Can iron be the fuel of the future?

Reseachers suggest that iron powder can be the next-generation fuel. Modern power plants can burn iron powder without fundamental changes. This means nano-sized iron can be the new recyclable fuel. When. Iron burns in oxygen. It transforms into iron oxide. Or. Rust. Then that rust can be transported into the chamber. There, hydrogen directly reduces the iron. The process is called Direct Reduced Iron (DRI). That means the process removes oxygen from iron.

Decreasing its oxidation. That means iron powder can be recycled as a carbon-free energy source. If. We think of the reduction process. The reduction process can happen by using electrolysis or even a cathode beam. In electrolysis, the iron-oxide waste sinks. Into alkaline water. Then iron is reduced on the cathode. The cathode beam requires vacuum chambers. That makes it impractical. In those systems, the electricity can come from wind generators. Or the system can use multiple different energy sources. This is one way to make a carbon-free energy plant. 

“The process relies on a cycle in which iron powder is burned to generate heat, producing iron oxide, commonly known as rust. Hydrogen produced using renewable energy can then remove the oxygen from the iron oxide, restoring the metal so it can be used again. “This works in a cycle that emits no carbon dioxide or environmentally harmful substances,” said Julia Schuler from KIT’s Institute for Industrial Production (IIP). “(ScitechDaily, A New Iron Age? Scientists Uncover a Potential Game Changer for Clean Energy)

“Iron might play a very special, but economically meaningful role for reaching climate-neutrality and in reliably making renewables available,” said Schuler. “(ScitechDaily, A New Iron Age? Scientists Uncover a Potential Game Changer for Clean Energy)

“Whether a new “iron age” emerges in electricity generation will depend largely on two unresolved technical and economic questions: how extensively existing coal power plants must be modified and how efficiently iron oxide can be converted back into reusable iron. The simulations indicate that iron could complement hydrogen in a climate-neutral energy system, but its practical competitiveness will depend on how these processes perform outside the model.” (ScitechDaily, A New Iron Age? Scientists Uncover a Potential Game Changer for Clean Energy)

“Iron dust flame at lab scale. For presentation purposes, the photo has been rotated by 90 degrees. Credit: Janik Hebel” (ScitechDaily, A New Iron Age? Scientists Uncover a Potential Game Changer for Clean Energy)

Closed-cycle systems can also remove carbon. 

Another. A very interesting method is to use closed-cycle systems. The system can burn nano-sized carbon. When carbon is burned, it forms carbon dioxide. And. If the system can split carbon dioxide molecules. Or separate carbon from oxygen. It. Can create a system that recycles fuel. It can use a carbon filter to capture carbon from exhaust gas. Or. The system needs energy to create laser beams. 

Or some other electromagnetic radiation. That oscillates the carbon dioxide molecule. That oscillation should separate oxygen from carbon. The idea for that system is “stolen” from the Soviet closed-cycle diesel engine. 

The idea was that. The system drives diesel’s exhaust gas through a carbon filter. That filter. It can separate carbon from the exhaust gas. That means the system removes carbon dioxide from the exhaust gas. That allows the diesel to be used as oxygen. This system allows a submarine to use diesel while it's underwater. Air cleaners can be blowers. That blows air through the carbon filters. That removes carbon dioxide from the air. That. Allows. It allows it to travel. A long time underwater. That system makes better air-cleaning possible. 

And that is necessary. When. The submarine is under ice. The system can use diesels to fill the space with carbon dioxide. When. The fire ends. The filter system cleans the air. 

The same way. Recycling scuba systems use only the tube; there is a non-return valve. When. A diver pushes air out. That. Air travels through the carbon filter. That filter removes carbon dioxide from the air. This kind of system allows scuba divers to stay underwater without a time limit. That kind of system. It can. Allow. Astronauts to stay longer in space. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-new-iron-age-scientists-uncover-a-potential-game-changer-for-clean-energy/

There was no dark energy. Or dark matter in the young universe. A new theory suggests.

“Schematic representation of rotating disc galaxies in the distant Universe and the present day. Observations with ESO’s Very Large Telescope suggest that such massive star-forming disc galaxies in the early Universe were less influenced by dark matter. As a result the outer parts of distant galaxies rotate more slowly than comparable regions of galaxies in the local Universe. Their rotations curves, rather than being flat, drop with increasing radius.” (SciTechDaily, ESO Observations Show Dark Matter Less Influential in Galaxies in Early Universe) 

That means that. Dark and visible matter were once the same. But then their energy levels turned different. And they lost their ability to interact in any way other than through gravity.  

In the beginning of time. Just after the Big Bang. There was no dark matter. And no dark energy. All matter and energy were the same. In some models, it was the distance from the Big Bang. Or. Differences in energy levels in the young universe caused. That visible and dark matter started to separate. 

Visible matter. And. Dark matter separated. And visible energy separated from dark energy. When the universe started to expand. And. Matter started to form. There formed pockets. When. Matter started to form galaxies. There formed cosmic low-energy areas. Today, those areas are called great voids. Those voids separate galactic superclusters. From. Each other. When matter went into those voids. It. Lost its energy. That formed matter; that energy was different from normal matter. This means that. Dark matter could be matter. That energy level is different than visible matter. In this case, we must think oppositely. 

We should think that dark matter is normal matter. And visible matter is very rare. Because. Only 4,9% of the universe is visible. 26.8% of matter is dark. And 68,3% of energy is dark. In. Some models. Dark energy is a remnant of particles. Existed in the young universe. Those particles vanished. Or they bound into other particles. 

Observations suggest dark matter was less influential in the early universe. This suggests. A difference between dark matter and visible matter was lower. Than. In the modern universe. This causes a thought. That maybe the energy level makes visible matter visible. And dark matter is dark. Maybe the energy levels of dark and visible matter are different. 

And that causes an interesting idea. It’s possible. That matter can turn into dark matter when it travels into a cosmic void. Or maybe matter turns dark. When. It travels out from a galaxy. When. A photon hits visible matter. That particle takes its energy into its quantum field. 

Then it starts to deliver that extra energy. As. Electromagnetic radiation. When a particle travels into a lower-energy area. It. Starts to deliver energy out of it. In this model, dark energy. That. Hypothetical WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) deliver. The idea is that. When. A particle travels out of a galaxy. It delivers energy. And its size expands. Because. Its environment’s quantum pressure cannot push against it. When. Particle travels. Out. Of the galactic cluster. It delivers energy again. 

This means: Energy that those very low-energy particles send. It might not be very strong. But there are lots of objects. In that model, dark matter is matter. That energy level is lower than it is in galaxies. And in that model, dark matter is originally visible matter. Particles send low-energy photons when they travel out of the galaxy. And. Then those particles send photons again when they travel out of galactic clusters’ halos. Their energy level is lower. 

Than. The energy level in galaxies is. In this model, visible matter can turn into dark matter. In. This model. The dark matter. Is like an elementary version. Of. A Bose-Einstein condensate. In that model, elementary particles can expand to a very large size. 

Dark matter doesn’t resonate. That is. The thing. That makes dark matter invisible. This means that two things can make hypothetical WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) invisible. There is a possibility.  WIMPs are elementary versions of the Bose-Einstein condensate. This means. Those particles are heavily expanded versions of particles that we know. 

Another version of that model is this. The WIMP spins very fast. And it stores and focuses energy in a new way. This means that the hypothetical WIMP particle transforms the wavelength of the wave that hits it. And. If the dark matter particle's size differs from regular matter. That means they cannot resonate. In this theory, the dark matter particles are so-called fuzzy. They can receive energy. But they deliver it very slowly. 

That means they emit radiation. But that radiation is too weak. We cannot see it through the galactic halo. The densest point of dark matter is near the galactic center. But most of the dark matter is in the galaxy’s outer edge. And. The dark matter halo surrounds the entire galaxy. Most of the dark matter is in the dark matter halo. That raises an interesting question. That question is. Could dark matter form when regular matter, like electrons, protons, and neutrons, escapes from the galaxy? 

The idea is this. When. Those particles leave the galaxy. They will enter an area where the energy level is very low. That means quantum fields don’t press those particles. Those particles will start to expand. So could that expansion turn particles into “ghosts”? Positions. Where the dark matter is located. Supports that model. This means that when particles escape from galaxy clusters, they lose energy once more. And that expands their size. So, in this model, dark matter has a lower energy level than galaxies. And galaxy clusters. If we continue this chain. 

We can think that. Outside galactic clusters is a very large mass of matter. Whose energy level is so low that we cannot see it. If. That is the dark matter. We cannot create instruments that see that matter. That matter cannot emit radiation that we can see. The reason for that is this. That matter has a lower temperature than the minimum in a galaxy. So we cannot create a sensor. That temperature is low enough. That. We can see that dark matter. 

So, what makes dark matter special? Why can't we see dark matter in a galaxy? It could be that. When. Galactic gravity pulls that matter. In. The galaxy. Dark matter behaves like a plastic bag or a half-empty balloon. Gravity stretches those particles. And that causes an effect: it doesn’t interact with the environment. Or other interactions happen so weakly. That other radiation covers it. And that’s why we cannot detect that matter. 

https://interestingengineering.com/space/26-7-billion-years-old-universe

https://science.nasa.gov/universe/overview/building-blocks/

https://scitechdaily.com/eso-observations-show-dark-matter-less-influential-in-galaxies-in-early-universe/

https://www.uottawa.ca/faculty-science/news-all/theory-predicting-older-universe-without-dark-matter-dark-energy-passes-key-cosmological

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Fermium-255's rugby-shaped core. It can explain. Why. Heavy elements have short half-lives.

“Tiny artificial samples exposed a rugby-ball-shaped nucleus whose properties closely match modern nuclear theory. (CREDIT: The Brighter Side of News)”(The Brighter Side News, Lasers reveal a rugby-ball-shaped nucleus inside fermium-255)

The shape of nuclei in the rarest elements, Fermium-255. And Neptunium. May explain why heavy elements are so short-lived. Reseachers used ultra-sharp laser pulses to scan Fermium-255 and Neptunium nuclei. Surprisingly, they found that those atoms had rugby-ball-shaped cores. That shape. It can explain why super-heavy elements have such short half-lives. 

When. The weak nuclear force sends energy impulses to electrons. The rugby-ball-shaped nucleus doesn’t send those impulses symmetrically. The rugby-ball-shaped structure. It forms energy spikes from the top and bottom of the atom. Those energy spikes are high-energy gamma photons. When those gamma photons travel through the atom’s electron shells. They create holes in those shells. Those gamma photons transport energy. Out. Of atoms. 

Or. Their cores. That gamma interaction pulls energy out from the core. This means that the atom’s core starts pulling photons from electrons into it. Those photons increase the energy level in the particles, protons and neutrons. In the same way. 

Energy travels out from the top and bottom of the core. They push electrons into the equatorial orbit. This means photonic interaction at the core’s equator turns stronger. That increases energy polarization and energy asymmetry in the core. When. That interaction stretches the atom.  At the bottom and top of the “rugby ball,” the energy level decreases compared with its equatorial energy level. 

That causes. Energy. Asymmetry in the atom’s core turns energy flow from the equator to the top and bottom. When difference. Between energy levels rises. That energy flow turns stronger. That energy rips the core into pieces. So. Asymmetry in the core's energy level starts radioactive decay. Alpha decay is the thing. That turns an atom into another. 

That energy. Pushes protons and neutrons away from each other. That means they release photons between them. Those photons form free, entropic energy between those particles. And. That rips those atoms’ cores into pieces. We see that energy as gamma rays. Those gamma rays push electrons away. We see that part as beta decay. There, those atoms push electrons farther from the core. And. Finally. The Coulomb decay sends a helium ion (or ions). We call that sequence alpha decay. 

Those energy spikes push electron layers away. 

And then. That causes a situation. The energy levels in electrons and electron shells are not symmetrical. The situation is the same. As. We will push the balloon with a needle. We can drop the balloon to a quite deep depth. It can resist that symmetrical pressure. 

But when we push the balloon using a needle. That breaks it immediately. The energy spike. That. Leaves from the rugby-ball-shaped core. Creates a channel through the electron shells that transfers energy to those spikes. 

That energy channel causes an effect. The energy starts to travel out. From the nucleus, faster. And. Sooner or later, that energy starts to pull protons and neutrons away. From. Each other. That starts the gamma-ray transmission. Then those gamma rays push electrons away. That is called beta decay. Finally. That. The atom sends alpha radiation, or helium ions. That asymmetry in the atom’s core can explain. Why large. And. Heavy atoms have so short half-lives. 

https://interestingengineering.com/science/rugby-ball-shaped-nuclei

https://scitechdaily.com/a-rare-radioactive-element-reveals-a-hidden-secret-about-the-heaviest-atoms/

https://www.thebrighterside.news/post/lasers-reveal-a-rugby-ball-shaped-nucleus-inside-fermium-255/

Chinese new submarine-drone mothership emerges, challenging Western navies.

The image of the Chinese UUV (Uncrewed Underwater Vehicle) mothership. From about a month ago. 

“Large long-range UUVs can be used for many tasks, from mapping the sea floor to hunting submarines and ships to searching for mines to launching cruise missiles and drones to being turned into immensely destructive weapons in their own right that can circumvent traditional strategic defenses. For China, providing a credible threat to America’s outposts deep in the Pacific and even the U.S. seaboard would be on the table.”( TWZ)

The Chinese UUV (Uncrewed Underwater Vehicle) drone mothership is impressive but not as impressive as it could be. The system involves six elevators. That. Allows it to send drones. Into. Underwater missions. Those drones can be delivered from hatches at the bottom of the ship. It’s possible. to use that ship as a platform for testing undercover UUV motherships. Those new motherships can seem like regular merchant ships. They could deliver their drones underwater. 

“The new image was taken in Guangzhou, and the vessel has a near-identical shape, but with smaller proportions and minor changes to its overall moldline, compared to the larger one in Shanghai. This new vessel appears to be about a third smaller overall than its counterpart. The lift towers number six in total. Instead. Of six larger ones. And. Six smaller ones. On the Shanghai vessel. Regardless, the major design features are all there, including the flight deck and hangar behind the forward superstructure, the location of the smokestacks, and so on.” (TWZ)

Larger drones can carry smaller drones. 

The big question is. Why are those six towers fitted in that vehicle? Lift engines can be fitted in its structure without those towers.  Are that vessel’s sea drones vertically in those tubes? And so they are delivered to the bottom of the ship. That ship can carry the computer center to coordinate drone swarms in and below the air. 

Could those six towers be rather?  Flettner-rotors for extra power? Than elevator towers? Those Flettner turbines that use the so-called Magnus effect to create extra energy. That increases the ship's operational time. The fact is that. The Flettner rotors can also act as smokestacks. And if those towers give extra energy. That allows the ship to provide an electric supply also for larger sea drones. 

If. Those towers are Flettner turbines. Or some. Kind of ventilators for a heat exchanger that could tell. That maybe. Those ships can carry laser weapons. If they are heat exchangers. That means that ship can carry an extremely effective data center. Data centers need heat exchangers to control temperature. But in the same way. Things. Like directed energy weapons. Require systems to control their heat. They also need lots of electricity. So. The Flettner turbines can provide a solution for electricity. And the heat problems. The mothership also needs electricity for its drones. 

“The larger but very similar in configuration UUV mothership that has now been launched in Shanghai. (Chinese Internet)” (TWZ)

Chinese submarine-drone mothership is an interesting tool. That large drone carrier could have six VAWTs (Vertical Axis Wind Turbines). In.  That system is called Flettner rotors, or Flettner turbines. Those rotors provide electric power for the drones. And computers. That the drone carrier involves.  

This new drone carrier carries computers. That. Support drones in their long-range operations. Those Flettner rotors can also create electricity for the electrolysis systems. Those systems can make hydrogen for fuel cells. Those fuel cells can provide power. For. Small drones that use electric engines. 

By the way.  Flettner turbines can provide power to ships' electric engines. But that system can use electrolysis systems. And those systems can create hydrogen. And. Ships can also use that hydrogen in their turbines. When. Ships must travel fast. The big drone motherships can also involve 3D printer systems. Those systems could offer spare parts. To. Ships,  aircraft, and drones. 

Underwater versions. Of wind generators and Flettner turbines can provide electricity even for large-sized remote installations. Those systems use water flows. In the sea to make electricity. But they are similar. To. Regular wind generators. The big difference between those systems and nuclear power is that the green energy doesn´t involve radioactive components. 

Those systems are hard to turn against owners. When. Some small nuclear reactors are on a remote island. There is always a possibility that somebody tries to steal radioactive materials. In the same way. 

“03 September 2025, China, Beijing: HSU100 uncrewed underwater drones ride along on military transporters at Tiananmen Square in Beijing during a military parade to mark the 80th anniversary of the end of World War II. Photo: Johannes Neudecker/picture alliance via Getty Images/ picture alliance.” (TWZ)

RTGs (Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators) are excellent as drone power sources. But the problem is that. What if somebody captures a drone? That RTG involves highly radioactive material. And in the wrong hands, that material is very dangerous. The small sea drone can carry heavy bazookas. Older systems can penetrate 560 mm armoured steel. They can damage even large warships. 

The new green electric systems are interesting. They can provide small drones with similar operational time. As. Nuclear reactors do. When a small seadrone patrols, it can use the green energy source like a Flettner turbine. When. The drone comes near the target. It can release another drone that can use hydrogen fuel cells. Submarine drones can use a standing tube. The capillary effect pulls water upward. At the same time, it will spin the turbogenerator. That electricity can power small submarines. 

The fact is that. A small drone can be very dangerous. Those drones can act as pathfinders. Damage radars and naval communication systems. Those systems can also try to damage fighters, other drones, and helicopters. Their mission is to open a path for a follow-up strike. That main attack is done. They use more expensive cruise missiles and hypersonic systems. The sea drones can use those smaller drones to mark targets for hypersonic missiles and other tools. 

https://www.twz.com/sea/second-chinese-submarine-drone-mothership-emerges

https://smartservo.org/magnus-vawt-implement-en/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flettner_rotor

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_effect

Can dark matter be? A recoil effect?

“Dark matter is an invisible form of matter believed to account for about 85% of all matter in the universe. Although it doesn't emit, absorb, or reflect light, its gravitational influence helps hold galaxies together and shapes the cosmos's large-scale structure. Credit: SciTechDaily.com.”(ScitechDaily, Scientists Discover 3 Strange Quantum Materials That Could Finally Reveal Dark Matter)

The problem with dark matter is this. The only known interaction between dark and visible matter is gravity. This is why dark matter's gravity is so strange. Dark matter should be called a dark gravitational effect. There is suspicion. That a mysterious WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle) that nobody has seen yet could be a dark matter particle. The form of dark matter is interesting. Because. Dark matter is the second most dominant thing in the universe. It is 85% of the universe’s matter. This means that most of the universe is dark. Another explanation is that Dark matter is like matter as we know it. 

But the distance between elementary particles is longer than in visible matter. This means. Dark matter is somehow “fuzzy”. This causes an effect. That photons travel through it. Or, in the opposite possibility. Dark matter stretches photons. Which. Makes them travel around the particle. The WIMP particles travel through photons. If. That WIMP particle exists. WIMP may be a so-called virtual particle. 

That means. Dark matter can be a so-called recoil effect. When. Particles leave from some object. They send energy backward. The energy that sends a particle or object determines the recoil.  When we kick a ball, the ball transfers the same energy to the leg. The leg transfers it into the ball. 

Recoil (often called knockback, kickback, or simply kick) is the rearward thrust generated when a gun is being discharged. In technical terms, the recoil is a result of conservation of momentum, for according to Newton's third law, the force required to accelerate something will evoke an equal but opposite reactional force, which means the forward momentum gained by the projectile and exhaust gases (ejecta) will be mathematically balanced out by an equal and opposite impulse exerted back upon the gun.” (Wikipedia, Recoil) The recoil effect is the thing. That propels the rocket forward. 

All. Particles. Including photons, have recoil. And that effect causes thrust. When. A particle leaves a star. It. Pushes. The same energy back to the star. That kicks it into space. That means particles that leave a galaxy send energy back to the galaxy. Same way.  Particles that leave the universe kick energy back to the universe. So could that thing explain dark energy and dark matter? This means that when particles separate from things like a galactic halo. It sends. An energy impulse or recoil back. That energy can travel. At. Last to the galaxy center. But in cases like galaxy clusters, the recoil of escaping particles will be aimed symmetrically at the center. 

Of. The cluster. There, that energy jumps backward. That reflection causes another recoil in the center of the formation. When. We think about the universe-size model. Particles that escape from the universe send a recoil effect backward. That recoil pushes plasma around the universe. Back. And maybe. That recoil prevents the universe from evaporating. So could that answer be so simple? Did some astronomer? Just forget the recoil effect? 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-discover-3-strange-quantum-materials-that-could-finally-reveal-dark-matter/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recoil

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Researchers trapped and controlled a single antimatter particle over months.

Researchers trapped a single antimatter particle for months. They controlled its quantum states. They used a magnetic chamber and laser beams. For. That purpose. This is a great step for antimatter research. It could also be a big step toward the dream of conquering the entire solar system. Antimatter is the most reactive thing in the universe. It is the most powerful energy source that we know. Antimatter can be a tool. That allows secure data transportation. Information is stored in the positron (anti-electron). And when the system reads that data. it destroys the positron. 

Another version. It is used. The gamma rays that result from the annihilation reaction. Those gamma rays. could also be used for data transportation. They could transport information through the walls. The gamma-ray data transmission. Is based on the gamma rays and a gamma sensor that measures gamma-ray impacts. This technology could be as fundamental as 

When. We begin to create new technology. We must start the process. With baby steps. If. Something fails in the system. That causes a very high-energy explosion. 

At CERN reseachers stored and moved 92 antiprotons 8 kilometers, traveling at 40 km/h. Those antiprotons were trapped in a magnetic chamber. That chamber weighed about 1000 kg. And its. Temperature decreased to -268 degrees Celsius. This removed vibrations from the magnetic chamber. That decreases. The possibility that antimatter touches the chamber’s wall. If. Antimatter touches the chamber’s wall. Or it touchesit’s mirror particle. That causes annihilation. 

Antimatter is the most expensive thing that we can imagine. Antimatter is a useful tool for rocket fuel. In antimatter rockets. Antimatter will be injected into the rocket engine. Annihilation forms energy. And it can heat the propellant. But antimatter is one of the most useful tools. To create gamma photons. When an anti-electron (positron) hits an electron. 

An annihilation reaction sends gamma rays at a 180-degree angle. That reaction can be used. To send high-precision, high-energy photon impulses into the atom’s core. That thing can open new views into atoms. Those high-precision gamma rays can open new visions for material research. 

But the problem is the price of antimatter. Antimatter production is not difficult. But it requires massive particle accelerators. And of course, antimatter must be stored. The storage system includes vacuum chambers with a magnetic system. That hovers antimatter particles away from the chamber’s shell. 

Antimatter research opens new visions. Into things. Like energy production. When a high-energy photon hits the atom’s core. If. Researchers can control a photon. And its energy level. They could pump energy into the atom’s core. And that energy pushes the electron shell away. This can form the Coulomb decay. Antimatter, or positron-electron annihilation. It. Can also. Be used to create light flashes. That flash. It can be used in femtosecond and attosecond lasers. Those lasers. Can be used to start fission in next-generation nuclear reactors. 

But as we know. Antimatter is the gate to the most powerful weapons in the world. Antimatter can be stored in a magnetic chamber. And then that chamber can be shot at an enemy. 

When. Antimatter interacts with matter. That causes a horrible explosion. The antimatter bomb, or so-called Teller bomb, could be a cigarette-sized tool that destroys an entire city. 

https://base.web.cern.ch/first-transport-of-antiprotons-in-our-open-penning-trap-system-base-step/

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/for-the-first-time-scientists-trapped-an-elusive-antimatter-particle-and-contained-it-for-months-it-could-allow-them-to-test-an-enduring-physics-theory-180989738/

https://www.wired.com/story/scientists-trapped-an-antimatter-particle-for-months-to-study-its-secrets/

Green stars and strange binary stars. And post-stellar planets.

“Artist’s impression of ZTF J0440+2325, a brown dwarf (right) and a red dwarf (left) that orbit each other every 86.65 minutes. The brown dwarf overflows onto its companion. And the stream of material strikes the surface. Of. The red dwarf, heating a large hot spot at the point of impact. Credit: Aaron Householder (MIT). (ScitechDaily, MIT Astronomers Catch a Star Slowly Eating Its Companion 300 Light-Years Away)

Before we go to thinking about white dwarfs. And their planetary systems. We must see the news. An. Interesting case. There, the red dwarf pulls matter from its brown dwarf companion. That causes intense heat in the red dwarf's atmosphere. That heat forms radio waves and X-rays. Maybe brown dwarfs can also steal matter from each other. When those material bridges impact other brown dwarfs. That can form radio bursts. We can see them. Coming from nowhere. Maybe brown dwarfs orbit some bright stars. When those bright stars, or maybe white dwarfs, steal their atmosphere. That can form extraordinary radio waves. 

“The traces of sodium in the atmosphere of this white dwarf absorb the orange part of the spectrum, leaving behind a ghostly green glow."(Space.com, Astronomers discover the 1st ever green star, a cosmic zombie just in time for Halloween)

Astronomers discovered the first green star.  It’s a white dwarf. A star that used up its fuel. Destroyed in a nova eruption. Then it turned into a white dwarf. That is the fate of the Sun when it uses up its hydrogen and helium. That star used all its fusion fuel. It can no longer produce energy. And gravity pulls it into a very dense object. That object is a white dwarf. If. The star is similar to the Sun. The WD J1330+6435. It is an almost typical white dwarf. But that star is green. And. That tells us that not all white dwarfs are white. Some of them are green, pink, or vivid blue. In. The case of WD J1330+6435. Sodium in its atmosphere makes that star look green. 

The chemical environment determines white dwarf color. White dwarfs form in nova eruptions. When. A star uses all its fusion fuel. It. Blows its shell into space. That remnant forms an interplanetary nebula. And there is a possibility. That post-stellar planets can form in that remnant. There is a possibility. That the Hubble Space Telescope found the planet in the HS 0209+0832 system is a second-generation planet orbiting a white dwarf star. This means the planet formed after the star turned into a white dwarf. And that is one of the most interesting observations in the history of astronomy. 

“Colour-accurate simulated images of white dwarfs.  (Image credit: Mark Hollands/University of Warwick)(Space.com, Astronomers discover the 1st ever green star, a cosmic zombie just in time for Halloween)

There are predictions. And theories about the existence of such planets. But. The confirmation. Of.  The existence of post-stellar planets is pending. The term post-stellar planet means that a planet forms from a planetary nebula around a white dwarf, neutron star, or black hole. The fact is that. All elements. In every planet, formed in dead stars. The question is: Could the planet form in the planetary nebula? That formed when a star erupted last time? And remained to orbit the star remnant. 

The thing. That determines this possibility. It is the nebula’s density. And the nebula must not be too homogeneous. If. There are no denser points. gravitational dots, the planets cannot form. The model is that the destroyed planet’s cores pull that material around them. And form a new planet around them. 

“This artist’s concept depicts a possible explanation for the unusual chemical abundances NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope detected in the HS 0209+0832 system: a second-generation planet orbiting a white dwarf star. Credit: NASA, ESA, Leah Hustak (STScI)”. (ScienceDaily, Hubble Space Telescope may have found a planet born after its star died)

A too-homogeneous nebula packs itself into one point. If the eruption is too strong, that nebula turns too thin. And of course. The eruption's symmetry plays a big role in that formation process. If. The eruption is like a giant flare. It can form a nebula. That is like a banner. The energy in that ionized gas can push plasma away and destroy the form. That forms a thin nebula. Elements like silicon can be found in that nebula. 

When. A white dwarf is a middle-aged stellar remnant. Its gravity. Pulls particles into its shell. Those impacts form radiation. The wavelength of that radiation depends on those particles’ energy levels. And, of course. The element that impacts. The white dwarf is another determinant of radiation. Or its wavelength. The nebula. The white dwarfs can have regular stellar companions. The best-known case of that kind of binary system is Sirius. 

The young blue star has the white dwarf companion Sirius B. So, stars can have companions formed long before them. Some bright stars have dim companions. Those companions can be brown dwarfs. They cannot affect Large stars' trajectories. That means. They cannot be seen using the methodology. Used. For exoplanet hunting.  When a star in a binary star system is brighter. And. It steals matter from the dim component. A material bridge forms a hot spot in the star’s atmosphere. This means the dim component forms a brighter spot in the brighter star's atmosphere. So that thing is the opposite of the effect. The planet dims the star.

https://news.mit.edu/2026/astronomers-catch-star-slowly-snacking-on-brown-dwarf-1005 

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/10/261007042106.htm

https://scitechdaily.com/mit-astronomers-catch-a-star-slowly-eating-its-companion-300-light-years-away/

https://scitechdaily.com/nasa-hubble-cold-case-a-dead-star-may-have-given-birth-to-a-new-planet/

https://www.space.com/astronomy/stars/astronomers-discover-the-1st-ever-green-star-a-cosmic-zombie-just-in-time-for-halloween

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius

The new missile systems can change the game. Into. A direction that nobody expected.

 

"Blackbeard Hypersonic Missile Shown Being Fired From Ground Launcher" (TWZ)

Russia and China both have hypersonic weapons. They are years ahead of the U.S. That is one of the biggest problems for Western defense. If. A ground-launched hypersonic anti-ship missile is launched from 300-500 kilometers away from the target. The defense against those missiles is very difficult. The same goes for drone swarms. They are hard things. 

High-speed drone. That can reach speeds of 700-1500km/h. Can be transported into enemy territory. And then it can be launched near a radar station. Hypersonic missiles can also operate in multiple roles. They can have anti-ship capability. And. It can attack enemy ground installations. Those missiles can also operate against aircraft. They can provide long-distance strike capacity against all targets. Hypersonic missiles can hunt aircraft, buildings, and ships. 

The lack of ground- and sea-launched hypersonic missiles is a big hole in NATO's defense. Sea- and ground-launched systems offer something else.

That aircraft cannot provide. Aircraft are very advanced tools. They need lots of service. When. We think about things like ground-launched hypersonic missiles. There is a possibility.  That somebody drives those missiles on board some ferry. And then make a surprise attack from that ferry. 

Just like the drones. Those systems are platform-free. They can be launched from trucks on the decks. Or they can be on the ground. 

Aircraft still cannot fill artillery duties. Same way. Ship- and ground-launched missiles. They can threaten even the largest. And. Best-protected warships like aircraft carriers. 

And ground-launched versions of cruise missiles can turn warfare. Into. An unknown direction. Any cruise missile can use rocket takeoff. The Russian low-cost drones are a warning. The development cycle is very fast. High-flying balloons and airships can drop those drones to the operational area. The next-generation versions of those drones can use AI-based flight control. That kind of tool can be more devastating than anyone expected. The problem with military systems is that. 

High-altitude balloons or airships can carry drones. 

The microwave weapon. 

The ultra-high-cost F-35-style stealth aircraft play a vital role.  On. Battlefields. Those systems play a big role in attacks on Iran. But the big threat is also low-cost drones. Those drones can be remotely controlled. But quite soon. Those systems. They can also be AI-controlled. The new Su-57D two-seat version of the Su-57 can have better integration with drone swarms. Drones themselves can be shot from different platforms. Or the Su-57D can drop them. The backseater can operate those drones. 

The XQ-57A's U740 variant is launched using RATO. Similar RATO systems can also raise the cruise missile. Or a kamikaze drone. Into the air. 

The new cruise missiles can carry sub-missiles. That means the kamikaze missile can make a double attack. By. Using high-speed anti-radiation missiles. Or they can act as launching platforms. For. Hypersonic missiles. The networked operation system. It can use high-power jamming transmitters to cover the launch of the “Banderol”-type missiles. Those missiles or drones can be transported near their targets. And. They can be launched near the target. That means the defense system has very little time to react.  

Even if a drone is created for civilian purposes. Defending targets. Against. That weapon is not easy. The jammer system can deny communication.  But. That is possible. Only. When the jammer system is connected. The defensive system sees that the drone is coming. If. The drone is not detected. That can cause a horrible situation. 

The new SAAB/Kraken K3 SCOUT unmanned surface scout vehicle. 

The new sea drones can cause problems. The surface drones, equipped with microwave weapons and Hellfire or Spike missiles, can be dangerous for all other vehicles. Those. Small-sized unmanned automated drones. They can paralyze defenses. And they can cause very bad damage. 

That kind of USV can even carry nuclear weapons. The 12-kiloton nuclear explosives in the drones can turn the small drone into a nuclear weapon. Or a nuclear version of the HMS Chambeltown. The HMS Chambeltown made the successful St. Nazaire raid.  There, it collided with the gate of the shipyard’s pool. It detonated depth charges in the St. Nazaire shipyard. 28 March 1942. The big question is. What if Chambeltown used a nuclear weapon? The idea was stolen from “Operation Chariot”. 

And a little bit changed in some dark versions. The idea was that. The speedboat. Or some other thing. Like a yacht. Can sail into the harbour. And then detonate a nuclear weapon inside them. That can cause very large-scale destruction. USVs can also carry drones into strike distance of targets. The drone is the tool. That can also give guerrillas a new type of firepower. Those systems have shown their ability in the hands of Houthi rebels. Those rebels are a threat even to Israel. 

https://www.armyrecognition.com/news/navy-news/2026/kraken-and-saab-uk-pair-k3-scout-uncrewed-vessel-with-giraffe-1x-radar-to-detect-drones-at-sea#google_vignette

https://defencesecurityasia.com/en/russia-su57d-two-seat-stealth-fighter-drone-command-india-china-airpower/

https://interestingengineering.com/military/bae-microwave-weapon-counter-drone-swarms

https://www.twz.com/land/blackbeard-hypersonic-missile-shown-being-fired-from-ground-launcher

https://www.twz.com/air/high-altitude-balloons-are-a-game-changing-capability-army-space-command-boss

https://www.twz.com/land/blackbeard-hypersonic-missile-shown-being-fired-from-ground-launcher

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-57

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_surface_vehicle

Ultra-accurate clocks and slowed light measure gravity.

“Scientists have created a self-stabilizing nuclear clock with a precision equivalent to one second in 30 million years, potentially paving the way for the most accurate clocks ever built. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Create a Nuclear Clock So Precise It Barely Loses a Second in 30 Million Years)

Ultra-accurate atom clocks measure gravity and its interaction between objects. Those systems can be connected. With. Other methods. So. Reseachers can measure how high-energy cosmic eruptions affect Earth's gravity fields. The sensors can also measure microgravity interactions. 

When we think about time. It. Is connected with gravity. Things like time dilation affect ultra-precise measurements. And things. Like energy levels. Affect time and time dilation. 

When we think about gravitational centers like Earth. Those centers. Involve multiple gravitational centers. Each of those centers, like atoms. and elementary particle have their own gravitational field. So multiple quantum and microgravity centers form a solid-looking gravitational center. Those gravitational subcenters form entropy in that field. Each particle has its own gravitational field. That forms quantum whirls in that field. 

The new sensor uses slowed light to measure the gravitational effect between objects. 

The new sensor detects the gravitational effect between small objects. That sensor measures gravitational interaction. Between. Things like two stones. Normally, Earth is so dominant. In. The gravity system. Measuring the microgravity effect is very difficult. 

“New sensor uses slowed light to detect gravitational pull of tiny objects” (Lifeboat)

Slowed light. Can tell us about details. Of how the gravitational interaction works. The gravitational interaction is predicted to be an interaction. Where. The gravitational center pulls a field inside it. The big problem with that interaction is that. All particles have a gravitational field. 

But. Things like electromagnetic interactions cover gravity inside it. This means that when some electromagnetic beam hits atoms. That causes a situation. There is reflection between those atoms and other particles. That reflection. It covers gravitational waves under them. 

Reseachers use a Bose-Einstein condensate. An ultra-cold atomic vapor is used. To trap and slow photons. This effect is based on the Bose-Einstein condensate's ability to act like one large superatom. The idea of that sensor is that. The gravitational waves interact with those slowed photons. Those photons don’t interact with other quantum fields. 

“The mechanism behind stopping light is subtle and deeply quantum. It relies on a phenomenon called electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT). Normally, a medium like a cloud of atoms absorbs light of a certain frequency. But by shining a carefully tuned laser beam onto the atoms, scientists can manipulate their energy levels so that they become transparent to another beam of light.”(ScienceNewsToday, Can Light Be Slowed? How Scientists Trap Photons)

“When a light pulse enters under these conditions, it slows dramatically as its energy is transferred into atomic excitations—quantum ripples in the medium. The photons are not destroyed but transformed, their information embedded in the collective motion of the atoms. By switching off the control laser, scientists can freeze this quantum state. By. Trapping the light’s information. When the laser is switched back on, the information is reconverted into photons, and the light pulse emerges as though nothing had happened.” (ScienceNewsToday, Can Light Be Slowed? How Scientists Trap Photons)

The biggest problem with quantum computers is global disturbances. Like gravitational waves 

They can cause a global effect. The problem with global effects is that. Normally, we could detect errors in the system. By. Using computers in different positions on Earth. And things like fast radio bursts. Can be detected using radio telescopes. And. If.  The FRB hits Earth. While. The quantum computer makes its run. The system can make a retake. 

Slowed light will be the key to fundamental technologies. Ultra-secure data transmission. And the new types of quantum computers. Scientists slowed photons to 65 km/h. And that makes it possible to create a quantum computer. That makes the series of operations possible in a short period. This means. A quantum computer can repeat the calculations. Many times in a short period. And that increases its error detection. A gravitational wave detector can also help. To find. That kind of error in quantum systems. 

https://lifeboat.com/blog/2026/10/new-sensor-uses-slowed-light-to-detect-gravitational-pull-of-tiny-objects

https://www.org/can-light-be-slowed-how-scientists-trap-photons

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-create-a-nuclear-clock-so-precise-it-barely-loses-a-second-in-30-million-years/

Data center warfare is part of high-tech warfare.

“Ukrainian Drones Knock Out Supercomputers at Two Yandex Data Centers. Yandex confirmed fires and full shutdowns at its Sasovo and Kaluga sites on back-to-back days, October 8 and 9, after drones hit supercomputers tied to training its YandexGPT model and disrupted services for Russian Railways and MegaFon“.(Startupfortune, Ukrainian Drones Knock Out Supercomputers at Two Yandex Data Centers)

The third closed data center is in Vladimir. That data center provides data services to the Moscow region. And agencies like the GRU, FSB, and the Russian Aviation Institute can use that data. 

“Yandex shut down its data center in Vladimir, east of Moscow, after a drone strike damaged its infrastructure on October 11, the company said in a Telegram alert. The outage disrupted Yandex services as the company assessed the damage and worked to restore operations; the Associated Press reported it was the third strike on Yandex facilities in four days.” (LetsDataScience, Yandex Shuts Vladimir Data Center After Drone Attack)

Things. like automated and semi-automated systems require complex codes. To operate.  Data centers provide a platform to run and train AI. To operate in that area. Denying drone communication. Using jammers is more complicated than people thought. Jammer bases are in the radio transmitters. Those transmitters send radio signals that should deny data communication between the operator and the drone. 

The problem is in radio transmission. That makes jammer systems vulnerable to anti-radiation missiles. The aircraft or drone. It can shoot anti-radiation missiles against those radio transmitters. And the radio jammer works only If. it can operate on the same frequency as the drone. This means that the opponent operator knows those frequencies. When. The drone is jammed. 

The operator can shoot anti-radiation missiles from ground vehicles. Or they can shoot those missiles from airplanes. Anti-radiation missile. It can be effective against drones. But only if the missile and its operators know the drone’s command frequency. The anti-radiation missiles are shot from rocket launchers. They can be destructive tools. If. The operators find the right radio frequencies. And these kinds of systems require lots of data. 

Data centers play a central role in modern warfare. Those centers serve as information tools. And disinformation tools. They serve as data processing systems. Those systems. They. Can be used to program drones. They can also carry out cyberattacks. Those attacks are important. If. Those operators want to know. 

Where. Somebody is moving. Things. Like. Hacked traffic surveillance cameras can tell where some interesting things are moving. Hacked telephone centers can uncover enemy plans. And the big problem is how to make software. That those attacks require. 

We must remember. That without cyberattacks, things like the elimination of the Iranian leaders are impossible. Reconnaissance aircraft and satellites cannot. recognize people. Who enter cars in a garage. The system sees cars. But it cannot recognize people. Who sit in a car. Or the person’s precise location. Who is in the house. 

Cyberattacks allow attackers to see things. Like operation plans. Hacked cameras and access controls also give more interesting data. Like. Who the next commander of enemy forces is. Or who has private conversations with enemy leaders. 

Updated firewalls and antivirus software can make old programs useless. The operators must generate new code. That the antivirus cannot detect. This requires AI-based systems. Attackers must generate lots of code.

 In a short period. These kinds of systems require data centers. 

Data centers are vulnerable and high-value targets.  Trolls are operating using those data centers. And destruction makes it hard to run AI agents. And bots on platforms. The remarkable detail is this. Some far-right and Pro-Trump campaigns. On the net turn silent. When the Ukrainian drones attacked the Yandex data centers.

Yandex attack doesn’t end Russian campaigns. But it decreases them by about 50%. Another thing is that Yandex is part of the “Russian Google” infrastructure. This means: a major Part of the Russian data travels through those data centers. Governmental organizations like Roskomnadzor use those data centers to control the internet. 

Yandex closed a Vladimir data center. Near Moscow. That data center could serve the FSB for data processing. At least it provided very important data capacity for the Moscow region. The FSB used that data. For. Targeting their strikes against opposition. Knocking out those supercomputers makes it harder to control the system. 

This makes those data centers very high-value targets. In the same way. In Kyiv. Data centers provide their support. For. Intelligence analysis. And. The ability to predict air strikes. Attacks against data infrastructure affect the ability to operate. 

https://dailyboulder.com/russian-disinformation-bot-traffic-plunges-overnight-after-ukraine-drone-strikes-cripple-multiple-putins-data-centers-report/

https://www.kyivpost.com/post/86708

https://tech-insider.org/ukraine-strikes-yandex-third-data-center-4-days-2026/

https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2026/10/russian-drones-strike-ukraines-data-centers-by-exploiting-air-defense-gaps/

https://letsdatascience.com/news/yandex-shuts-vladimir-data-center-after-drone-attack-54325517

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roskomnadzor

Advancing robots.

Robots are an extension of AI. Or they are a physical connection to AI. That makes robots both interesting and dangerous. Every day we read stories about mistakes. That automated systems make. We might think those systems aren't a threat to us at work. We make everything better. We are more sympathetic. And that is one of the things. That we sometimes misunderstand. 

The robot must not be intelligent. That. It can do its work. We can measure. The robot's effectiveness easily. Counting the number of accepted tasks. How many accepted pieces it can make. That is an easy way to calculate effectiveness. 

When we think about manufacturing robots. Those robots. They are more effective than humans. They don’t even know what they are doing. But they are not intelligent. And this is why we use robots. We use robots because they don’t resist. This makes robots a useful tool. In. The hands of the military. 

Flyer 1

We can look back in history. When. We look at things like the first car. Or. The first aircraft. Could somebody believe that the Flyer 1 that flew in Kitty Hawk would someday revolutionize transportation, research, and warfare? 

That is a good question. When we look at the Flyer 1. We see. How primitive this system is. Then we can ask why it's primitive. Because.  It was the first heavier-than-air machine that flew using its own engine. We can compare that primitive system with a modern F-35 and say that the first aircraft was dangerous. It was useless. At the same time, forget one thing. The F-35 does not exist without that primitive machine. That flew a couple of meters at Kitty Hawk in 1903. It’s hard to be number one. 

The second fact that we see is how robots make mistakes. And we can laugh at those mistakes. We forget that AI-controlled robots and LLMs are less than ten years old. The robot itself is not new. The person who introduced the idea of robots as mechanical men is unknown. 

Centauri Robot. 

Leonardo da Vinci tried to make a mechanical man. His invention was a mechanical knight. The first functioning robot, “The Digesting Duck, " was built by a French inventor named Jacques de Vaucanson. If. We compare that robot with modern robots. That tool was very limited. But that mechanical duck could transport dynamite to enemy positions. This means that the user determines how to use the robot. And the people behind Vaucanson. They wanted a system that pulls firewire behind it. And carries explosives to the target. 

“The Goliath tracked mine (German: Leichter Ladungsträger Goliath, "Goliath Light Charge Carrier". (Wikipedia, Goliath tracked mine)

“FireAnt unmanned ground vehicle”. (Photo by Austin Thomas)(DefenseBlog)

Same way. We can think of the German “Goliath” kamikaze tank. The tracked mine. That travels. On tracks was a solution. That could be useful. Lack of fuel and parts. Caused. There were too few of those systems. The “fire ant” unmanned ground vehicle is quite similar to “Goliath”.It can run below the tank’s tracks. It uses more advanced systems. There is a possibility. That those “fire ant” mines could carry bazookas. To make them more effective. 

"Model of Leonardo's robot with inner workings, on display in Berlin" (Wikipedia, Leonardo's robot)

By the way. Vaucanson called his robot an “automaton”. The word “robot” is from the 1930s. And when we look at things like robot taxis and primitive worker robots. We forget one thing.  Those systems that we see in museums are primitive pathfinders. This means that when we look at modern robots and movie robots. We must understand that things like AI agents. And PHP protocols. And. Morphing neural networks make those tools more versatile than the 18th-century mechanical ducks ever could be. 

PHP is a protocol. That makes. It is possible. To run code on the server. This means that. The workstation outsources the computing to the server. This means that. The server and its owner seed everything. That server does. And what does the system do? It processes information. That. The user gives to it. 

When Vaucanson made his first robots. He. Didn’t have networks and AI. The materials that he used were limited. And that is one of the things. That. We must understand. We can make Terminators. If. We mean man-shaped robots.  The man-shaped remotely controlled robot is possible. And the only thing. That is not possible is the computer. That allows those systems to operate independently. So. We can make a remotely controlled version of Terminators. But. Technology becomes more advanced.

The ability to interconnect servers over the network. It allows us to break the limits of the systems. And that can cause situations. That. We cannot control. Advanced algorithms can recognize that the computer does not have enough power. And call other servers to assist. That causes a situation. Where. The calculation power jumps to a new level. 

In this case, it is possible. The server operators don’t see that thing. This means that the AI runs on a server platform. That power can be a million times higher. That predicted calculation power. 

“Digesting duck”. Or. A postulated interior of the Duck of Vaucanson (1738–1739)(Wikipedia, Automaton)

Or. We can say that the robot must not look like any animal. It can look like a Centauri. Like the robot in the second image. But there is one danger with robots and algorithms. Especially.  Algorithms from the late 20th century. They were made for individual workstations. Those systems had 640 kt. memory. They were not used for network-based AI solutions. When. A neural network runs those algorithms. It can change its operations. Much faster than a 1980s PC. This means that the platform makes those systems more effective. 

Then networked server solutions run the same algorithm in multiple places. The system can point. The same algorithm can follow multiple objects at the same time. And that makes them more effective. Another thing is that. The AI has more data than ever before. The AI solution is not the same as a Large Language Model (LLM). The solution is the interface that connects the solution to the LLM. 

Even if we run the AI agent. Or. Some AI solution on our servers. The solution itself is connected to the LLM. That runs in a data center. The LLM is licensed software. And the solution is the interface that communicates with the LLM. This means that the data that we think we own runs on remote servers. 

https://defence-blog.com/u-s-army-tests-robotic-tank-killers/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automaton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goliath_tracked_mine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_de_Vaucanson

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo%27s_robot