Could material evaporation be? Behind the dark energy?

When we think about the matter and how matter evaporation binds energy, we must realize one thing. The evaporation. Just puts energy into motion. When we think of a situation where ice turns into water, we might think. This process will decrease the temperature. This is not actually true. If that melting process happens. In one place or one point. 

When things like polar icecaps melt, that process requires energy. That energy is coming from the equator. When polar ice melts. That pulls energy into the melting process. This causes an effect. The equatorial tropical area is expanding. This means that the melting ice pulls energy. From around the planet. Into it. 

So we can think. This model can also fit in the universe’s scale.  We can say that the edge of the universe could be the point where material evaporates faster than inside the universe. That thing. Causes an effect that makes energy travel to the edge of the universe. When the universe expands. That thing causes a situation. The quantum fields in the universe turn weaker. During that process. That expansion forms large holes in those quantum fields. 

Cosmic voids and material evaporation at the edge of the universe, and those cosmic voids can form the dark energy. Cosmic voids focus energy. And that can expand the universe. The cosmic voids can also form a virtual gravitational effect that pulls particles and energy fields into it. 

“The farther away we look, the closer in time we're seeing toward the Big Bang. The newest record-holder for quasars comes from a time when the Universe was under 5% of its present age. These ultra-distant cosmological probes also show us a Universe that contains not just radiation and matter (including dark matter), but also dark energy, whose nature is unknown. Many questions still remain unanswered at the scientific frontiers. (Big Think, Starts with a bang, What was it like when dark energy rose to prominence?)

“Simulation of the matter distribution in a cubic section of the universe. The blue fiber structures represent the matter (primarily dark matter), and the empty regions in between represent the cosmic voids.” (Wikipedia, Void (astronomy))

Conditions in cosmic voids are similar. As at the edge of the universe. Material evaporates. Or turns into energy faster in the cosmic voids than outside them. When particles evaporate, they send wave movement into the center of those cosmic voids. This thing means that energy reflects from the center of those cosmic bubbles. And along with particles that evaporate. At the edge of the universe, that thing forms the dark energy. Or free energy that destroys the universe. 

Material evaporation. It means a process. There, the material turns into energy. Dark energy refers to an unknown source of energy. And in the dark energy case. We should ask, what puts energy into moving? The answer to that problem can be found in the material evaporation. When material evaporates. It acts the same. Way as ice. This process binds energy. And then energy from the environment tries to fill that point. So when. We are searching for the source of dark energy; we should look at the edge of the universe. And. At the same time. We should look at the edge. Of the cosmic voids. 

When material evaporates very fast at the outer edge of cosmic voids. That releases free energy in the system. Most of that energy falls. Into the cosmic voids and then jumps back. From their center. When matter evaporates, it releases energy. That forms it. When we think about cosmic voids, we could think that maybe those cosmic voids could explain dark matter. If most of the energy that evaporating particles release falls into the cosmic voids, they pull matter and wave movement with them in the same way as a gravitational field pulls those things. So, that means. The cosmic voids can form a virtual gravitational effect. That acts like matter acts in gravity centers. This means cosmic voids can also act as a virtual gravitational center. If the cosmic void is deep or empty enough, it can start to behave like a black hole. 

When particles evaporate at the edge of the universe. That effect pulls energy out of the universe to fill the point. There. The matter or particles evaporate. This effect, when it happens at the edge of the universe, pulls quantum fields to the edge of the universe. That makes those fields weaker. This causes an effect. That increases the speed. To turn into a wave movement. This effect pushes the edge of the universe away. And that increases the speed of particle transformation. Into energy. or wave movement. This means that the cosmic voids and the edge of the universe. They can put energy into moving in the mysterious phenomenon called dark energy. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/dark-energy-prominence/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boötes_Void

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Void_(astronomy)

CERN researchers found a new proton-like particle.

“CERN scientists have uncovered a new proton-like particle, the Ξcc+, revealing a heavier and long-predicted member of the subatomic world.” (ScitechDaily, Physicists Discover New Proton-Like Particle at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider)

“Researchers from the University of Manchester have played a major part in identifying a previously unknown subatomic particle at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The particle, called the Ξcc+ (Xi-cc-plus), is a heavy proton-like particle made of two charm quarks and one down quark.”(ScitechDaily, Physicists Discover New Proton-Like Particle at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider)

The new “super proton” is a particle that involves two charm quarks and one down quark. This means that this particle behaves. A little bit like a neutron. There are two down and one up quark in a neutron. So, energy flows in this new particle. As it flows in a neutron. But this new particle has a stronger energy flow than a neutron. So it must exist for a far shorter time than a neutron. 

This particle exists for a very short period. However, it also indicates that other quarks, besides the up and down quarks, can form hadron or baryon-type particles. Those “super baryons” (or super hadrons) don’t exist in our universe. However, they could exist and even take a stable form in a young, highly energetic universe. In a high-energy or hot universe, energy flows away from those particles more slowly. This means that those structures remained for a longer time. 

"A hadron is a composite subatomic particle. Every hadron must fall into one of the two fundamental classes of particle, bosons and fermions." (Wikipedia, Hadron)

"In particle physics, a baryon is a type of composite subatomic particle that contains an odd number of valence quarks, conventionally three. Protons and neutrons are examples of baryons (or baryonic hadrons); because baryons are composed of quarks, they belong to the hadron family of particles. Baryons are also classified as fermions because they have half-integer spin." (Wikipedia, Baryon)

 And that means those particles could exist until the temperature or energy level in the universe turns so low that those “super baryons” destroy themselves. The energy flows out. From those particles, cut the energy bridges between those quarks. And that released energy. In the young universe were energy levels, structures, and matter. 

That doesn’t exist anymore. In the very first stages, things like bottom and top quarks could form the proton-type structure. Those structures turned into energy. A long time ago. But maybe their descendants remain as a strange glow. Called dark energy. Dark energy is the dominant thing in the universe. 

That is stored in those bonds. One of the models of dark energy. And its origin is in those particles that disappeared. Or were destroyed when the universe turned colder. In that model, the extra energy that forms dark energy is formed in those particles. That destroyed and released energy. That was stored in their quantum bonds. This means there could be far more exotic particles in the young universe than this new “super proton” is. 

The quarks that CERN can produce are ghosts from the young universe. They exist in the very high energy levels. In the regular universe, those particles and particle groups like mesons don’t exist anymore. In the modern universe, only up and down quarks can form particles like hadrons and baryons. But this new particle is interesting. 

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-discover-new-proton-like-particle-at-cerns-large-hadron-collider/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark

 

Photons, gluons, and strong interaction.

Sometimes, gravitation is described as a river. The energy field that travels to the particle can be the Higgs field. The base energy field in the universe. When a particle spins and binds energy to it. Outside energy tries to fill that space, and it transports particles with it, like water transports trees. 

If we describe macro gravity as the effect that pulls objects. Like planets together. And quantum gravity is the thing that pulls things like quarks together, along with the strong nuclear interaction. In this model, strong nuclear interaction forms between spinning quarks. When quarks spin, they form a quantum tornado from their spin pole. If those spin poles and those quantum tornadoes turn to another quark, this thing can form the quantum bond between quarks. There are a couple of things that this thing requires. 

When quarks spin, the receiving particle must be at a lower energy level so that energy can travel from the dominating particle to the receiving particle. This is why protons have two up and one down quark. Neutron has two down and one up quark. Three homogenous quarks cannot form protons and neutrons. If the energy level between those particles is the same. 

That causes a shortcut between them. In strong nuclear interaction, the gluon starts to travel in the quantum tornado, or quantum channel. In this model, a gluon travels from a higher-energy quark to a lower-energy quark in the quantum tornado. That forms the suck effect that keeps those particles together. Or in another version. The gluon is in a static position between quarks, and then it forms those quantum tornadoes between those quarks. 

Because energy travels from down quarks to up quarks, that thing acts like glue that glues those particles together. This is why the strong nuclear interaction transporter particle is called a gluon. Gluon travels between quarks. The down quark is at a higher energy level than the up quark. The down quark is a heavy particle, and one of the reasons for that could be the spin of the particle. 

So. Strong nuclear interaction. It happens between a quark and a gluon, not between two quarks. A gluon is a massless particle, similar to a photon. When a gluon travels between those quarks, it interacts with another quark, which is on a lower energy level than the transmitting particle. When that gluon impacts the receiving particle, it sends a quantum pressure wave. 

Because the neutron has two down and one up quark, energy travels to the single up quark. That means it sends energy impulses through neutrons. And sooner or later, those energy impulses destroy the neutron. One of the reasons for that is that. The energy level in the universe decreases. When energy impulses travel out from quarks, they have a stronger effect. And the difference between energy levels is the thing. That breaks the neutron. 

In proton energy travels into two up quarks. This means the energy wave away from those quarks is slower and smoother. There is also more space where energy can go than there is in neutrons. This means that nobody has seen proton decay yet. 

And then into the quantum gravitation. It’s possible that quantum gravitation forms when quantum bonds between quarks and gluons start to bind energy. This effect causes a situation. That is the energy level in the outer shell of the quantum whirl that connects those quarks to the gluon. If we think that the spin of gluons forms the quantum gravity. When a gluon spins, it binds energy, and then other energy from the quantum field tries to fill that hole. This causes an effect in which the gluon sends a wave movement through that quantum whirl. 

This whirl is like a tornado. The inner side of it pulls particles together. But its shell pushes particles away from each other. This raises a question. About the gravity. Could the strong nuclear interaction be the same thing as gravity or quantum gravity? If we think that the particle that spins binds the energy field into it. We can say that gravity could be an effect. Those forms. When the so-called Higgs field travels to those spinning particles. The field. That could make this the Higgs field. As I wrote at the beginning of this text. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_quark

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Up_quark

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction

Two planets collided in a distant solar system.

“Lead author Andy Tzanidakis’ rendering of the planetary collision he suspects occurred around star Gaia20ehk in 2021. Credit: Andy Tzanidakis” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Just Saw Two Planets Collide Around a Distant Star)

"While reviewing archived telescope observations from 2020, astronomer Anastasios (Andy) Tzanidakis noticed something unusual. A star that normally should behave in a predictable way was showing strange changes in brightness."(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Just Saw Two Planets Collide Around a Distant Star)

"The star, called Gaia20ehk, lies about 11,000 light-years from Earth near the constellation Pupis. It is classified as a stable “main sequence” star similar to our sun, meaning its light should remain steady over time. Instead, the star began flickering dramatically."(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Just Saw Two Planets Collide Around a Distant Star)

“The star’s light output was nice and flat, but starting in 2016 it had these three dips in brightness. And then, right around 2021, it went completely bonkers,” said Tzanidakis, a doctoral candidate in astronomy at the University of Washington. “I can’t emphasize enough that stars like our sun don’t do that. So when we saw this one, we were like ‘Hello, what’s going on here?’(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Just Saw Two Planets Collide Around a Distant Star)

"Star Gaia20ehk — seen here in the center of the orange crosshairs in the inset image — is roughly 11,000 light-years from Earth, near the constellation Pupis. Astronomers at the University of Washington conclude that observed flickering from the star is likely caused by a collision between two orbiting planets. Credit: NASA/NSF NOIRLab"(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Just Saw Two Planets Collide Around a Distant Star)

Nothing is as certain as uncertainty. This is a fact that we must realize. The star called Gaia20ehk lies 11000 light-years from our sun. That distant star is similar, and maybe the same age as the sun. Astronomers think that. They saw. Planets collide in that distant solar system. This is an interesting thing, because if that star system is as mature as our solar system, that raises an idea. That's the cosmic catastrophes. And even planetary-sized object collisions are possible even in mature solar systems. This is not the first case. These cosmic collisions destroy planets. The case of Formalhaut B could be a similar case, where the mature solar system faces catastrophe. Fortmalhaut b was almost confirmed as an exoplanet, but it suddenly disappeared. 

There is a planetary nebula at the point where Formalhaut b was, and that tells us. There was. Some kind of cosmic catastrophe. That destroyed the exoplanet. Its star, Formalhaut, is quite a young star, and its solar system is still in a chaotic period. The age of the star is about 440+-40 million years (myr). The age of the sun is about 4,6 billion years old. Things like rogue planets can destroy an entire solar system. And things like black holes, neutron stars, white dwarfs, or other stars. 

"Fomalhaut b as observed from 2004 to 2014. Previously thought to be an exoplanet, it is now known to be an expanding dust cloud." (Wikipedia, Fomalhaut b)

"The top graph shows brightness measurements (green and yellow dots) of star Gaia20ehk’s brightness in the visible light spectrum. Three small dips in brightness are apparent, followed by a more chaotic overall decline. The bottom graph shows measurements (pink, black and blue dots) of the star’s brightness in the infrared spectrum. The measurements show a sharp increase in infrared as the star’s visible brightness declines. In total, the observations suggest a collision between two planets in orbit around the star. Credit: Tzanidakis et al./The Astrophysical Journal Letters". (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Just Saw Two Planets Collide Around a Distant Star)

“A mass migration of stellar twins. Stars similar to our Sun form a mass migration from the center of the Milky Way, occurring approximately 4 to 6 billion years ago. Credit: NAOJ” (ScitechDaily, Our Sun May Have Escaped the Milky Way’s Dangerous Center Billions of Years Ago)

They can enter other solar systems, turning them into chaotic form. Those things are threats as well as mature and young solar systems. The thing that the Sun. It is maybe. Born near the center of our galaxy. There. Material whirls and denser materials are excellent for stellar formation. Proto stars pull material from around them. And that can cause turbulence in the material disk, or planetary nebula. This material flow. It can cause a situation. That environment that makes stellar formation possible. It is not so excellent for plantar formation. The radiation and particle flow near the galaxy, along with the denser stellar clusters and black holes, strip the material disks. From young stars. 

Causes discussions about the origins of planets, asteroids, and moons in our solar system. Our sun could trap some of those objects around it. The problem is how to separate objects. Those that were born in the dust disk around the sun from planets, moons, and asteroids whose origin is in the same nebula as our sun. Journey from the center of our galaxy is long, and our sun trapped lots of small and maybe large particles. But our sun also lost planets and other objects. 

If it had traveled past some other star. The thing. That pushed. The sun, away from the center of the Milky Way, is interesting. That eruption or gravitational effect required a lot of energy. So could the energy beam from the neutron star or black hole explain what made our sun travel to the location where it's now? The fact is that this kind of thing means that the Sun might lose many planets.  But there is a possibility that some planets in our solar system were rogue planets. One of the suspects is Uranus. But. In the young solar system, planets might change their places and trajectories. And that can open a new path. For searching for remnants of life from other planets and moons. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-just-saw-two-planets-collide-around-a-distant-star/

https://scitechdaily.com/our-sun-may-have-escaped-the-milky-ways-dangerous-center-billions-of-years-ago/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomalhaut

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fomalhaut_b

The neutron star followed an oval trajectory before it collided with a black hole.

“Artist’s impression of an eccentric neutron star–black hole binary. The neutron star’s path is shown in blue and the black hole’s motion in orange as the two objects orbit each other. The eccentricity shown here is exaggerated compared to the real system, GW200105, to make the effect on the orbital motion clearer. Credit: Geraint Pratten, Royal Society University Research Fellow, University of Birmingham” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Spot a Black Hole-Neutron Star Pair Breaking the Rules of Cosmic Orbits)

The neutron star’s unusual trajectory when it fell into a black hole. The thing that formed that unusual oval trajectory could be the third component. There could be a possibility. That there was something unseen. Maybe the second back hole in the system before the final impact. The third participant can be outside the system. Or maybe it's very close to the back hole. 

The neutron star and black hole collided, and this thing defies predicted models. The neutron star impacted the black hole following an oval trajectory. This means that the closest point in that trajectory moved closer and closer to the black hole. And then the black hole pulled that neutron star inside it. The reason for that trajectory is that the neutron star got more energy when it closed the black hole. 

Similarly, in cases where black holes merge with neutron stars, they also have their own material disk. The impact of material disks will create energy, which pushes the neutron star away from the black hole. This also explains gamma-rays. From those mergers. 

The material disk interacts with the black hole material disk, and that forms energy. So this means that the shape of the trajectory remains similar. But sooner or later, the black hole “steals” the neutron star’s material disk. This means that the neutron star will not get as much energy from the impact of those material disks. This means that the black hole pulls the neutron star closer and closer to it. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-spot-a-black-hole-neutron-star-pair-breaking-the-rules-of-cosmic-orbits/

How can the black hole merger form gamma-ray bursts?

When black holes collide, that event sends gravitational waves. There is a possibility that the gamma-ray burst (GRB) forms when those black holes’ halos touch each other. Every black hole is surrounded by material disks and photons that orbit it. The black holes. That participate. In this event. They were about 50 times larger than the sun. 

”Together, the two black holes weighed more than 100 times the mass of the Sun, placing the event among the most massive stellar-mass black hole mergers detected so far. Most previously observed mergers involve systems with only a few tens of solar masses.”(Interesting Engineering, A cosmic surprise: Black hole merger may have sparked a gamma-ray burst) 

The large size and heavy mass of those black holes tell. That. Those black holes could be the result of previous mergers. They were extremely large stellar black holes. 

Before black holes’ event horizons touch each other, those halos of matter and photons cross each other. In that case, if those halos and material disks impact each other. Particles that orbit those black holes interact, and these interactions can form the GRB. In this case, the GRB formation happens. When those halos that orbit in opposite directions impact each other. In those large black holes, their halos are quite large. 

And that means those halos have a time to reach a very high energy level. If those black holes were smaller, or their sizes were different. This can mean that the interaction between those material halos is shorter. That forms the shorter. And lower energy gamma- or X-ray flash. This thing. It can prove primordial black holes. 

And if all black hole mergers form the gamma-rays, this thing should mean that all of those black holes spin in opposite directions. That causes the model. The black holes turn. Into superposition and entanglement. Before they impact. Every time particles go into quantum entanglement, they spin in opposite directions. In the same way, if the black holes go into quantum entanglement, they will turn to spin in opposite directions. 

When we start to think that the source of the mysterious gamma-ray bursts is the cases where the black hole’s material disks and halos touch each other, that can be the first evidence about the miniature, primordial black holes. Those miniature, or planetary-mass black holes, form similar halos around them as larger black holes. 

This means that. Maybe some gamma-ray lightning, whose origin is in lone black holes, can merge with a small black hole. Those black holes could form when the radiation from the bigger black hole presses. A planet or some other objects in the form of a black hole. This means that the black hole could clone itself. 

https://interestingengineering.com/space/black-hole-merger-produces-light

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_black_hole

The mysterious shockwaves around the white dwarf surprise astronomers.

“The central square image, taken with the MUSE instrument on ESO’s Very Large Telescope, shows shock waves around the dead star RXJ0528+2838. When a star moves through space, it can push away nearby material, creating a so-called bow shock, which in this image is glowing in red, green, and blue. The colours represent hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen, respectively. “ (ScitechDaily, “We Found Something Never Seen Before” – Mysterious Shock Wave Around Dead Star Surprises Astronomers)

These shocks are usually produced by a strong outflow expelled from the star. However, in the case of RXJ0528+2838 – a white dwarf with a Sun-like companion – astronomers discovered that the shock wave can’t be explained by any known mechanism. Some hidden energy source, perhaps magnetic fields, could be the answer to this mystery. Credit: ESO/K. Ilkiewicz and S. Scaringi et al. Background: PanSTARRS.” (ScitechDaily, “We Found Something Never Seen Before” – Mysterious Shock Wave Around Dead Star Surprises Astronomers)

The form of the shockwave of the white dwarf RXJ0528+2838 is mysterious. Because of its shape. The shape of the shockwave is like a comet. This can tell. This white dwarf is in the middle of the material flow that impacts its pole. The material flow that impacts this white dwarf acts in the same way. As solar wind. Acts when it impacts comets. So. There is. Some kind of material flow. There, the white dwarf RXJ0528+2838 is. This means that there is some kind of effect that puts hydrogen and other material in a flow against this white dwarf. When the high-speed material impacts the pole of the white dwarf. It puts it in a glow. Because of the heat. The problem is, where does that particle flow come from? Those particle flows require something that accelerates them. 

There is a possibility that some of those material flows form. In a thing. Called a plasma generator. When plasma whirls around the iron core, or proton cloud whirls around the electron cloud. Or. Ion plasma whirls around anion plasma. The structure acts like a giant generator. Those plasma whirls, or plasma generators, can form galaxy-size magnetic fields that drive plasma from very large areas. Those electromagnetic fields can cause plasma to move. And that effect can explain why we cannot see the source of the plasma flow, which impacts the white dwarf RXJ0528+2838. 

“Magnetic fields permeate the universe, shaping processes from solar winds to galaxy formation. Yet scientists have long struggled to explain how large, orderly cosmic magnetic fields arise from chaotic turbulence. New simulations reveal a mechanism in which persistent velocity gradients within plasma flows generate organized magnetic structures. Credit: Stock.” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Solve a 70-Year Mystery Behind the Universe’s Strange Magnetic Fields)

Mysterious shockwaves from a white dwarf can open a path for new ideas in physics. When a star like our sun. Uses all its hydrogen. And it ends its career as a star that maintains its nuclear reaction. As. A very thick star known as a white dwarf. In that star, the material of the star. It is pressed into the Earth-sized object, so that gravitation is strong. Those white dwarfs are mainly carbon. And somebody says that those things are Earth-size diamonds. 

The white dwarf pulls matter to its shell like all other gravitational centers. That material forms a plague on the white dwarf’s shell. That plague raises the white dwarf’s mass, and sooner or later, there forms the fusion reaction. The power and cycle of those reactions. Depend. On the white dwarf mass. But it also depends on polarity and the temperature of the plasma. If that nuclear reaction happens homogenously around the white dwarf, it sends shockwaves into the center of the white dwarf. Those shockwaves can also push matter away from the white dwarf’s shell. 

The white dwarf can pull lots of material back to its shell after the final eruption of the star. How much material drops on a white dwarf, depending on how strong the final eruption of the star is. The nova eruption is not as strong as a supernova. When a small star erupts as a nova, the eruption will not push material very far away from the star. And that means lots of particles and gas can fall to the white dwarf. The nuclear reactions on the shell of those stars can be seen as flames or shockwaves. This can explain the shockwaves. That comes from the white dwarf RXJ0528+2838. But. The problem. It is in the asymmetry of those shockwaves. The white dwarf seems to be in a formation. That seems like some kind of solar wind. But where does that flow come from? Maybe. This thing tells about the power of those natural plasma generators. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-solve-a-70-year-mystery-behind-the-universes-strange-magnetic-fields/

https://scitechdaily.com/we-found-something-never-seen-before-mysterious-shock-wave-around-dead-star-surprises-astronomers/

New steps for the quantum internet.

"Scientists have taken a significant step toward building a future quantum internet by successfully teleporting the quantum state of a photon between two separate quantum dots. Credit: Stock" (ScitechDaily, Quantum Teleportation Breakthrough Brings the Quantum Internet Closer)

In a quantum internet, information travels in nanotubes. The system pulls quantum entanglement through the nanotubes. The quantum internet, which utilizes quantum teleportation for information transport, will offer new and ultra-secure data transmission. This means that eavesdroppers will not be able to see the signal or information. That travels between superpositioned and entangled photon pairs. The quantum network transmits data in a way. That looks like a vector exam. 

The superpositioned and antangled particle pairs act in series. Each of the particles is a quantum point, and data travels between them. Step by step. There is one problem. The transmitter side in the quantum entanglement. It must be at a higher energy level than the receiving part. So, this means that when the particle receives information, its energy level must be higher than that of the receiving particle. There are two ways to handle that problem. The first transmitting particle’s energy level must be very high. 

Above. Math vector in a 3D model. The quantum internet. It uses. This model. For data transportation. The system must handle the horizontal position of the photons. Those are the locations of the turning points of the information flow. The vertical points are energy levels of the photons. And the topological model of the quantum internet. It looks. Like a series of 3D vectors. Actually, the system is more complicated. It must control things like oscillation frequencies and the size of the objects. 

"A common quantum optics process may secretly contain an immense topological structure. By revealing this hidden complexity, researchers show how ordinary entangled photons could enable powerful new ways to encode and stabilize quantum information. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Discover Hidden Topological Universe Inside Entangled Light)

"Examples of quantum topologies, shown as vectorial textures on a sphere. Credit: Wits University." (ScitechDaily, Scientists Discover Hidden Topological Universe Inside Entangled Light)

In the upper image. Wave movement. Slide above photons. That topological structure is the photon's contact layer that touches the quantum entanglement. If the contact layer. It is not tight enough, which causes information loss in the system. The quantum entanglement. It transports information like a string in analogical systems. In a quantum system. That string transfers wave movement from higher-energy photons to lower-energy photons. 

"Examples of quantum topologies, shown as vectorial textures on a sphere. Credit: Wits University" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Discover Hidden Topological Universe Inside Entangled Light)

"These structures offer a new way to represent and protect information in quantum systems, potentially helping quantum signals resist noise and interference. The team demonstrated these features using the orbital angular momentum (OAM) of light, which can exist in two-dimensional states as well as in far higher-dimensional configurations." (ScitechDaily, Scientists Discover Hidden Topological Universe Inside Entangled Light)

"A graphene-inspired magnetic system reveals that two-dimensional magnetism and electronics can obey the same underlying mathematics. The discovery offers a new lens for understanding wave-like behavior in engineered materials. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Engineers Create Unusual Magnetic Material That Behaves Like Graphene)

But there are always limits. When information travels in a series of superpositioned and entangled particles, the difference between energy levels turns zero. And that means information will not travel. Another way is easier. When a particle receives information, the system raises its energy level. The problem is how the system makes information. To keep its form. The solution could be that the receiving particle drives information into mass memory. And then the system raises its energy level. Then the mass memory loads information into that particle.

But the fact is that: Theoretically, this kind of system is very easy to make. Practical solutions are not so easy. The practical solution in the quantum internet requires an ability to control photons and information flow precisely. This requires lots of data, because the system must have. All knowledge of the quantum system and its environmental interactions. So that it can control it with necessary accuracy. Information that travels in the quantum network must be protected from outside effects. 

This means that information channels must be. In a Faraday cage that protects it from outside magnetic fields. New materials like “iron graphene” can make it possible to create the nanotubes that act like a Faraday cage. The magnetic version of graphene can glue iron atoms onto it. The magnetic graphene can also be used to create systems that drive information in the photons. The “magnetic graphene” can be used to trap electrons in it. Then the system uses those electrons to transmit data to photon pairs that are trapped between those material layers. 

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-teleportation-breakthrough-brings-the-quantum-internet-closer/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-discover-hidden-topological-universe-inside-entangled-light/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-discover-hidden-topological-universe-inside-entangled-light/

Dark energy and photons.

“Astronomers have discovered an unusual gravitationally lensed supernova whose light has traveled for more than 10 billion years to reach Earth. Credit: Shutterstock” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Spot Bizarre Supernova That Could Unlock the Secret of Dark Energy)

The new supernova observation can tell us about things. Like dark energy. In dark energy, the main question is, what puts energy into motion? This is the thing. That gravitational lensed supernova. It could give a hint. Dark energy is a strange effect. That could form when the universe expands. The expansion of the universe stretches the quantum fields inside it. That can form areas there. The weaker quantum fields. They can make particles to evaporate. 

Or turn into wave movement faster than outside those voids. The fact is that. New structures are found in the universe. Maybe. Those structures make particles evaporate at different speeds. In some theories, things. Like wormholes can transport energy. Through the universe. When energy or information travels in those almost proven wormholes, the maser effect increases its power. 

“Scientists have made light do something long thought impossible—mimicking the quantum Hall effect, a Nobel Prize–winning phenomenon usually seen only in electrons. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com

Physicists have recreated the Nobel Prize–winning quantum Hall effect using light, revealing that photons can follow the same strange quantum rules once thought exclusive to electrons.” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Made Light Do Something Once Thought Impossible)

The photons act like electrons. 

The Hall effect in the upper image. It is introduced. How the Hall effect turns into resistance. In the photonic version, those strings would be quantum fields, and the magnet is the photon. The observation that photons act like electrons. It could help to create. A new way to control photons. 

“The Hall effect is the production of a potential difference across an electrical conductor that is transverse to an electric current in the conductor and to an applied magnetic field perpendicular to the current. Such a potential difference is known as the Hall voltage.” (Wikipedia, Hall Effect) 

The maser effect pumps energy into that energy string. That can collect lots of energy into one point. There is also a possibility that gravitational lenses. They can collect extremely strong  energy loads into a single point. This means that those energy focuses can cause a situation that could accelerate energy. Another thing that causes an interesting idea is that. The electrons that could travel at the front of other particles. They can act like a magnetic monopolar layer. 

The new observations about photons can also be used to explain dark energy. The new observations tell reseachers that photons behave like electrons. If there is a similar Hall effect between photons or in light that is in the electric fields. That can explain some parts of dark energy. We can imagine a situation. Where there are standing waves between elementary particles. 

So if there were no standing waves between particles, the light could travel straight through particles. This means that Baryons, protons, and neutrons are quantum fields that form. Because of the reflection from those standing waves between quarks. If that quantum field does not form. And close those three quarks inside it, protons turn invisible. But is it possible that there are “protons and neutrons” that do not have that quantum field? There is a possibility that the “photonic hall effect” will pump or focus more than predicted energy into photons. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-spot-bizarre-supernova-that-could-unlock-the-secret-of-dark-energy/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-just-made-light-do-something-once-thought-impossible/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_effect

The ancient mega-stars. Could be. The origin of ancient black holes.

“Star Collapse Black Hole Jet Art Astronomers may have finally uncovered the origin of the universe’s earliest supermassive black holes. Observations from the James Webb Space Telescope revealed an unusual chemical signature in a distant galaxy. And. It points to the existence of colossal first-generation stars thousands of times more massive than the Sun. Credit: SciTechDaily.com” (ScitechDaily, JWST Detects Evidence of “Monster Stars” That May Have Created the Universe’s First Giant Black Holes)

Could those giant stars be? A so-called. But still hypothetical. Quasi-stars. Or black hole stars? 

In some models, the first stars in the ancient universe were so-called quasi-stars or black hole stars. Those hypothetical stars could get their energy from a black hole inside them. The black hole pulls hydrogen from around it into the form of a hollow shell. And there could be nuclear reactions in that shell that formed heavier elements. 

New observations tell us about the first stars. Those giant stars formed just after the Big Bang. And there is a possibility that those stars are the origin of the universe’s first black holes. The major problem with the universe’s history is: What came first? Were black holes before the first stars, or were the first stars before the black holes? In the cosmological models, the only element that formed straight after the Big Bang was hydrogen. 

The main question is, what made hydrogen ions or atoms fall into stars? Could there be some kind of electron clouds that pulled protons together? And then those electrons remained to orbit those protons. This means that atoms formed in those first stars. The problem is. What made protons, or atomic hydrogen, fall and form stars? There are a couple of possibilities. The first thing could be the negative electromagnetic field. That could form an electron cloud, which pulls protons to it. 

“The size comparison of a Quasi-star with other stars.” (Wikipedia, The size comparison of a Quasi-star with other stars.)

Another thing. That which can launch the stellar formation is small black holes or some kind of voids in the young universe. The gravity center, like small primordial black holes. It can make matter accumulate around it. But the cosmic void can also act like a black hole. 

If some kind of radiation beam. Can create a cosmic void. It’s possible that when that kind of void collapses. The idea is that the cosmic high-energy beam pushes particles and quantum fields away from its route. Then the gravity. Along with the falling quantum fields. That travel into that cosmic void. Pull those hydrogen atoms into that cosmic emptiness. And that effect can be connected with the gravity. Together, those things, the collapsing comic void and gravity, can launch star formation. 

Another thing that can create those cosmic voids. It could be matter-antimatter annihilation. There could be antimatter existing. In the young universe. And electron-positron or proton-antiproton annihilation could form those cosmic voids that start to pack matter from around them. 

Particles can travel across that emptiness at very high speeds, and that can form a whirl in the nebula. The problem. In those things is the gravity. And the electromagnetic pulling effect must. Win over the electromagnetic pushing. 

There are only electrons and protons; something must happen that allows those particles and atoms to form the stars. Atomic hydrogen reacts very weakly with other hydrogen atoms. And there must form some kind of structure that starts to pack those atoms. 

https://scitechdaily.com/jwst-detects-evidence-of-monster-stars-that-may-have-created-the-universes-first-giant-black-holes/

https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-star

Can the universe be infinite?

“Measurements of the early universe show that space appears flat across the observable cosmos. But beyond our horizon, the universe could still curve, loop, or connect in surprising ways, leaving its ultimate size and shape an open scientific question. Credit: Shutterstock” (ScitechDaily, Is the Universe Infinite? The Surprising Truth About Cosmic Geometry)

Before we go into the new ideas of the universe and its geometry. We forget one thing. The infinite universe requires space outside the universe itself. And then we must determine the term “space”. There is “space” outside the universe, but is that space the “total emptiness” energy level that is lower than the energy level of the universe? This causes another question: if that “hypervoid” exists, that could create a situation where there is no particle that can travel across that hypervoid as a particle. This means everything that goes outside the universe turns into wave movement. Because there are no quantum fields in that area, the wave movement turns into a straight form. 

So. The wave that travels in that hypervoid will look like a straight string. This means that there are no internal changes in energy level in that wave. And if there are some other universes, this means that the wave movement comes from those universes. It is the same way as a string. When we observe wave movement, we can detect it because there are changes. In its energy level. This means that we see the change, not the energy itself. This is one of the reasons why we should always ask: Is there space around the universe? If information cannot keep its form in that area? Can we call that existence or not? Outside the universe, information gets its final form. 

But is the universe infinite? We can determine that the universe is a hypercluster of multiple internal clusters. So there is a possibility. The universe is a bubble in an extremely low-energy space. This means that the energy level in the universe is higher. Than the energy level around it. This means that energy travels out from the universe. Normally, we think that this energy flow is one-way. But if we think that particle that travels out from the universe turns into energy, that means that those particles send photons or energy waves back to the universe. This can mean. That some part of dark energy can come outside the universe, but is its origin in the other galaxies, or is it in those particles? This is one of the biggest questions. 

Can the universe expand faster than the speed of light? In a cosmic hypervoid, the speed of light would be far faster than it is in the universe. Another thing is more complicated. The universe pulls that wave movement back to it with its gravity. But. If we think that a cosmic supervoid can cause a situation, the wave movement stretches and turns into a straight form. So. This raises a question: Can information travel at an unlimited speed? Theoretically, that is possible if there are no quantum fields. But. That causes a situation where the wave transports information. Turns into a straight form. This means that returning that information is a very high process. The system should turn. Those energy hills and valleys. On that wave, back into its form. 

There is a possibility that the universe. It is like an energy hill. In the cosmic hypervoid. And if those hypothetical other universes exist, they are the same way energy hills. When we think of the edge of the universe. It’s possible that there is some kind of shockwave that travels ahead of the universe. This means that if that shockwave exists, there can be a very high energy threshold. The shockwave could be an energy hill that is only half a degree higher than the energy level in the inner universe. So there is a possibility. The drop in energy level behind that barrier is far higher. This means that at that point, energy travels out from the universe. Very fast. This means that the cosmic hypervoid is outside the universe. And it pulls the universe larger all the time. When the universe expands, that turns the quantum fields inside it weaker. That puts all elementary particles. To send a wave movement and photons. This increases entropy in the system. 

Without the expansion of the universe, there will be no free energy. There would not be cases where particles send photons. This expansion puts energy into the move. This is the thing that keeps processes in the universe going. And that is the thing that finally destroys the universe, or it destroys the universe in the form that we know it. 

https://scitechdaily.com/is-the-universe-infinite-the-surprising-truth-about-cosmic-geometry/