field. The photon can travel faster than other photons when it travels to a gravitational center. So, the photon that escapes from a black hole needs to use as much energy as it had when it traveled to the gravitational center. 

This paradox causes an interesting idea about crossing the speed of light. The speed of light is the cosmic speed limit. But if the fields travel to the gravitational center. With a speed. That is about 30% of the speed of light. And the speed of the hypothetical craft. It is about 75-80% of the speed of light; there is a possibility. The craft detonates the gravitational center. This means that the gravitational effect disappears. And that thing removes the need to deliver energy for escaping the gravity center. 

The explosion forms the impacting field. That speed is near the speed of light. And that causes a situation where the impact speed with craft and field is higher than the speed of light. 

Gravitation pulls objects. Like a river pulls woods and other things with it. There is a theory. That. There is a tornado-shaped structure or a small black hole in the middle of each particle. This means that particles are the halos of the quantum-sized black holes. The thing that makes those theories interesting is that reseachers in Brookhaven National Laboratories created quarks by colliding composite particles called hyperons. 

Those impacts formed quark-antiquark pairs. And the Brookhaven staff. Can detect those particle-antiparticle pairs from debris. Those collisions formed. The thing is that hyperons form quark-antiquark pairs when. It decays into two particles. The spin of those particles is opposite. And that makes them particle-antiparticle pairs. The effect that forms matter straight from energy. Or wave movement called the Schwinger effect. 

Colliding quantum fields form the whirl that starts to condense. That whirl forms in the borders of those impacting fields. The question is, what stabilizes those whirls or balls? The thing that stabilizes them is the thing that gives mass to matter. The matter is a condensed quantum field. But what condenses it? And what binds quantum fields in matter? 

Quantum fields are the common name for the four fundamental interactions. The time dilation and its connection. Mass and gravitation are well-known. The reason for that is that gravitation condenses quantum fields. And that thing slows the particle’s evaporation. Condensed quantum fields are the result, not the reason, for something that binds those fields. This means that gravitation interacts similarly with all other fundamental interactions. And that makes mass and gravitation interesting things. 

https://interestingengineering.com/science/scientists-observe-particles-emerging-from-nothing

https://scitechdaily.com/where-does-mass-come-from-scientists-find-evidence-of-a-new-exotic-nuclear-state/

AI will bring the next generation of math.

AI will revolutionize mathematics. This tool brings new types of accuracy for calculations. When mathematicians try to prove some math problems right or wrong. The system. It can be used for extremely long quantum decimal numbers that can prove formulas true or false. Another thing is that even if the AI finds the zero points in things. Like the Riemann Zeta function (Riemann Hypothesis), that doesn’t make it an unusable tool. 

The AI can have many ways. To use that function. The simplest way is that. The AI will not use those points in the zeta function. 

The AI can create prime numbers in the computer memory. So. In those cases, the system can transform those prime numbers into a series. The system. It can delete all numbers other than prime numbers from that series. The system. It can put those numbers into the frame. And then mix their locations in the series. When the system requires encryption. It must only send. The number of the frame. There is a prime number that the encryptor requires. If those numbers are in a table that looks like a chessboard. 

The transmitter must only tell. It uses the prime number from frame G:2. The golden rule is that the key must not be sent with the message. So, the system can be random. The tables that it will use. Then it sends those tables to the receiver. And then. The system that decrypts data can find the same binary number. 

The simple encryption table. It could look like this. (Quanta)  

The attacking system doesn’t know what prime numbers the encryption system used. If the attacking system uses a brute force attack, it tries to guess the right prime number. And we know that things like algorithms are not guessing. They try each number to open the message. The system can also cut the data line into pieces. And use different prime numbers for each data package. The system can use multilevel encryption. 

That means that. The first stage of encryption happens. When the message is left on a personal computer. Then at the point of the router, the system can use another count by using random prime numbers. And there can be multiple systems that count and share information. And the message. It can also travel by using different physical lines. 

The system that receives information. That can use decryption in similar points. As the encryptor encrypted the data. A router-computer can divide the numbers in the message. The transmitter router is used for encryption. Then the final decryption happens on a personal computer. The system can share encryption and decryption for different independent systems. That minimizes damages. If a code-breaking catastrophe occurs in one system. The other systems can stand the attack. The attacker must find and break all of those systems separately. 

When AI calculates things like azimuth angles. It can use extremely high accuracy for those numbers. This kind of accuracy brings new ideas for geometry. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/the-ai-revolution-in-math-has-arrived-20260413/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemann_hypothesis

What if dark matter has more than one form?

"In the constellation Ursa Major, the Pinwheel Galaxy (Messier 101) is surrounded by smaller companions, including the irregular dwarf galaxy NGC 5477. Hubble observations reveal regions of active star formation within NGC 5477, while also capturing distant galaxies shining through it, highlighting the vast emptiness within galactic structures. Credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA" (ScitechDaily, What if Dark Matter Has Two Forms? Bold New Hypothesis Could Explain a Cosmic Mystery)

This means that dark matter could be more than one or two things. This means that dark matter can be some kind of particle. Or it could be the whirl in gravitational fields. In the last cases, the quantum fields that interact with each other can form vortices in each other. The effect could be similar. As in the cases where two rivers connect to each other. When water from a tributary impacts the main river, a whirl forms. And. In the same way, when a quantum field. Impact at a certain angle. There should form similar whirls, and maybe those whirls explain some part of dark matter. 

Also. The fast-spinning particles that form the quantum tornado can form an effect that we see as dark matter. Dark matter. It is a mysterious gravitational effect. And one thing. That. We might think that whirls in the impacting gravitational waves can also explain that mysterious gravitational effect. 

But then. There are theories that quantum-sized black holes can form dark matter. The black hole is more than just the event horizon and material disk. The black hole forms a giant whirl at its spinning axle. Those whirls can put quantum fields into motion. 

"New research suggests that in reduced dimensions, particles can defy the usual boson–fermion divide by exhibiting tunable, intermediate quantum properties. These findings hint at previously unexplored forms of matter and set the stage for experiments probing the deeper structure of the quantum world. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, Physicists Discover a Strange New Kind of One-Dimensional Particle)

There is a possibility that extremely fast-spinning 2D particles can also be behind dark matter. In that case, the edge of the saucer-shaped, fast-spinning particles drives energy out from the particle. That causes a similar effect. A fast-spinning plate causes water. That forms a whirl that can pull things inside it. And a fast-spinning particle can form a similar whirl in the quantum fields. 

Also. Things like gamma-rays. That travel through particles and atoms can raise their mass. Things like cosmic voids can also form an effect. That seems like gravity. The differences in the strengths of quantum fields can also put energy into motion. This means that some parts of the dark matter can be virtual. The effect. That form. When those quantum fields have differences in their strength. 

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-discover-a-strange-new-kind-of-one-dimensional-particle/

https://scitechdaily.com/what-if-dark-matter-has-two-forms-bold-new-hypothesis-could-explain-a-cosmic-mystery/

Could gravity waves form dark matter?

"Faint gravitational waves from the universe’s infancy may hold clues to how dark matter first formed. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, New Study Suggests Gravitational Waves May Have Created Dark Matter) 

If dark matter is whirling in quantum fields. Because. Of. Impacting gravity waves. That means dark matter is a virtual matter. The idea is that. Impacting gravitational. Or gravity fields form similar whirls. In their impact. Point as air flows. 

 The idea is that whirls in quantum fields can act like virtual particles. Those whirls form around the lower energy quantum field. Those whirls put energy or quantum field into motion. They act. In the same way as tornadoes and hurricanes act in the atmosphere. Moving structures bind energy, and that makes those structures lower energy than their environment. Those structures transport energy away from the point where they are. This makes those whirls or their wall seem cold. But. The energy or wave movement can travel into that whirl. So, only the wall of the whirl is the structure that binds energy. And that structure forms more whirls in the impact area. 

Could dark matter simply be whirl in quantum fields? If there is a whirl in the quantum field, that whirl can theoretically form the “Kugelblitz black hole”. Or a black hole that forms because of radiation. There is a possibility that if something emits a very high-energy radiation. Into a single photon. That thing can turn a photon into a black hole. The idea is that when that photon receives energy. Sooner or later, it releases it. When a photon sends energy. It forms a quantum void. Then, outside energy starts to fill that bubble. If that bubble is fully symmetrical, it pumps energy to that photon. 

A photon stores that energy into its spinning movement. And then. If a photon cannot transport energy out from it through the whirl, it turns into a black hole. The mass and energy in the photon rise until it can release that energy. The speed of the spin accelerates until the photon can release that energy. 

The falling quantum field turns that photon into a black hole if it is collected from an area that is large enough that the energy level in the photon rises so high that it turns into a black hole. When that happens. The photon must form so large whirls around it. It cannot remove its energy through that whirl. The spinning speed of the photon accelerates. When that whirl transports energy into it. 

So could the whirl in the quantum field explain dark matter? Theoretically, this kind of quantum spin can turn into a black hole in a similar way as a photon in the theoretical “Kugelblitz” black hole model. 

In this text, I will repeat the word “whirl”. The idea is that the dark matter could be the whirl in the quantum field. When a quantum field moves, it forms a series of whirls in the impact point. This means all particles can be surrounded by whirls. In the same way, when quantum fields impact other quantum fields. Their form whirls in the impact layer. This means that. Also, macro-scale quantum fields form whirls at the point. There those. Traveling quantum fields touch other quantum fields. In some cases, the whirl can be separated from the point where it is born. 

This thing happens. In the rivers, so if we transfer that model to the quantum environment. The whirl around the gravitational center can also be separated and form the traveling whirl that acts like a gravitational center or particle. We can think that the high-power energy strike hits the particle.  That energy spins a particle, and that forms the quantum tornado. This quantum tornado can form a low-energy point. That accumulates quantum fields that try to fill it. 

The gravitational centers are surrounded by whirls. The whirls are matter that travels to the center of gravity. Whirl is never alone. On the borderline of a whirl, that thing forms smaller whirls. So, if we think that gravitational fields are forming quantum whirls, then that thing can form a phenomenon that looks like material. 

Jupiter’s clouds. The idea is that impacting quantum fields, including gravity, can form similar whirls in the impact point. There, the traveling field impacts and speed of those impacting fields, or their direction is opposite. We can see how impact points between clouds form whirls. 

And we can transform that model into the quantum fields, including gravity. When two gravity fields impact, they form similar whirls. And those whirls pack quantum fields into them. So, if that whirl model is real, those whirls in the quantum field can pack matter or energy into them. 

When we consider cases, there are quantum fields that impact and form whirls. The walls of those quantum whirls are pulling energy out from the middle of the whirls. And that causes a situation where quantum fields travel to those quantum whirls. When a gravitational wave travels. All over the universe, it also has an impact point.

When we look at an image of Jupiter’s clouds, we see whirls. In the same way, gravitational waves can form whirls. The whirls in the impact layer of the quantum fields. If that kind of quantum whirls. Surrounding the impact layer of the universe, which explains why we cannot see other universes. Also, we can think. The whirl around the particles is forming a series of whirls in the quantum field. So, that means quantum strings can also be like extremely thin quantum tornadoes. The spinning structure binds quantum fields from their environment. And that can make those structures act. Like they are material. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelblitz_(astrophysics)

There is something strange in samples from asteroid Bennu.

“A view of eight sample trays containing the final material from asteroid Bennu. The dust and rocks were poured into the trays from the top plate of the Touch-and-Go Sample Acquisition Mechanism (TAGSAM) head. 51.2 grams were collected from this pour, bringing the final mass of asteroid sample to 121.6 grams. Credit: NASA/Erika Blumenfeld & Joseph Aebersold” (ScitechDaily, NASA Just Found Something Strange Inside Asteroid Bennu Sample)

Reseachers. Made a lot of work. With the samples that OSIRIS REx brought from Asteroid Bennu. 

“Their results show that the distribution of organic matter and minerals is uneven. Instead of being mixed uniformly, the material forms three recurring types of organic–mineral regions. One region is dominated by aliphatic organic compounds, another contains abundant carbonate minerals, and a third is rich in nitrogen-containing organic compounds.”(ScitechDaily, NASA Just Found Something Strange Inside Asteroid Bennu Sample)

“Evidence of Water Shaping Bennu’s Chemistry. This uneven, nanoscale structure indicates that water did not affect Bennu in a single Uniform way. Instead, water interacted differently in separate areas, producing a patchwork of chemical environments across the asteroid.”(ScitechDaily, NASA Just Found Something Strange Inside Asteroid Bennu Sample)

“Bennu sample OREX-800066-3 under near-field optical microscope during nanoscale infrared analysis. The metallic tip (top center) of the scanning near-field optical microscope probes the sample’s chemical composition at ~20-nanometer resolution, revealing distinct organic-mineral domains within this Bennu fragment returned to Earth by NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission in September 2023. Credit: Mehmet Yesiltas” (ScitechDaily, NASA Just Found Something Strange Inside Asteroid Bennu Sample)

“NASA’s OSIRIS-REx spacecraft leaving the surface of asteroid Bennu after collecting a sample. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/CI Lab/SVS” (ScitechDaily, NASA Just Found Something Strange Inside Asteroid Bennu Sample

Could Bennu have been covered in water somewhere in its youth? That is possible if Bennu was part of a planet or an ice asteroid. There were planets in the young solar system that no longer exist. Asteroid impacts turn those young planets into asteroids. 

Reseachers found marks of the liquid water effect in samples from asteroid Bennu. There are two ways in which those markings could form. The first one is that maybe Bennu impacted with water ice. And the impact formed liquid water on that asteroid. The second, and far more interesting, is that maybe Bennu was part of an ancient planet or icy asteroid. Then, some cosmic disaster caused that ancient planet to turn into dust. And maybe. Bennu is the remnant of the planet that was destroyed a long time ago. Those marks are interesting in both cases. 

https://scitechdaily.com/nasa-just-found-something-strange-inside-asteroid-bennu-sample/

Researchers think that maybe dark matter is not only one thing.

“Dark matter continues to challenge our understanding of the universe, especially as new observations reveal behaviors that defy traditional models. A recent study proposes that dark matter may consist of multiple interacting components, offering a unified way to explain both diffuse and highly concentrated structures seen across galaxies. Credit: SciTechDaily.com” (ScitechDaily, Mystery Deepens: Astrophysicists Say Dark Matter May Not Be One Thing)

Dark matter means an unknown gravitational effect. This phenomenon is one of the most fascinating aspects of the universe. There is a possibility that dark matter is not a single entity. It might be many things that we see as dark matter. In some models, dark matter doesn’t even exist. That means that dark matter could be ordinary material that behaves differently than reseachers calculated. First thing. What we must realize is that. There are lots of things in the universe that we don’t know. Matter outside galaxies. It has a lower energy level than galaxies. 

This means that the material is very hard to observe. Galaxies cover that matter under their brightness. When particles spin, they release energy from their equator. That forms an energy hole to the particle’s spin axis. And that energy hole pulls energy to the particle. This causes an interesting idea: could the dark matter be a particle? That has spin 1? If that kind of particle exists, it can be invisible. 

The spin of most particles is 1/2. This means that the particle wobbles back and forth. It changes its direction after each 1/2 round. This means that the same particle binds and releases energy. So, could that process be the thing? Behind the dark matter?

So when a particle changes its direction. It sends a photon. The particle must stop before it changes its direction. And at that point, it releases that energy quantum. This means that the particle will form a WARP bubble-shaped quantum low-pressure shape around it. And maybe that bubble can cause a situation. A particle. Like a quark or an electron can turn its spin into one. 

This means that the particle can spin a full round around it. This requires an extreme. Big step between energy levels. When a particle travels over an energy step, which separates. A high-energy area. The extremely low-energy areas can make it possible. For the particle to form a bubble. That allows it to spin a full round around its axle, which could make it invisible. 

“Projected dark matter density distribution and the induced strong lensing critical curves in a two-component self-interacting dark matter model. Credit: Science China Press (ScitechDaily, Mystery Deepens: Astrophysicists Say Dark Matter May Not Be One Thing)

Things like cosmic voids can cause this kind of virtual gravitational effect. When things. Like cosmic voids are forming, outside quantum fields are starting to fill them. This means the cosmic void can cause a virtual gravitational effect. In the same way, when particles are escaping from the galaxies, they will enter the very low-energy area. 

The material evaporation is stronger or faster than in higher energy areas. This means that material sends energy. But the evaporation also binds energy. And maybe energy that travels faster. The particles that evaporate in galaxies can be one thing. That makes the effect that we see as dark matter. When material evaporates or turns into wave movement, it sends photons. 

During that process. These forms. A bubble or quantum low-pressure region around that particle. This means that we see the effect that this void forms stronger than the particle's gravitational field. So. Those small nanovoids could be one source for an effect called dark matter. We must also remember. That also includes. Other particles than protons and electrons that evaporate. Things like quarks and also bosons are evaporating. And that thing binds energy. 

That causes high-speed evaporation. This evaporation form. The bubble is quite similar to the WARP-bubble. When that kind of bubble forms energy, or a quantum field tries to fill it. When the universe expands. That thing. Means that the quantum fields around that bubble turn weaker. But that expansion also pulls. That expansion can form a situation. The bubble’s or void’s size expands all the time. But quantum fields cannot fill it. The antimatter annihilation will cause quantum fields to move. And that means those explosions can also cause an effect. That seems like gravitation. The thing is that. There are many things. That can form the effect. That we see as dark matter. Dark matter means a gravitational effect. That is the second  of two dominant things in the universe. 

https://scitechdaily.com/mystery-deepens-astrophysicists-say-dark-matter-may-not-be-one-thing/

Gamma Cassiopeiae could give a model for reseachers how to create X-rays and Gamma-rays without antimatter.

"Gamma Cas consists of a Be-type star surrounded by a disk of material; some of this material flows toward the companion; a second disk forms around the companion, and the material eventually flows toward the poles, where it emits X-rays (green arrows). Some of these X-rays are reflected by the surface of the white dwarf (purple arrows). Credit: University of Liège / Y.Nazé" (ScitechDaily, A Bright Star Hid a Massive Secret for 50 Years: Mystery of Gamma Cassiopeiae Finally Solved)

Gamma Cassiopeiae is a bright B-spectral class star. Astronomers found a hidden companion. The small white dwarf near that star. This means the Gamma Cassiopeiae is a binary star. And the thing that makes it interesting is the small white dwarf that orbits the center star and pulls matter from that star.  

The massive star in the Gamma Cassiopeiae system is the source of the X-ray bursts from that star. The magnetic white dwarf is the thing. That accelerates the ionized gas around it. And when that ion belt impacts the plasma around the larger star, it causes a very high-energy reaction. And we see that reaction as X-ray bursts from around that star. 

When particles in two separate plasma disks collide, they form X-ray bursts. This observation is the answer to the astronomical mystery. But. It can also make it possible to detect methods. To create artificial gamma- or X-rays. In history researchers thought that only black holes could create X- and gamma-rays. But today. We know that.  Also, less massive objects. Like white dwarfs can form at least X-rays. 

Those high-energy rays can form when a white dwarf pulls matter from its companion star. The matter that the white dwarf pulls from the companion star forms the ion cloud or halo around the white dwarf. And when that material flows. Impacts the plasma that orbits the white dwarf. That reaction forms X-ray bursts. The high-energy magnetic field. Puts the plasma into a whirl very fast around the white dwarf.

Magnetic white dwarfs interact through gravity. But it also interacts through a magnetic field. When the material impacts the white dwarf’s surface. That impact causes a nuclear reaction, which raises the energy level in plasma. That orbits the white dwarf. 

When incoming material impacts. The white dwarf’s plasma fields. That causes. A high-energy interaction. This interaction causes a situation. Those impacting particles send high-energy radiation. The remarkable thing is this: in this reaction, the magnetic interaction is dominating. 

And that thing causes a model, that if we create two crossing plasma wheels or plasma rings, we could create synthetic X- or even gamma rays. If we want to create synthetic gamma-rays, we must raise those particles' energy level so high that the quarks can interact with each other. Another way to create those high-energy radiation bursts is to use particle accelerators that accelerate quarks, electrons, or protons with high-power magnetic fields and aim laser beams into them. 

Those photons can accelerate those particles or particle clusters to a high energy level. And that system. It can create high-energy radiation. The system can have two cyclotrons that create a plasma ring. That accelerates those particles with the highest possible energy level. Then that plasma will be conducted to the linear accelerators. 

There. High-energy photons will accelerate those particles. That conducted. To crossing trajectories. Another way. Is to aim lasers at. The point where those plasma rings that rotate in opposite directions impact. When plasma rings orbit in opposite directions, that maximizes their impact force. These types of systems can be used to create synthetic gamma- or X-rays. Antimatter annihilation is the tool. That could create the gamma-rays. But. Creating gamma rays by using antimatter. It is quite an expensive method. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-bright-star-hid-a-massive-secret-for-50-years-mystery-of-gamma-cassiopeiae-finally-solved/

Why can't we fit quantum models and gravity together?

Electroweak interaction (Or electroweak mechanism). And its effect on gravity. And the electroweak interaction effect in the Grand Unified Theory (GUT) 

“In particle physics, the electroweak interaction or electroweak force is the unified description of two of the fundamental interactions of nature: electromagnetism (electromagnetic interaction) and the weak interaction. Although these two forces appear very different at everyday low energies. The theory. Models them as two different aspects of the same force. Above the unification energy, on the order of 246 GeV, they would merge into a single force. Thus, if the temperature is high enough – approximately 1015 K – then the electromagnetic force and weak force merge into a combined electroweak force.” (Wikipedia, Electroweak interaction)

Is it possible that gravity is not one single force? Could there be some other phenomena that interact like gravity? Things like a cosmic void. They can cause a similar effect to gravity. 

In the electroweak reaction. The atom core. It sends an energy impulse to electrons. This energy impulse loads extra energy into those electrons. And then those electrons send photons. So, if we want to have a strong interaction with that process. We must say that gluons, the strong interaction transporter, send an energy impulse to the proton and neutron quantum fields. 

That energy impulse loads energy in those quantum fields. We see that energy interaction. As a weak nuclear force. Then those protons and neutrons send their extra energy into the electrons. When electrons send a photon. For a short time, there is a quantum low-energy area, or quantum low-pressure, around those electrons. 

The same type of quantum low-pressure form. Around protons, neutrons, and quarks, when they sent photons. And in that process, the electromagnetic fields that fill that quantum low-pressure region. It can transport particles and wave movement with it when it fills that point. This model. Increases the electroweak mechanism to all other fundamental interactions. 

Hunting of the graviton. Missing gravity transportation particles. 

If the graviton exists, that explains why gravity is so special. It explains the black holes as giant gravitons. The ultimate form of the hypothetical quark stars. In that model, the black hole forms when the internal structures of the singularity strip quantum fields from around gravitons. In this mode. The graviton. It is a quantum-sized black hole. And all elementary particles are bubbles that form around gravitons. 

Theoretically, making gravity models is easy. We can say that particles spin and bind energy to them. But then we are in trouble: how to prove that model? The way to prove this model in real life is more complicated. Gravitation is a weak force. So, the other three, electromagnetism and weak forces, will cover it. And because of that, quantum gravity is a very hard thing to observe. But then. We can see two very interesting questions. 

A) Could gluon be the mythic graviton? 

B) Could gravitation be more than one effect? There is a very long list of things that could cause similar effects to gravitation. 

1) Cosmic voids. 

2) Electromagnetic shadows. 

4) Different energy levels in particles. 

5) Material evaporation. 

6) Electromagnetism and all three other interactions. 

7) Spiral-shaped electromagnetic fields. 

And many other things can cause things that seem like gravity. Sometimes some reseachers say that gravitation is only a virtual force. Or maybe gravitation is the strong nuclear interaction. And that means gluons could be the mythic graviton. The gluon evaporation could interact. Like gravitation. But could the gluon be the graviton?

The strong interaction. Affects very short distances. But strong interaction is actually a wave movement. And that means other forces. Weak and electromagnetic interactions cover that wave movement. But also. Other interactions. Like electromagnetism and weak interactions, they are things. That can form things that look like gravity. 

Another thing that can cause a similar effect to gravity is the quantum or electromagnetic shadow that forms. When electromagnetic waves hit the particle. The particle forms the electromagnetic shadow that causes energy to fall to that point. Those things can cause interaction that seems like gravitation. When electromagnetic fields move, they transport particles with them. 

And then we must look at gravitational waves. Those waves move at the speed of light. But those waves don’t require a field where they travel. And that makes them interesting. Maybe there is still an unknown energy field in the universe. But. If we think that gravitation is a very short-wave radiation, that wavelength is far shorter than even gamma-rays. 

We can ask whether the graviton exists. And then, why has nobody seen gravitons? The graviton. A mythic gravitation transporter particle would be a boson. Like all other force or interaction transporters. In some models. The graviton is the quantum-sized black hole. The idea is that. Graviton-particle could be the thing that forms all elementary particles. As I wrote at the beginning of the text. 

In this model, all elementary particles are like bubbles around those quantum-size black holes. If those kinds of particles are the source for gravitational waves, their size would be smaller than the wavelength of gamma-rays. This thing is one of the things that can explain many things. The evaporation of those hypothetical quantum-sized back holes could explain dark energy. Gravity centers are the clusters of gravitons. 

And black holes could be black. Because they are pure gravitons. In that model, the inner layer of the black hole is the denser graviton cluster. And that strips quantum fields away from gravitons that are at the outer cluster in the singularity. If the graviton exists. The black hole. It is the giant graviton. The ultimate version of the quark stars. But if that thing is real.  It requires that the graviton exists.

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/problem-gravity-quantum-physics/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroweak_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction