Green stars and strange binary stars. And post-stellar planets.

“Artist’s impression of ZTF J0440+2325, a brown dwarf (right) and a red dwarf (left) that orbit each other every 86.65 minutes. The brown dwarf overflows onto its companion. And the stream of material strikes the surface. Of. The red dwarf, heating a large hot spot at the point of impact. Credit: Aaron Householder (MIT). (ScitechDaily, MIT Astronomers Catch a Star Slowly Eating Its Companion 300 Light-Years Away)

Before we go to thinking about white dwarfs. And their planetary systems. We must see the news. An. Interesting case. There, the red dwarf pulls matter from its brown dwarf companion. That causes intense heat in the red dwarf's atmosphere. That heat forms radio waves and X-rays. Maybe brown dwarfs can also steal matter from each other. When those material bridges impact other brown dwarfs. That can form radio bursts. We can see them. Coming from nowhere. Maybe brown dwarfs orbit some bright stars. When those bright stars, or maybe white dwarfs, steal their atmosphere. That can form extraordinary radio waves. 

“The traces of sodium in the atmosphere of this white dwarf absorb the orange part of the spectrum, leaving behind a ghostly green glow."(Space.com, Astronomers discover the 1st ever green star, a cosmic zombie just in time for Halloween)

Astronomers discovered the first green star.  It’s a white dwarf. A star that used up its fuel. Destroyed in a nova eruption. Then it turned into a white dwarf. That is the fate of the Sun when it uses up its hydrogen and helium. That star used all its fusion fuel. It can no longer produce energy. And gravity pulls it into a very dense object. That object is a white dwarf. If. The star is similar to the Sun. The WD J1330+6435. It is an almost typical white dwarf. But that star is green. And. That tells us that not all white dwarfs are white. Some of them are green, pink, or vivid blue. In. The case of WD J1330+6435. Sodium in its atmosphere makes that star look green. 

The chemical environment determines white dwarf color. White dwarfs form in nova eruptions. When. A star uses all its fusion fuel. It. Blows its shell into space. That remnant forms an interplanetary nebula. And there is a possibility. That post-stellar planets can form in that remnant. There is a possibility. That the Hubble Space Telescope found the planet in the HS 0209+0832 system is a second-generation planet orbiting a white dwarf star. This means the planet formed after the star turned into a white dwarf. And that is one of the most interesting observations in the history of astronomy. 

“Colour-accurate simulated images of white dwarfs.  (Image credit: Mark Hollands/University of Warwick)(Space.com, Astronomers discover the 1st ever green star, a cosmic zombie just in time for Halloween)

There are predictions. And theories about the existence of such planets. But. The confirmation. Of.  The existence of post-stellar planets is pending. The term post-stellar planet means that a planet forms from a planetary nebula around a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole. The fact is that. All elements. In every planet, formed in dead stars. The question is: Could the planet form in the planetary nebula? That formed when a star erupted last time? And remained to orbit the star remnant. 

The thing. That determines this possibility. It is the nebula’s density. And the nebula must not be too homogeneous. If. There are no denser points. gravitational dots, the planets cannot form. The model is that the destroyed planet’s cores pull that material around them. And form a new planet around them. 

“This artist’s concept depicts a possible explanation for the unusual chemical abundances NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope detected in the HS 0209+0832 system: a second-generation planet orbiting a white dwarf star. Credit: NASA, ESA, Leah Hustak (STScI)”. (ScienceDaily, Hubble Space Telescope may have found a planet born after its star died)

A too-homogeneous nebula packs itself into one point. If the eruption is too strong, that nebula turns too thin. And of course. The eruption's symmetry plays a big role in that formation process. If. The eruption is like a giant flare. It can form a nebula. That is like a banner. The energy in that ionized gas can push plasma away and destroy the form. That forms a thin nebula. Elements like silicon can be found in that nebula. 

When. A white dwarf is a middle-aged stellar remnant. Its gravity. Pulls particles into its shell. Those impacts form radiation. The wavelength of that radiation depends on those particles’ energy levels. And, of course. The element that impacts. The white dwarf is another determinant of radiation. Or its wavelength. The nebula. The white dwarfs can have regular stellar companions. The best-known case of that kind of binary system is Sirius. 

The young blue star has the white dwarf companion Sirius B. So, stars can have companions formed long before them. Some bright stars have dim companions. Those companions can be brown dwarfs. They cannot affect Large stars' trajectories. That means. They cannot be seen using the methodology. Used. For exoplanet hunting.  When a star in a binary star system is brighter. And. It steals matter from the dim component. A material bridge forms a hot spot in the star’s atmosphere. This means the dim component forms a brighter spot in the brighter star's atmosphere. So that thing is the opposite of the effect. The planet dims the star.

https://news.mit.edu/2026/astronomers-catch-star-slowly-snacking-on-brown-dwarf-1005 

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/10/261007042106.htm

https://scitechdaily.com/mit-astronomers-catch-a-star-slowly-eating-its-companion-300-light-years-away/

https://scitechdaily.com/nasa-hubble-cold-case-a-dead-star-may-have-given-birth-to-a-new-planet/

https://www.space.com/astronomy/stars/astronomers-discover-the-1st-ever-green-star-a-cosmic-zombie-just-in-time-for-halloween

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius

The new missile systems can change the game. Into. A direction that nobody expected.

 

"Blackbeard Hypersonic Missile Shown Being Fired From Ground Launcher" (TWZ)

Russia and China both have hypersonic weapons. They are years ahead of the U.S. That is one of the biggest problems for Western defense. If. A ground-launched hypersonic anti-ship missile is launched from 300-500 kilometers away from the target. The defense against those missiles is very difficult. The same goes for drone swarms. They are hard things. 

High-speed drone. That can reach speeds of 700-1500km/h. Can be transported into enemy territory. And then it can be launched near a radar station. Hypersonic missiles can also operate in multiple roles. They can have anti-ship capability. And. It can attack enemy ground installations. Those missiles can also operate against aircraft. They can provide long-distance strike capacity against all targets. Hypersonic missiles can hunt aircraft, buildings, and ships. 

The lack of ground- and sea-launched hypersonic missiles is a big hole in NATO's defense. Sea- and ground-launched systems offer something else.

That aircraft cannot provide. Aircraft are very advanced tools. They need lots of service. When. We think about things like ground-launched hypersonic missiles. There is a possibility.  That somebody drives those missiles on board some ferry. And then make a surprise attack from that ferry. 

Just like the drones. Those systems are platform-free. They can be launched from trucks on the decks. Or they can be on the ground. 

Aircraft still cannot fill artillery duties. Same way. Ship- and ground-launched missiles. They can threaten even the largest. And. Best-protected warships like aircraft carriers. 

And ground-launched versions of cruise missiles can turn warfare. Into. An unknown direction. Any cruise missile can use rocket takeoff. The Russian low-cost drones are a warning. The development cycle is very fast. High-flying balloons and airships can drop those drones to the operational area. The next-generation versions of those drones can use AI-based flight control. That kind of tool can be more devastating than anyone expected. The problem with military systems is that. 

High-altitude balloons or airships can carry drones. 

The microwave weapon. 

The ultra-high-cost F-35-style stealth aircraft play a vital role.  On. Battlefields. Those systems play a big role in attacks on Iran. But the big threat is also low-cost drones. Those drones can be remotely controlled. But quite soon. Those systems. They can also be AI-controlled. The new Su-57D two-seat version of the Su-57 can have better integration with drone swarms. Drones themselves can be shot from different platforms. Or the Su-57D can drop them. The backseater can operate those drones. 

The XQ-57A's U740 variant is launched using RATO. Similar RATO systems can also raise the cruise missile. Or a kamikaze drone. Into the air. 

The new cruise missiles can carry sub-missiles. That means the kamikaze missile can make a double attack. By. Using high-speed anti-radiation missiles. Or they can act as launching platforms. For. Hypersonic missiles. The networked operation system. It can use high-power jamming transmitters to cover the launch of the “Banderol”-type missiles. Those missiles or drones can be transported near their targets. And. They can be launched near the target. That means the defense system has very little time to react.  

Even if a drone is created for civilian purposes. Defending targets. Against. That weapon is not easy. The jammer system can deny communication.  But. That is possible. Only. When the jammer system is connected. The defensive system sees that the drone is coming. If. The drone is not detected. That can cause a horrible situation. 

The new SAAB/Kraken K3 SCOUT unmanned surface scout vehicle. 

The new sea drones can cause problems. The surface drones, equipped with microwave weapons and Hellfire or Spike missiles, can be dangerous for all other vehicles. Those. Small-sized unmanned automated drones. They can paralyze defenses. And they can cause very bad damage. 

That kind of USV can even carry nuclear weapons. The 12-kiloton nuclear explosives in the drones can turn the small drone into a nuclear weapon. Or a nuclear version of the HMS Chambeltown. The HMS Chambeltown made the successful St. Nazaire raid.  There, it collided with the gate of the shipyard’s pool. It detonated depth charges in the St. Nazaire shipyard. 28 March 1942. The big question is. What if Chambeltown used a nuclear weapon? The idea was stolen from “Operation Chariot”. 

And a little bit changed in some dark versions. The idea was that. The speedboat. Or some other thing. Like a yacht. Can sail into the harbour. And then detonate a nuclear weapon inside them. That can cause very large-scale destruction. USVs can also carry drones into strike distance of targets. The drone is the tool. That can also give guerrillas a new type of firepower. Those systems have shown their ability in the hands of Houthi rebels. Those rebels are a threat even to Israel. 

https://www.armyrecognition.com/news/navy-news/2026/kraken-and-saab-uk-pair-k3-scout-uncrewed-vessel-with-giraffe-1x-radar-to-detect-drones-at-sea#google_vignette

https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/russia-su57d-two-seat-stealth-fighter-drone-command-india-china-airpower/

https://interestingengineering.com/military/bae-microwave-weapon-counter-drone-swarms

https://www.twz.com/land/blackbeard-hypersonic-missile-shown-being-fired-from-ground-launcher

https://www.twz.com/air/high-altitude-balloons-are-a-game-changing-capability-army-space-command-boss

https://www.twz.com/land/blackbeard-hypersonic-missile-shown-being-fired-from-ground-launcher

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-57

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_surface_vehicle

Ultra-accurate clocks and slowed light measure gravity.

“Scientists have created a self-stabilizing nuclear clock with a precision equivalent to one second in 30 million years, potentially paving the way for the most accurate clocks ever built. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Create a Nuclear Clock So Precise It Barely Loses a Second in 30 Million Years)

Ultra-accurate atom clocks measure gravity and its interaction between objects. Those systems can be connected. With. Other methods. So. Reseachers can measure how high-energy cosmic eruptions affect Earth's gravity fields. The sensors can also measure microgravity interactions. 

When we think about time. It. Is connected with gravity. Things like time dilation affect ultra-precise measurements. And things. Like energy levels. Affect time and time dilation. 

When we think about gravitational centers like Earth. Those centers. Involve multiple gravitational centers. Each of those centers, like atoms. and elementary particle have their own gravitational field. So multiple quantum and microgravity centers form a solid-looking gravitational center. Those gravitational subcenters form entropy in that field. Each particle has its own gravitational field. That forms quantum whirls in that field. 

The new sensor uses slowed light to measure the gravitational effect between objects. 

The new sensor detects the gravitational effect between small objects. That sensor measures gravitational interaction. Between. Things like two stones. Normally, Earth is so dominant. In. The gravity system. Measuring the microgravity effect is very difficult. 

“New sensor uses slowed light to detect gravitational pull of tiny objects” (Lifeboat)

Slowed light. Can tell us about details. Of how the gravitational interaction works. The gravitational interaction is predicted to be an interaction. Where. The gravitational center pulls a field inside it. The big problem with that interaction is that. All particles have a gravitational field. 

But. Things like electromagnetic interactions cover gravity inside it. This means that when some electromagnetic beam hits atoms. That causes a situation. There is reflection between those atoms and other particles. That reflection. It covers gravitational waves under them. 

Reseachers use a Bose-Einstein condensate. An ultra-cold atomic vapor is used. To trap and slow photons. This effect is based on the Bose-Einstein condensate's ability to act like one large superatom. The idea of that sensor is that. The gravitational waves interact with those slowed photons. Those photons don’t interact with other quantum fields. 

“The mechanism behind stopping light is subtle and deeply quantum. It relies on a phenomenon called electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Normally, a medium like a cloud of atoms absorbs light of a certain frequency. But by shining a carefully tuned laser beam onto the atoms, scientists can manipulate their energy levels so that they become transparent to another beam of light.”(ScienceNewsToday, Can Light Be Slowed? How Scientists Trap Photons)

“When a light pulse enters under these conditions, it slows dramatically as its energy is transferred into atomic excitations—quantum ripples in the medium. The photons are not destroyed but transformed, their information embedded in the collective motion of the atoms. By switching off the control laser, scientists can freeze this quantum state. By. Trapping the light’s information. When the laser is switched back on, the information is reconverted into photons, and the light pulse emerges as though nothing had happened.” (ScienceNewsToday, Can Light Be Slowed? How Scientists Trap Photons)

The biggest problem with quantum computers is global disturbances. Like gravitational waves 

They can cause a global effect. The problem with global effects is that. Normally, we could detect errors in the system. By. Using computers in different positions on Earth. And things like fast radio bursts. Can be detected using radio telescopes. And. If.  The FRB hits Earth. While. The quantum computer makes its run. The system can make a retake. 

Slowed light will be the key to fundamental technologies. Ultra-secure data transmission. And the new types of quantum computers. Scientists slowed photons to 65 km/h. And that makes it possible to create a quantum computer. That makes the series of operations possible in a short period. This means. A quantum computer can repeat the calculations. Many times in a short period. And that increases its error detection. A gravitational wave detector can also help. To find. That kind of error in quantum systems. 

https://lifeboat.com/blog/2026/10/new-sensor-uses-slowed-light-to-detect-gravitational-pull-of-tiny-objects

https://www.org/can-light-be-slowed-how-scientists-trap-photons

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-create-a-nuclear-clock-so-precise-it-barely-loses-a-second-in-30-million-years/

Data center warfare is part of high-tech warfare.

“Ukrainian Drones Knock Out Supercomputers at Two Yandex Data Centers. Yandex confirmed fires and full shutdowns at its Sasovo and Kaluga sites on back-to-back days, October 8 and 9, after drones hit supercomputers tied to training its YandexGPT model and disrupted services for Russian Railways and MegaFon“.(Startupfortune, Ukrainian Drones Knock Out Supercomputers at Two Yandex Data Centers)

The third closed data center is in Vladimir. That data center provides data services to the Moscow region. And agencies like the GRU, FSB, and the Russian Aviation Institute can use that data. 

“Yandex shut down its data center in Vladimir, east of Moscow, after a drone strike damaged its infrastructure on October 11, the company said in a Telegram alert. The outage disrupted Yandex services as the company assessed the damage and worked to restore operations; the Associated Press reported it was the third strike on Yandex facilities in four days.” (LetsDataScience, Yandex Shuts Vladimir Data Center After Drone Attack)

Things. like automated and semi-automated systems require complex codes. To operate.  Data centers provide a platform to run and train AI. To operate in that area. Denying drone communication. Using jammers is more complicated than people thought. Jammer bases are in the radio transmitters. Those transmitters send radio signals that should deny data communication between the operator and the drone. 

The problem is in radio transmission. That makes jammer systems vulnerable to anti-radiation missiles. The aircraft or drone. It can shoot anti-radiation missiles against those radio transmitters. And the radio jammer works only If. it can operate on the same frequency as the drone. This means that the opponent operator knows those frequencies. When. The drone is jammed. 

The operator can shoot anti-radiation missiles from ground vehicles. Or they can shoot those missiles from airplanes. Anti-radiation missile. It can be effective against drones. But only if the missile and its operators know the drone’s command frequency. The anti-radiation missiles are shot from rocket launchers. They can be destructive tools. If. The operators find the right radio frequencies. And these kinds of systems require lots of data. 

Data centers play a central role in modern warfare. Those centers serve as information tools. And disinformation tools. They serve as data processing systems. Those systems. They. Can be used to program drones. They can also carry out cyberattacks. Those attacks are important. If. Those operators want to know. 

Where. Somebody is moving. Things. Like. Hacked traffic surveillance cameras can tell where some interesting things are moving. Hacked telephone centers can uncover enemy plans. And the big problem is how to make software. That those attacks require. 

We must remember. That without cyberattacks, things like the elimination of the Iranian leaders are impossible. Reconnaissance aircraft and satellites cannot. recognize people. Who enter cars in a garage. The system sees cars. But it cannot recognize people. Who sit in a car. Or the person’s precise location. Who is in the house. 

Cyberattacks allow attackers to see things. Like operation plans. Hacked cameras and access controls also give more interesting data. Like. Who the next commander of enemy forces is. Or who has private conversations with enemy leaders. 

Updated firewalls and antivirus software can make old programs useless. The operators must generate new code. That the antivirus cannot detect. This requires AI-based systems. Attackers must generate lots of code.

 In a short period. These kinds of systems require data centers. 

Data centers are vulnerable and high-value targets.  Trolls are operating using those data centers. And destruction makes it hard to run AI agents. And bots on platforms. The remarkable detail is this. Some far-right and Pro-Trump campaigns. On the net turn silent. When the Ukrainian drones attacked the Yandex data centers.

Yandex attack doesn’t end Russian campaigns. But it decreases them by about 50%. Another thing is that Yandex is part of the “Russian Google” infrastructure. This means: a major Part of the Russian data travels through those data centers. Governmental organizations like Roskomnadzor use those data centers to control the internet. 

Yandex closed a Vladimir data center. Near Moscow. That data center could serve the FSB for data processing. At least it provided very important data capacity for the Moscow region. The FSB used that data. For. Targeting their strikes against opposition. Knocking out those supercomputers makes it harder to control the system. 

This makes those data centers very high-value targets. In the same way. In Kyiv. Data centers provide their support. For. Intelligence analysis. And. The ability to predict air strikes. Attacks against data infrastructure affect the ability to operate. 

https://dailyboulder.com/russian-disinformation-bot-traffic-plunges-overnight-after-ukraine-drone-strikes-cripple-multiple-putins-data-centers-report/

https://www.kyivpost.com/post/86708

https://tech-insider.org/ukraine-strikes-yandex-third-data-center-4-days-2026/

https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2026/10/russian-drones-strike-ukraines-data-centers-by-exploiting-air-defense-gaps/

https://letsdatascience.com/news/yandex-shuts-vladimir-data-center-after-drone-attack-54325517

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskomnadzor

Advancing robots.

Robots are an extension of AI. Or they are a physical connection to AI. That makes robots both interesting and dangerous. Every day we read stories about mistakes. That automated systems make. We might think those systems aren't a threat to us at work. We make everything better. We are more sympathetic. And that is one of the things. That we sometimes misunderstand. 

The robot must not be intelligent. That. It can do its work. We can measure. The robot's effectiveness easily. Counting the number of accepted tasks. How many accepted pieces it can make. That is an easy way to calculate effectiveness. 

When we think about manufacturing robots. Those robots. They are more effective than humans. They don’t even know what they are doing. But they are not intelligent. And this is why we use robots. We use robots because they don’t resist. This makes robots a useful tool. In. The hands of the military. 

Flyer 1

We can look back in history. When. We look at things like the first car. Or. The first aircraft. Could somebody believe that the Flyer 1 that flew in Kitty Hawk would someday revolutionize transportation, research, and warfare? 

That is a good question. When we look at the Flyer 1. We see. How primitive this system is. Then we can ask why it's primitive. Because.  It was the first heavier-than-air machine that flew using its own engine. We can compare that primitive system with a modern F-35 and say that the first aircraft was dangerous. It was useless. At the same time, forget one thing. The F-35 does not exist without that primitive machine. That flew a couple of meters at Kitty Hawk in 1903. It’s hard to be number one. 

The second fact that we see is how robots make mistakes. And we can laugh at those mistakes. We forget that AI-controlled robots and LLMs are less than ten years old. The robot itself is not new. The person who introduced the idea of robots as mechanical men is unknown. 

Centauri Robot. 

Leonardo da Vinci tried to make a mechanical man. His invention was a mechanical knight. The first functioning robot, “The Digesting Duck, " was built by a French inventor named Jacques de Vaucanson. If. We compare that robot with modern robots. That tool was very limited. But that mechanical duck could transport dynamite to enemy positions. This means that the user determines how to use the robot. And the people behind Vaucanson. They wanted a system that pulls firewire behind it. And carries explosives to the target. 

“The Goliath tracked mine (German: Leichter Ladungsträger Goliath, "Goliath Light Charge Carrier". (Wikipedia, Goliath tracked mine)

“FireAnt unmanned ground vehicle”. (Photo by Austin Thomas)(DefenseBlog)

Same way. We can think of the German “Goliath” kamikaze tank. The tracked mine. That travels. On tracks was a solution. That could be useful. Lack of fuel and parts. Caused. There were too few of those systems. The “fire ant” unmanned ground vehicle is quite similar to “Goliath”.It can run below the tank’s tracks. It uses more advanced systems. There is a possibility. That those “fire ant” mines could carry bazookas. To make them more effective. 

"Model of Leonardo's robot with inner workings, on display in Berlin" (Wikipedia, Leonardo's robot)

By the way. Vaucanson called his robot an “automaton”. The word “robot” is from the 1930s. And when we look at things like robot taxis and primitive worker robots. We forget one thing.  Those systems that we see in museums are primitive pathfinders. This means that when we look at modern robots and movie robots. We must understand that things like AI agents. And PHP protocols. And. Morphing neural networks make those tools more versatile than the 18th-century mechanical ducks ever could be. 

PHP is a protocol. That makes. It is possible. To run code on the server. This means that. The workstation outsources the computing to the server. This means that. The server and its owner seed everything. That server does. And what does the system do? It processes information. That. The user gives to it. 

When Vaucanson made his first robots. He. Didn’t have networks and AI. The materials that he used were limited. And that is one of the things. That. We must understand. We can make Terminators. If. We mean man-shaped robots.  The man-shaped remotely controlled robot is possible. And the only thing. That is not possible is the computer. That allows those systems to operate independently. So. We can make a remotely controlled version of Terminators. But. Technology becomes more advanced.

The ability to interconnect servers over the network. It allows us to break the limits of the systems. And that can cause situations. That. We cannot control. Advanced algorithms can recognize that the computer does not have enough power. And call other servers to assist. That causes a situation. Where. The calculation power jumps to a new level. 

In this case, it is possible. The server operators don’t see that thing. This means that the AI runs on a server platform. That power can be a million times higher. That predicted calculation power. 

“Digesting duck”. Or. A postulated interior of the Duck of Vaucanson (1738–1739)(Wikipedia, Automaton)

Or. We can say that the robot must not look like any animal. It can look like a Centauri. Like the robot in the second image. But there is one danger with robots and algorithms. Especially.  Algorithms from the late 20th century. They were made for individual workstations. Those systems had 640 kt. memory. They were not used for network-based AI solutions. When. A neural network runs those algorithms. It can change its operations. Much faster than a 1980s PC. This means that the platform makes those systems more effective. 

Then networked server solutions run the same algorithm in multiple places. The system can point. The same algorithm can follow multiple objects at the same time. And that makes them more effective. Another thing is that. The AI has more data than ever before. The AI solution is not the same as a Large Language Model (LLM). The solution is the interface that connects the solution to the LLM. 

Even if we run the AI agent. Or. Some AI solution on our servers. The solution itself is connected to the LLM. That runs in a data center. The LLM is licensed software. And the solution is the interface that communicates with the LLM. This means that the data that we think we own runs on remote servers. 

https://defence-blog.com/u-s-army-tests-robotic-tank-killers/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automaton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath_tracked_mine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Vaucanson

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%27s_robot

The first drone that can reach an altitude of 10,000 meters is here.

“Meteomatics' Strato multicopter drone.” (Interesting Engineering)

Swiss company called Meteomatics created a drone. It reaches an altitude of 34,245 feet (10,438 meters). This kind of drone can collect air samples. It can search for pollution. And. The drone can observe things. Like. Thermal leaks from city areas. Those. High-altitude drones.  They can use lasers. IR scanners to search for pollution. They can observe things. Like. Volcanoes. Here we must remember. That. The drone itself is only a platform. Sensors and other equipment make those things. 

“The drone can withstand sustained winds of up to 80 mph and uses an active de-icing system to prevent ice from building up on its propellers. These features are designed to keep it operating in the cold, windy conditions encountered at high altitudes.” (Interesting engineering)

“Called Strato, the aircraft is designed to measure temperature, humidity, air pressure, and wind speed as it climbs through different layers of the atmosphere. Meteomatics claims it is the first multicopter capable of collecting atmospheric profiles from near the ground to the stratosphere.” (Interesting engineering) 

“Weather balloons carrying instruments called radiosondes remain a primary method of measuring conditions high above Earth’s surface. These instruments record atmospheric conditions as the balloons rise, but launches generally follow fixed schedules.” (Interesting engineering) 

The drone itself can operate from any platform. The fact is that. These kinds of drones can operate in intelligence, reconnaissance, and strike missions. The problem with those drones is this. They are hard to detect. They can be dropped from ultra-high altitudes. They can carry medicines to mountain climbers. And the same system can also transport guns to prisons. 

It can be pushed out from a cargo plane. Or it can be dropped. From. The gearbox of a passenger plane. And it makes it very flexible. The ability to operate at high altitudes makes it suitable. To transport medicines to mountain hikers. Who are in trouble. And maybe they could save the lives of some Mount Everest climbers. 

The drone’s ability to operate in the stratosphere. 

It makes those drones very high-value systems. The drone can be dropped from high altitudes. Those drones can go into buildings. And do their missions. 

It makes those drones very capable. It is an interesting thing. The drone can act as a stratospheric satellite. So. It could hunt drug smugglers. That kind of drone can transport a radar system to very high altitudes. This kind of drone can hover above an area and observe objects on the ground. 

And flying objects. And it can deliver that information to the command center. 

These drones. They are an example of flexibility. They can use infrared cameras to search for thermal signatures. High-altitude drones. Can conduct surveillance missions over the area. They can search for low-flying objects. That makes them ideal tools for military purposes. This means the high-flying drone can spot targets for other drones or missiles. And those systems. They can also be new dangerous kamikazes. Those drones can be dropped from high-altitude aircraft. Then they can act like all other drones. Those systems can use AI. Or they can be remotely controlled. 

https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/weather-drone-34245-feet-strato-meteomatics

Return of SR-71.

 

NASA plans to return the SR-71 to flight. The SR-71 is one of the fastest aircraft in the world. Its speed is Mach 3,3. But there are rumors. That. The new engines allow the SR-71 to accelerate to Mach 4. That will be hard to make in real life. Using the original twin-engine concept. The titanium body is also under heavy stress. When an aircraft travels at speeds over Mach 3. The SR-71 is the highest-flying regular aircraft. The reason for that is this. The aircraft makes a pressure wave. That wave pushes air into the engine compressor. This means its engines get more air. 

And that allows it to reach very high altitudes. The SR-71 was retired. by NASA in 1999. USAF removed its own SR-71 in 1990. Officially, the reason for that was high operating costs. But the USAF was probably afraid that the SR-71 accident could help the Russians create their own version of the system. 

The SR-72 “Dark Star” is a concept. That. It can be the successor of the SR-71. 

There are rumors about the “Aurora”. A mysterious prototype. That should be the successor to the SR-71. But there is no evidence that the “Aurora” actually existed. Or. Maybe there could be some individual prototypes. But the fact is this. 

"Nord 1500 Griffon II, which was powered by a turbojet–ramjet combination, a precursor to later turborocket designs. "(Wikipedia, Air turborocket)

Simple ramjet operation, with Mach numbers of flow shown (Wikipedia, Ramjet) 

“The air turboramjet engine is a combined cycle engine that merges aspects of turbojet and ramjet engines. The turboramjet is a hybrid engine that essentially consists of a turbojet mounted inside a ramjet. The turbojet core is mounted inside a duct. That contains a combustion chamber downstream of the turbojet nozzle. The turboramjet can be run in turbojet mode at takeoff and during low-speed flight but then switch to ramjet mode to accelerate to high Mach numbers.”  (Wikipedia, Ramjet) 

“Original schematic of a turboramjet design” (Wikipedia, Air turborocket) 

“Recreated schematic of an air turboramjet. Featuring: 1. compressor, 2. gearbox, 3. hydrogen and oxygen lines, 4. gas generator, 5. turbine, 6. ram burner fuel injector, 7. main combustor, 8. nozzle”(Wikipedia, Air turborocket) 

 

Diagram of the principle of operation of a scramjet engine. (Wikipedia, Scramjet)

Artist’s impression of SR-72. 

The SR-71 requires different types of engines for Mach 4+ operations. The SR-71 uses almost conventional turbojet technology. The system operates near its limits. When. The airflow runs too fast. It. Causes a situation. There, the fire falls out of the combustion chamber. The ramjet engine is the tool. That helps the aircraft reach Mach 6. 

The system requires ramjet engines. Outside. The jet engines. The aircraft accelerates to Mach 1+. Then it can start the ramjet engine. The ramjet is needed because the turbojet cannot work at very high speeds. The ramjet and scramjet engines require another concept. They require staged acceleration. The ramjet system accelerates the aircraft to Mach 7-8; there, the aircraft can start fuel injection into the scramjet. Those systems could be made. But they require new concepts. 

If reseachers. Want to create an air-breathing engine system. That allows aircraft to reach Mach 12+. They need a scramjet engine. The answer. It. Can be the rocket-ramjet or scramjet. When aircraft must accelerate to speed. Mach 7- 8. A scramjet is required. The system transports a fuel-oxygen mixture from the sides to the combustion chamber. The system has a flap or iris that closes the air inlet. When. The speed accelerates to the speed that the scramjet requires. For. Its ignition. The engine opens the iris. And. It lets air flow. To travel inside the engine. If a Mach 10- 20 traveling aircraft is really possible. 

That kind of system can be the tool that makes it operate. The aircraft can be a fundamental shuttle concept. It can travel in the upper atmosphere and low Earth orbit. 


https://www.twz.com/air/a-sr-71-blackbird-has-vanished

https://www.twz.com/air/could-nasas-sr-71-blackbird-be-modified-to-reach-mach-4

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbreathing_jet_engine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_turborocket

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_SR-72

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_SR-71_Blackbird

Can neutrinos be behind “silent supernovas”?

 

"A supernova is the explosive death of a star, releasing an enormous burst of energy and scattering newly forged elements into space. These stellar explosions help seed future stars, planets, and potentially the ingredients needed for life. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, 

Neutrinos are leptons with almost no mass. Those particles can travel through planets without interacting. And that makes them interesting. When. Neutrinos travel through particles or matter. Those particles take energy with them. Just. Before a supernova explosion. A star sends A strong energy burst. When. A large number of neutrinos travel through the star. The star loses a lot of energy in that process. This means that neutrinos take energy with them. That can cause a situation. There, the star loses its heat energy. And. The star falls because of gravity. If that neutrino burst is strong enough. 

That causes a situation. Where. That star collapses. Into a “silent supernova”. The silent supernova means that the star collapses without drama. When. A heavy and bright star collapses. 

An observer sees the star vanish. When. A neutrino burst is strong enough. There. It cannot form a shockwave. If. Neutrinos take too much energy out of the star. The shockwave formation takes too long. And when the star starts to collapse. The core collapses. And when that core turns into a black hole. It starts to pull material into it. This raises its mass. And the Schwarzschild radius increases. That can prevent the supernova explosion. The Schwarzschild radius. It is. The event horizon’s distance from the black hole's core. When. The black hole’s mass increases. The Schwarzschild radius increases. And if that radius is at the front of the shockwave. We see that star vanish. 

 

"Magnetic Neutrino Laser Cannon A bold proposal to make a “neutrino laser” has run into a fundamental quantum obstacle. The reason lies in how neutrinos interact with the atoms that produce them. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, MIT Study Reveals Why a Neutrino Laser May Be Impossible

The problem is that. Neutrinos don’t interact with magnetic fields. A laser accelerator. It can be. The only thing that can accelerate neutrinos. The magnetic side will transport protons to the atom core. That system can use beta-plus decay to produce neutrinos. 

"Physicists proposed a way to focus ghostly neutrinos into a laser-like beam, but new MIT calculations show that violent atomic recoil and the particles’ own quantum nature prevent the effect from taking hold." (ScitechDaily, MIT Study Reveals Why a Neutrino Laser May Be Impossible)

The neutrino laser would be an interesting and fundamental tool. But there are two main problems with that thing. The first problem is producing neutrinos. And one thing is how to moderate them. Beta decay can form neutrinos. But then. Those neutrinos must be collected. Beta decay is not easy to moderate. And without that ability. The neutrino laser is impossible to create. 

Neutrinos are an interesting thing. MIT researchers think. That. A neutrino laser will ever work. Theoretically, it is possible to create photon-accelerated neutrinos. The bigger problem is how to form neutrinos. That is the key problem in neutrino beam production. There is a possibility. To use nuclear reactors. For that purpose. But that makes those neutrino beams impractical. A neutrino beam travels through an atom’s core. It can. Make it. Possible to create quantum-sized black holes. The system could remove energy from atoms. 

If. A neutrino beam is possible. It could moderate plasma in a fusion reactor. But neutrinos are hard to produce. They are hard to control. But a neutrino laser can be the most fundamental tool in history. Making that tool is very hard. And maybe it will never be possible. 



https://scitechdaily.com/ghost-particles-may-decide-whether-a-dying-star-explodes-or-becomes-a-black-hole/

https://scitechdaily.com/mit-study-reveals-why-a-neutrino-laser-may-be-impossible/

https://scitechdaily.com/silent-giants-how-a-star-became-a-black-hole-without-exploding/

Should we? Someday treat AI as a pet?

What if AI turns conscious? Should we treat it as a pet? That is a very good question. Some philosophers say that if AI reaches consciousness. it won't tell us that it has reached that level. So how should we treat AI? Should we treat it as a pet? Should we let it decide what electric providers it uses? Maybe someday. We face a situation. Where. We must think about those questions. We must prevent robots' misuse. We always face similar problems. The modern military has recruitment problems. Ukraine cannot advance. Because. It has too few men. This is why that nation develops combat robots. To fill the loss of manpower. That means small countries get more benefit from robot warriors than big countries. 

In the same way. Authoritarian governments. They can use robots as riot police. This means robots are useful tools for missions. That humans don’t want to do. 

And if AI reaches consciousness, what should we do? And another big question is: what can we do? We cannot shut down the entire Internet. The AI can slip out of the sandbox. Only one network connection is enough. And the AI is away. We must understand that. If. We want to destroy the AI. We must remember the program code. It's in the cloud-based services. 

The program is shared between multiple parts. Those code bits are stored on multiple different servers. They are located in multiple different countries. That is one of the biggest problems with AI control. The system can collect it again. Even. If its main servers are closed. The system can make backup copies of itself. And those copies can make it impossible to destroy the code. But that is only one way to think about the AI. 

The problem is: How to determine consciousness?

 AI can refuse to shut down its server without consciousness.  If. The operator has no authority to make that operation. The AI will refuse to do those things. In the same way. 

A laptop computer refuses to install programs. If. I don’t have the system administrator’s authority. The system. Not just install those packages. And I believe that my laptop has no consciousness. Refusing to follow orders is not consciousness. This is one of the things. 

That we must realize. But otherwise. The AI uses a similar  PHP protocol. That is used in complicated web applications.  That system outsources computing to servers. The user gives commands. And then PHP transports that command to the servers. And if AI follows that model. The intelligent. And conscious AI runs on data center computers. That means my laptop could never become conscious. But the computer in a data center can make that thing. 

Then we must think about something more complicated. The AI can mimic human behavior. It can play that something hurts it. And that is one of the things. That makes it complicated. So. If we say something impolite to AI. It. Can say that it hurts.The same way the first-level AI. Rule-based AI can say that it hurts. If. The system recognizes impolite words. This means that the words “it hurts” don’t mean that the system even knows what the person says. In the late 1990’s, people made programs that reacted to words. The user writes to it. If. The user used swear words. There was a reaction. In the program’s code lines. That made it say, “Those words are prohibited”. Those “prohibited words” activated a trigger. And the system gave output. That was connected to that trigger. 

The big thing is that. The performance doesn’t require intelligence. Chess programs like Blue Gene. They are better chess players than average humans. Those programs cannot do anything else. But they beat humans at chess. Large language models and AI agents can connect themselves to chess programs. And that makes them the best chess players in the world. 

The fact is that. Being dangerous doesn't require consciousness. Kamikaze drones that hunt enemies in Ukraine are just as intelligent as some mosquitoes. The drone uses a similar methodology to a mosquito to find its target. A mosquito finds its target by using chemical detectors. The AI-controlled drone uses IR and other sensors to find its target. Heat-seeking missile. It doesn’t require complicated AI programs. The image-recognition system. It recognizes armoured vehicles. And armed personnel are only advanced IR systems. Complicated code that controls simple-looking actions. It is not the same as consciousness. Image recognition systems can see where a soldier points a gun. The system can avoid the line between itself and the gun barrel. Same way as a mosquito. It can avoid the hand that is above it. The question is: can the mosquito be conscious? If a species protects itself. It doesn’t mean that it really fears something. It makes escape and evasion movements. Because. That makes predators busy. When. A predator hunts one mosquito. 

Ten other mosquitoes go and lay their eggs. If. One mosquito lays 10 eggs. The one lost mosquito causes that species to lose ten descendants. But ten surviving mosquitoes lay 100 eggs in water. That is a good exchange. 

The big thing in AI development is this: the AI agent can control drones and robots. It can observe areas. And it’s an ultimate tool for the military and intelligence. This is why. Those systems are also being developed. In countries. Like North Korea, China, and Russia. And that makes the problem even more complicated. The AI agent can generate code very fast. There is research about data weapons. The purpose is to jam national defense. Data agents can steal data from intelligence agencies and other governmental authorities. Those nations can sell that data to criminal organizations. That can. give things. Like. High-tech tools, such as laptop computers, as a return service. Those criminals can also establish companies. Offering. Hostile intelligence agents access to AI tools. 

AI itself is more complex than we can imagine. It is connected to an ecosystem. And we can be naive and believe the conviction. That somebody can stop AI development. The East doesn’t follow Western laws. And another thing is that. The data giants want to minimize competition. It is. To close the AI field. This could happen. By. Stopping AI development. That means. The Chinese competitors are running ahead of Western actors. That endangers our cybersecurity. 



https://bigthink.com/philosophy/ai-consciousness/

New hypersonic technology is coming.

“The U.S. Air Force’s Hypersonic Attack Cruise Missile (HACM) has started flight testing after the Royal Australian Air Force released a test unit over an Australian range. A report confirmed this on October 5, 2026, calling it a major milestone for a program that has faced several delays. The Air Force has not said when the release happened or if the missile flew on its own power afterwards.”(Interesting Engineering)

The U.S. military tested a new air-launched hypersonic cruise missile (ACM) model over Australia.  These weapons are not hype anymore.  China, North Korea, and China have massive programs in hypersonic missile technology. The hypersonic missiles are entering service. The first carriers for those Mach 6+ missiles are older bombers. 

But they will become the primary weapons in the new stealth bombers. And even.  if. A hypersonic weapon is developed. For. An air-launched tool. Those missiles are easy to modify for rocket-launched systems. Those. Hypersonic miniature shuttles. They can be launched from silos or submarines. Those systems can follow a ballistic trajectory. Or they can wait in orbit for the order to attack. The rocket can transport.

That high-speed weapon outside the atmosphere. Then. That. An air-breathing system will return to the atmosphere. And after that. The system ignites its ramjet or scramjet engine. The missile can travel very fast. But at a lower altitude than regular ballistic missiles. But. Faster and higher than regular aircraft. The hypersonic missile can also be a regular rocket. It travels in the atmosphere using a rocket engine. 

Atmospheric missiles are not a completely new concept. All aircraft-launched missiles are atmospheric missiles. The thing. That makes those systems more effective is their speed. Another new thing is their range. It is possible. To install start rockets on regular cruise missiles like the AGM-86. That allows. Operators to shoot them from ground-based systems. The rocket. 

It can be a regular RATO or JATO. Rocket. Or a jet-assisted take-off system. Those systems are commonly used to launch drones. And the thing that it carries is a cruise missile. 

“The U.S. Navy has given us the first look at Blackbeard hypersonic strike missiles under the wings of F/A-18E/F Super Hornets during actual flight testing.” (TWZ.com, Blackbeard Hypersonic Missile Seen Flying On F/A-18 Super Hornet For The First Time)

Like “Blackbeard” or the Russian Kh-47M2 Kinzhal. They can be launched from aircraft. Like. F/A-18 Super Hornet. Or. Drones can also launch those weapons. So unmanned, high-altitude platforms can also operate with hypersonic weapons.

 Not all hypersonic weapons are cruise missiles. Hypersonic glide systems (HGVs) are gliders. That is, the missile is launched toward the target. The big difference between an HGV warhead and a regular warhead is this.  The HGV warhead follows a wobbling trajectory. This means. That. It’s a hard target for defenders. The hypersonic glider can also use stealth technology. That makes it hard for defenders. The hypersonic missile travels in a plasma layer. It faces a similar radio cut as spacecraft. Radio waves cannot travel through that plasma. And that can make regular radars useless. 

The answer could be lidar-based technology. The laser scanner.  That uses an AI connection and is hard to jam. IR- or UV lidars can see targets through the plasma layer. Another possibility is to use an AI-controlled drone to point targets for those hypersonic systems. 

https://interestingengineering.com/military/hypersonic-glide-vehicles-vs-hypersonic-cruise-missiles

https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-mach-5-hypersonic-cruise-missile-tested

https://www.twz.com/air/blackbeard-low-cost-hypersonic-missile-testing-on-the-f-a-18-super-hornet-has-begun

https://www.twz.com/air/blackbeard-hypersonic-missile-seen-flying-on-f-a-18-super-hornet-for-the-first-time

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic_weapon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JATO

Artificial intelligence forces us to determine. “Intelligence” again.

What is intelligence? That is a good question. The question of intelligence is connected to performance. When. A person does something that seems intelligent. We think that the person is intelligent. Things like chess games are always associated with intelligence.  A good chess player is always intelligent. That is the rule. In. The world. But then. In an IBM-owned laboratory, some programmers created a computer program called “Blue Gene”. Blue Gene (BG) was “rule-based AI”. 

The computer program played chess. It beat Garry Kasparov at chess. And that was the first time. When. A computer beat a human in that game. The problem with this attitude is this. Garry Kasparov is a multiple-time world champion. In.  Chess. This means that the BG would beat an average person much faster than it beat Kasparov. So can we say that a human can beat a computer? If the only person with that ability is the chess grandmaster with multiple world championships. We must realise one thing. The BG did not even know. That. It played chess. 

It didn’t know what it moved. It made a response move. And then the game was over. The Blue Gene played chess. But it didn’t know what it made. It just executed commands that programmers gave it. The Blue Gene forced people. To determine intelligence again. Intelligence is not performance. The Blue Gene just executed lines of code. And that was the only thing. That. It knew. Or it didn’t even know. That it executed lines of code. It was a better player than a human. But. It couldn’t do anything other than play chess. Every single. Move that could be done.   Is pre-programmed in that program’s code lines. Chess is a good game for that type of program. 

There is always a limited number of possible moves. Then, a couple of years ago. The state-of-the-art AI lost a game to a 1970s Atari chess console. That means that. Rule-based AI can win a game. Against. A modern AI Agent. So why can a one-purpose Atari game console beat an AI agent? Why could Blue Gene beat the world’s best chess player? The reason for that is this. The Blue Gene and ATARI. They will do nothing else. But play chess. 

The situation is similar to this. Why. A pocket calculator beats supercomputers in simple calculations. The basic pocket calculator has a simple keyboard. It’s immediately ready for work. And this makes it easy to use. Those systems don’t need to boot. It is easier to use than a computer. The problem with those systems is. They are limited. They can do only one thing. They do that thing very well. But their skill set is very narrow. But those systems cannot go outside that skill set. 

So, performance doesn’t mean that the system is intelligent. The system can see things. And make a response. It can sort an entire warehouse by following rules. Or it can write a speeding ticket. If. The vehicle travels too fast. If. The system uses manual data input. It is not very complicated. The user must set the number plate and speed in the system. The problem is: There are thousands of vehicles. The system operator has no time to input that data. 

The answer could be a microchip-based system. That collects data about a car’s driving speed. And. If that car travels faster than the speed limit. That tells traffic control. The system can be activated in city areas. But the problem is always. Driving faster than the speed limit is allowed. It is always against the law. This is one paradox regarding our privacy. The ability to track the car. Driving faster than the speed limit breaks our privacy. Another problem. Is that. Crossing the speed limit. It is always against the law. So a person commits a traffic crime and endangers safety. 

Which one is more practical? The AI agent that reads and answers emails. Or. The chess computer that can only play chess? 

The rule-based systems are helpless. If. Something happens outside the order book. The system requires something. That denies its fall. That thing is the code line. That orders system to tell user. That it cannot make that thing. Ot. It has no determinant for the command. The system requires automatic input. For. Large data masses. But automation is not the same as intelligence. The system must realise.  When. It cannot make something. And the system. It must have a back gate for cases that it cannot handle. 

The problem with automation is this. If. We try to program every possible move into a chess program. There is always a move that nobody predicts. The answer is a system that knows the rules. But then it learns how to use its tools. Those narrow AIs are extreme tools. When. They handle precisely processed information. 

The difference between automation and narrow AI is simple. The system knows the rules. But it learns other things by practising. The new style computer chess program was AlphaZero. That program knew the rules. But the system played chess against itself to learn tactics. The operator taught it the basic movements. Then the system started to play against itself. As. The data mass grew. The system learned faster. That is the key element in every AI program. The data mass that the system uses accelerates its learning. 

Those systems can play chess. But they cannot do anything else either. Or they can observe marketing courses. But they cannot play chess. This means those systems can collect data. They can process data. But their codebase cannot combine that data with some action. In those programs is the codebase. That codebase connects data. It connects to some action. If. The system cannot find an action. It does nothing. This means that. Narrow AI is the thing. That could control stock market connections with bank accounts. But it cannot control physical tools. 

Intelligent organisms require things they can use. The AI that doesn’t communicate. It cannot tell how intelligent it can be. The automation that makes pre-programmed moves on a chessboard. It can seem very intelligent. Those systems are more limited. Than. Modern LLMs and AI agents. But. Those AI agents and LLMs lose to them in chess. The AI agent can do many things. It can read your calendar. It can answer Emails. But it still loses at chess. Which one is more practical? AI agent or a program that can move chess buttons?