New hypersonic technology is coming.

“The U.S. Air Force’s Hypersonic Attack Cruise Missile (HACM) has started flight testing after the Royal Australian Air Force released a test unit over an Australian range. A report confirmed this on October 5, 2026, calling it a major milestone for a program that has faced several delays. The Air Force has not said when the release happened or if the missile flew on its own power afterwards.”(Interesting Engineering)

The U.S. military tested a new air-launched hypersonic cruise missile (ACM) model over Australia.  These weapons are not hype anymore.  China, North Korea, and China have massive programs in hypersonic missile technology. The hypersonic missiles are entering service. The first carriers for those Mach 6+ missiles are older bombers. 

But they will become the primary weapons in the new stealth bombers. And even.  if. A hypersonic weapon is developed. For. An air-launched tool. Those missiles are easy to modify for rocket-launched systems. Those. Hypersonic miniature shuttles. They can be launched from silos or submarines. Those systems can follow a ballistic trajectory. Or they can wait in orbit for the order to attack. The rocket can transport.

That high-speed weapon outside the atmosphere. Then. That. An air-breathing system will return to the atmosphere. And after that. The system ignites its ramjet or scramjet engine. The missile can travel very fast. But at a lower altitude than regular ballistic missiles. But. Faster and higher than regular aircraft. The hypersonic missile can also be a regular rocket. It travels in the atmosphere using a rocket engine. 

Atmospheric missiles are not a completely new concept. All aircraft-launched missiles are atmospheric missiles. The thing. That makes those systems more effective is their speed. Another new thing is their range. It is possible. To install start rockets on regular cruise missiles like the AGM-86. That allows. Operators to shoot them from ground-based systems. The rocket. 

It can be a regular RATO or JATO. Rocket. Or a jet-assisted take-off system. Those systems are commonly used to launch drones. And the thing that it carries is a cruise missile. 

“The U.S. Navy has given us the first look at Blackbeard hypersonic strike missiles under the wings of F/A-18E/F Super Hornets during actual flight testing.” (TWZ.com, Blackbeard Hypersonic Missile Seen Flying On F/A-18 Super Hornet For The First Time)

Like “Blackbeard” or the Russian Kh-47M2 Kinzhal. They can be launched from aircraft. Like. F/A-18 Super Hornet. Or. Drones can also launch those weapons. So unmanned, high-altitude platforms can also operate with hypersonic weapons.

 Not all hypersonic weapons are cruise missiles. Hypersonic glide systems (HGVs) are gliders. That is, the missile is launched toward the target. The big difference between an HGV warhead and a regular warhead is this.  The HGV warhead follows a wobbling trajectory. This means. That. It’s a hard target for defenders. The hypersonic glider can also use stealth technology. That makes it hard for defenders. The hypersonic missile travels in a plasma layer. It faces a similar radio cut as spacecraft. Radio waves cannot travel through that plasma. And that can make regular radars useless. 

The answer could be lidar-based technology. The laser scanner.  That uses an AI connection and is hard to jam. IR- or UV lidars can see targets through the plasma layer. Another possibility is to use an AI-controlled drone to point targets for those hypersonic systems. 

https://interestingengineering.com/military/hypersonic-glide-vehicles-vs-hypersonic-cruise-missiles

https://interestingengineering.com/military/us-mach-5-hypersonic-cruise-missile-tested

https://www.twz.com/air/blackbeard-low-cost-hypersonic-missile-testing-on-the-f-a-18-super-hornet-has-begun

https://www.twz.com/air/blackbeard-hypersonic-missile-seen-flying-on-f-a-18-super-hornet-for-the-first-time

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic_weapon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JATO

Artificial intelligence forces us to determine. “Intelligence” again.

What is intelligence? That is a good question. The question of intelligence is connected to performance. When. A person does something that seems intelligent. We think that the person is intelligent. Things like chess games are always associated with intelligence.  A good chess player is always intelligent. That is the rule. In. The world. But then. In an IBM-owned laboratory, some programmers created a computer program called “Blue Gene”. Blue Gene (BG) was “rule-based AI”. 

The computer program played chess. It beat Garry Kasparov at chess. And that was the first time. When. A computer beat a human in that game. The problem with this attitude is this. Garry Kasparov is a multiple-time world champion. In.  Chess. This means that the BG would beat an average person much faster than it beat Kasparov. So can we say that a human can beat a computer? If the only person with that ability is the chess grandmaster with multiple world championships. We must realise one thing. The BG did not even know. That. It played chess. 

It didn’t know what it moved. It made a response move. And then the game was over. The Blue Gene played chess. But it didn’t know what it made. It just executed commands that programmers gave it. The Blue Gene forced people. To determine intelligence again. Intelligence is not performance. The Blue Gene just executed lines of code. And that was the only thing. That. It knew. Or it didn’t even know. That it executed lines of code. It was a better player than a human. But. It couldn’t do anything other than play chess. Every single. Move that could be done.   Is pre-programmed in that program’s code lines. Chess is a good game for that type of program. 

There is always a limited number of possible moves. Then, a couple of years ago. The state-of-the-art AI lost a game to a 1970s Atari chess console. That means that. Rule-based AI can win a game. Against. A modern AI Agent. So why can a one-purpose Atari game console beat an AI agent? Why could Blue Gene beat the world’s best chess player? The reason for that is this. The Blue Gene and ATARI. They will do nothing else. But play chess. 

The situation is similar to this. Why. A pocket calculator beats supercomputers in simple calculations. The basic pocket calculator has a simple keyboard. It’s immediately ready for work. And this makes it easy to use. Those systems don’t need to boot. It is easier to use than a computer. The problem with those systems is. They are limited. They can do only one thing. They do that thing very well. But their skill set is very narrow. But those systems cannot go outside that skill set. 

So, performance doesn’t mean that the system is intelligent. The system can see things. And make a response. It can sort an entire warehouse by following rules. Or it can write a speeding ticket. If. The vehicle travels too fast. If. The system uses manual data input. It is not very complicated. The user must set the number plate and speed in the system. The problem is: There are thousands of vehicles. The system operator has no time to input that data. 

The answer could be a microchip-based system. That collects data about a car’s driving speed. And. If that car travels faster than the speed limit. That tells traffic control. The system can be activated in city areas. But the problem is always. Driving faster than the speed limit is allowed. It is always against the law. This is one paradox regarding our privacy. The ability to track the car. Driving faster than the speed limit breaks our privacy. Another problem. Is that. Crossing the speed limit. It is always against the law. So a person commits a traffic crime and endangers safety. 

Which one is more practical? The AI agent that reads and answers emails. Or. The chess computer that can only play chess? 

The rule-based systems are helpless. If. Something happens outside the order book. The system requires something. That denies its fall. That thing is the code line. That orders system to tell user. That it cannot make that thing. Ot. It has no determinant for the command. The system requires automatic input. For. Large data masses. But automation is not the same as intelligence. The system must realise.  When. It cannot make something. And the system. It must have a back gate for cases that it cannot handle. 

The problem with automation is this. If. We try to program every possible move into a chess program. There is always a move that nobody predicts. The answer is a system that knows the rules. But then it learns how to use its tools. Those narrow AIs are extreme tools. When. They handle precisely processed information. 

The difference between automation and narrow AI is simple. The system knows the rules. But it learns other things by practising. The new style computer chess program was AlphaZero. That program knew the rules. But the system played chess against itself to learn tactics. The operator taught it the basic movements. Then the system started to play against itself. As. The data mass grew. The system learned faster. That is the key element in every AI program. The data mass that the system uses accelerates its learning. 

Those systems can play chess. But they cannot do anything else either. Or they can observe marketing courses. But they cannot play chess. This means those systems can collect data. They can process data. But their codebase cannot combine that data with some action. In those programs is the codebase. That codebase connects data. It connects to some action. If. The system cannot find an action. It does nothing. This means that. Narrow AI is the thing. That could control stock market connections with bank accounts. But it cannot control physical tools. 

Intelligent organisms require things they can use. The AI that doesn’t communicate. It cannot tell how intelligent it can be. The automation that makes pre-programmed moves on a chessboard. It can seem very intelligent. Those systems are more limited. Than. Modern LLMs and AI agents. But. Those AI agents and LLMs lose to them in chess. The AI agent can do many things. It can read your calendar. It can answer Emails. But it still loses at chess. Which one is more practical? AI agent or a program that can move chess buttons? 

Hunt for quantum black holes.

“Physicists found no tiny black holes at the LHC, but they just made the hiding place for new physics considerably smaller. Credit: SciTechDaily.com. Scientists have expanded the search for microscopic black holes at the Large Hadron Collider, looking for fleeting objects that could reveal hidden dimensions and clues to quantum gravity” (SciTechDaily, Scientists Hunt for Tiny Black Holes Hidden in LHC Collisions)

The LHC couldn’t create quantum-sized black holes. And one of the reasons could be that. It couldn’t create the energy effect. That could compress particles so much, or for so long. It can form those miniature black holes. If. Those tiny black holes formed. They evaporate immediately. This means. Maybe. Their existence lasts for less than a femtosecond. If they release gamma photons, those photons are hard to separate from other high-energy photons. Those quantum black holes will not produce many of those photons. And maybe. They evaporate just when quark-gluon plasma’s existence ends. 

Quantum black holes can be a source of dark energy. And they can also be dark matter. This model goes like this. Every fermion and other particle. With mass. Involves graviton. It is a kind of quantum black hole. That gives mass to those particles. 

The particle we see is the quantum field around it. In some models, particles like quarks are actually photons. They spin around their vertical axis. This means. Particles are like coins. That spin in a vertical position. And that makes them look like balls. If that is right, the mythical graviton is the quantum-sized black hole. The quantum pressure around galaxies keeps that structure in its form. But when. Those particles. Take more distance. 

The quantum pressure decreases. The quantum field around the quantum black hole expands. And escapes from around the quantum black hole. That causes immediate evaporation. That means those miniature black holes release the energy they store. That means the WIMPs are actually quantum black holes. When those black holes evaporate, they release energy. And that explains dark energy. But why. Is CERN so interested in those hypothetical particles? 

In Einstein’s time dilation models. The black hole transports information from the future to the present. Or, actually, black holes transport information from the future to a point in spacetime. Where. The black hole formed. When escape velocity equals the speed of light. Time starts to travel more slowly. When it reaches the speed of light, time stops. And when that thing crosses the speed of light. That. Causes a situation. Where time starts to travel in the opposite direction. 

XXXXX

Antigravity is possible. If WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), gravitons, and quantum-size black holes are the same thing. 

If the graviton really is the WIMP. And the miniature black hole is a graviton. That causes the situation. Then antigravity is the evaporation of those miniature black holes. When. We think about the WIMP or miniature black hole as a gravity center. That means that. If. Those miniature black holes evaporate. That means that they release the energy that they stored. At the same moment. The gravity center. Those things that formed disappear. That theoretical engine could operate like this. The system creates WARP-bubbles using electron-positron annihilation. Then those miniature black holes will be shot into those miniature WARP bubbles. But that process requires that the system can create those tiny black holes. 

XXXXX

That is one of the things that can make black holes interesting. The black hole formation happens. When escape velocity crosses the speed of light. So there is a possibility. That if. Reseachers can create a quantum-sized black hole and stabilize it. They could transport information from the future to the past. That opens new avenues for research. 

But there is another thing. That. Those quantum-sized black holes can make. Those things can create static quantum entanglement. This means that the quantum systems. They can put halos around those miniature black holes into superposition and entanglement. 

By using the quantum-sized black holes. Reseachers could make the “quantum yoyo”. That system can tunnel through materials. And. That system could transport quantum information through the walls. That system. It can revolutionize radar technology. In that system, the halos around those black holes can be put into superposition. Then the gamma rays anchor the transmitting black hole into the wanted position. And then that thing can transmit information to the sensor. Through. Quantum entanglement. 

But those quantum-sized black holes could make a so-called anti-gravity drive possible. The rocket engine pushes those quantum black holes backward. Then those systems create WARP bubbles. When. That kind of miniature black hole is shot into those short-term bubbles. They. Evaporate immediately. That means they release the energy that is stored in them. Also, if a graviton is the miniature black hole. The evaporation means that the graviton. The mass center disappears. And that means the gravitational effect is gone. 

The reason why CERN couldn’t make those miniature black holes could be simple. The system cannot handle the energy load. That is symmetrical enough. The system should create a so-called quantum implosion. That means it should press atoms or particles symmetrically. This means that the system should lock the quark precisely in the middle of the pressure. 

If. That pressure cannot input energy into the center. Quark symmetrically. The quark slips out of the energy pressure. There is a possibility. The oxygen atom in the fullerene molecule can be pressed into a miniature black hole. The system presses that atom into a singularity by exploding antimatter around the fullerene. Then that plasma pushes electrons and quarks. 

In the atom. In the fullerene, they collapse into one single entity called a singularity. This means. Those particles turn into one particle. Another. Possibility is that the LHC could create those miniature black holes. But they are so short-lived. That sensor didn’t recognize them. The LHC might not have enough time to trap energy. For. Long enough. It can press particles into the quantum black holes. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-hunt-for-tiny-black-holes-hidden-in-lhc-collisions/

Time and the speed of light.

“The universe is still speeding up, scientists say, keeping dark energy and its mysterious role in cosmic expansion firmly in play. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab / Michael Lentz” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Say the Universe Isn’t Slowing Down After All)

When speed reaches the speed of light (299792458 m/s), time stops moving. That is. The remarkable thing in physics. This means that a photon has no time. The photon is a massless particle that transports electromagnetism. 

A photon itself is like a string. That string rotates around its main axle and surface axle. This causes small quantum whirls around the photon. 

The photon's shape is like a donut. It can explain A small part of why the photon has no time. If. We think that the donut-shaped particle travels in the universe. The energy travels to that donut from the middle of the photon. 

Energy also travels in the structure from the outside of the photon. And nails the photon into its position. That means the photon delivers as much energy as it releases. Because the universe expands, that structure sends wave movement through spacetime. 

The speed of light is the cosmic speed limit. That speed limit is the speed of light in a vacuum. The speed of light is quite easy to cross. If. The particle impacts a medium. The neutrino detector uses that effect. When. A neutrino impacts water. It. Sends a blue light shockwave. This blue flash is known as Cherenkov radiation. 

When. That particle arrives in water. It must slow down. That means it must deliver its kinetic energy. That energy forms the small bubble that acts like a WARP bubble in water. That bubble. It cannot stand very long. And it collapses when the particle slows. Its speed.

Into a level that is in water. The reason. Why. The particle cannot continue its journey faster than the speed of light because it cannot maintain that bubble. To maintain that bubble, the particle requires energy. But the speed of slowing is not limitless. And that means the particle travels faster than the speed of light in water. For. A very short moment. 

“We experience time as real. But what if it's only an illusion: an illusion that's inherently relative? Does time fundamentally even exist?” (Big Think, Starts with a Bang, Can we be certain that time really exists?)

“An example of a light cone, the three-dimensional surface of all possible light rays arriving at and departing from a point in spacetime. The more you move through space, the less you move through time, and vice versa. Only things contained within your past light-cone can affect you today; only things contained within your future light-cone can be perceived by you in the future. This illustrates flat Minkowski space, rather than the curved space of general relativity.” (Big Think, Starts with a Bang, Can we be certain that time really exists?)

A Photon. 

The idea of the Alcubierre WARP drive is similar to Cherenkov radiation. The system creates a shockwave around the craft. That shockwave. That acts like Cherenkov radiation. That energy bubble can form by antimatter annihilation in the quantum nanotubes. That shockwave decreases entropy. 

The theoretical basis of that system is simple. There are no vacuums in space. That means. There is a possibility. To. Create a bubble that pushes quantum fields, ions, and other particles from around the craft. So. The system. It just replaces the false vacuum. By. Using a deeper vacuum. Or it decreases entropy in that bubble. The system can use gamma rays for that purpose. 

But then we face another paradox. That can make it very hard to think about crossing the speed of light. Time dilation means time slows. 

When it approaches the speed of light. At the speed of light. Time stops. And then. When a particle crosses the speed of light. 

Time starts to travel backward. That means that if we cross the speed of light. We should travel back in time. To. The point where we crossed the speed of light. Then we must realize only one thing. Time and location in space are different things. This means that we can travel in space and time. This means that. Even. If we travel back in time. The location in space and time must not be the same. 

But is time its own dimension or a natural force? If time is a force, it exists. But then we can think about a model. In which time does not exist. In that case, time is virtual. Time exists somehow. But the question is. Could time be a dimension? If time is a dimension. It can move forward or backward. In dimensional time, time travel is possible. 

If. Black holes. Transport matter and energy. Back to history. To the point where it formed. This could explain dark energy as energy that primordial black holes transport from the future into the young universe. That is one explanation. If. Time is a dimension. 

In the case of virtual time. Energy. It just prevents matter from evaporating. So. If we surround a particle with a high-power energy field. That prevents the particle from turning into energy. But then we must realize that the particle is like a bubble in the quantum field. This means. That. The energy that travels in the particle reflects from its center. And. That reflected energy destroys the particle. The outside energy can push the particle into its form. And slows the energy flow. From. That particle. When we talk about things like stopping time. 

We must understand that the expansion of the universe decreases energy in that field. That expansion decreases the energy level in those quantum fields. We think about dark energy. And the universe's expansion. We must understand that all known matter and energy come from a single point.  

When. The universe expands. Its energy level turns lower. But at the same time, matter travels faster. The distance between objects grows. And the expansion of the universe accelerates. Along. With dark energy. The gravitational effect turns weaker. 

When. The universe loses its density. Matter and dark matter between galactic clusters. becomes thinner. The speed of light. Outside the galactic halos. Turns higher. And that thing forms Cherenkov-type radiation. Evaporation of the matter is stronger. That means free energy in the universe grows. 

Another thing is that. If. The universe is inside some plasma ball. Particles that impact that plasma ball send Cherenkov-type radiation. That also travels in the universe. That radiation can be one of the things that cause dark energy. 

The border. Between. Matter and the dark matter halo, and space outside that halo turns higher. That means energy travels out from those halos faster. The theory goes like this. The. WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle). Is the particle. That means the dark energy could be the evaporation of those WIMP particles. Because. The universe’s energy level decreases. Evaporation of matter. At the edge. Of the galaxy cluster halos. Also turns stronger. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/beat-the-speed-of-light/

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/does-time-exist-182965/

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/paradox-black-hole/

https://phys.org/news/2024-11-theory-reveals-photon.amp

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-say-the-universe-isnt-slowing-down-after-all/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcubierre_drive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light

Black holes don’t make information vanish. They just. Transform it into another form.

“Even in the complete absence of external matter, black holes aren’t completely dark, as a very small amount of low-energy radiation gets emitted due to quantum processes: Hawking radiation. Whether or not this radiation preserves and encodes all of the information that went into creating and growing the black hole has not yet been determined. This is the heart of the black hole information paradox.” (Big Think, Starts with a Bang, The information paradox at the heart of every black hole)

So is Hawking radiation? The thing that forms gravity? The idea is this. The gravitational effect is an interaction between the center of gravity and its environment. In. Some ideas. The gravitational effect is an interaction that begins when wave movement. With a very short wavelength travels in the universe. That wave movement seems straight from outside. When that wave movement travels through quantum fields, it forms rolls or whirls. Those whirls travel in opposite directions.  Those quantum whirls carry the particles and other energy into the gravitational center.

That. Short-wave radiation can form.  When. Entropy at the event horizon lets energy travel out from the black hole.

The information paradox means that information cannot vanish. Not even black holes destroy information. The event horizon transforms the information stored in the matter and energy it pulls in into another form.  Event horizons are not separate from other structures in black holes. But that is the last point where we can get observations. The event horizon is a high-energy point at the edge of a black hole. Its energy level is high because of matter. And. Energy flow.

That comes from the black hole’s environment. Impacts particles that orbit the black hole. There, friction and field interactions form very strong whirls.

The structure seems solid. But those whirls mean local entropy that the black hole can leak.  The event horizon’s energy dams the black hole’s internal structures. That point is one part of the structure that keeps the black hole in its form. The event horizon is like a wall around the gravity pothole. This means that. The gravity pothole is partially invisible because the energy level in the event horizon is so high. But then we must realize that the event horizon is the point. There. The escape velocity is almost the same. As. The speed of light. The reality is that.

Same way as in all other places. Black holes have local and global entropy. All structures in black holes interact with other structures. But we can observe black holes as a global structure. Or we can use a microscopic view and observe some of its parts. The event horizon is the last point. There, we can get information. Behind. That. Everything is just theory. There is no way to get confirmed information through the event horizon. But we can observe its interactions with the internal and external environment. Even if there are whirls outside the event horizon. That doesn’t automatically mean that there are similar quantum whirls inside the event horizon. 

Because. Escape velocity at the event horizon Is. The same as the speed of light. There. Photons also orbit the black hole. And all radiation that we see comes from the front of the event horizon. The event horizon can trap information. And if it stretches information. That point would look like a structure there; spaghetti orbits the ball. The energy level in that structure turns too high. That pushes the black hole’s material disk and halo away. That increases the distances between the micro-whirls. And allows information to escape from the black hole. That leak can be gravitational radiation or Hawking radiation. Does that radiation come from inside or outside the event horizon? That is the big question.

“The matter that creates black holes won’t be what comes out when they evaporate. Will the black hole information paradox ever be solved?” (Big Think, Starts with a Bang, The information paradox at the heart of every black hole)

***********************************

Information paradox.

“If you take a book and burn it, the information of what was on the page will be encoded in the ashes that remain from the process of burning; there is no information loss.”

“But when matter goes into creating or growing a black hole, there’s no known relation between that information and the Hawking radiation that eventually comes out.”

“Is information conserved when black holes evaporate or not, and if so, how is that information preserved? This is the question at the core of the black hole information paradox: perhaps the grandest mystery of all.”

(Big Think, Starts with a Bang, The information paradox at the heart of every black hole)

***********************************

These spaghetti-shaped information strings that orbit the black hole’s singularity are one of the things. Why. The black hole is so powerful. The situation looks like a case. We try to step on a very fast-spinning ball. That fast-spinning structure pulls energy into it. Most of the energy and matter that fall into a black hole follow a spiral trajectory. Energy, or information. That comes from behind. Push particles forward. So we can compare gravity to a tsunami.

Wave movement. With a very short wavelength. Can create structure that seems straight. Like. In a tsunami. That travels near the bottom of the sea. The gravitational wave travels in space. That thing forms whirls around that gravitational beam. Those whirls travel backward.

To the gravitational center. They push particles ahead of them. So. Does the black hole? Just transform the shape of information. Into the form of gravitational waves. Could Hawking radiation be? The thing that forms gravity.

If. The black hole’s halo and material disk withdraw from the event horizon. That event forms. A small microvacuum can pull photons out of the event horizon. Also, high-energy gamma rays decrease entropy in the material disk. And that causes a situation. There, some particles can escape from the black hole’s gravity.

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/paradox-black-hole/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_information_paradox

Why is star formation slowing?

“FAST and DESI reshape our view of cosmic evolution. Credit: National Astronomical Observatories of China and Shanghai Astronomical Observatory of CAS” (ScitechDaily, The Universe Has Plenty of Fuel. So Why Is It Making Fewer Stars?)

Why is star formation slowing? All the time? The entropy in the universe grows. This causes the situation. The atomic hydrogen starts to move faster. The size of the universe expands. That causes its temperature to drop. When the universe expands, the distance between objects grows. That means more space between hydrogen atoms. Radiation has a stronger effect on those atoms. 

Because. There is no resistance to that movement. 

Star formation requires a mass center. That gravitational center collects gas atoms around it. The gravitational center starts to pile gas faster and faster. And then, after billions of years, the star ignites. Its fusion starts. Another way to make this effect is to create an electron or proton beam. That travels through an interplanetary or interstellar nebula. That forms a so-called cold quantum point in that nebula. And that starts to pile matter into that point. 

When difference. Between temperatures in the universe decreases. Those cold points will not collect matter like they did in the past. If. The temperature in the interplanetary or interstellar nebula. It. Is only. A couple of degrees higher than the energy minimum. If that cold point starts to pile the matter in one point.

The temperature. Or energy level at that point must be so much lower. That. It causes the particle flow and impact at that point. This forms a gravity center that pulls the nebula into that point. 

Lower-energy points act like low-pressure points. They collect matter around them. 

The particle or radiation beam. Bakes the low-pressure points in the electromagnetic field. When the universe expands, matter becomes thinner. This means that particle beams travel through the nebula. Its effect is weaker. Than. It is in dense nebulae. When. The density of matter decreases. That means. The interaction between particles turns weaker. 

When the universe expands, interplanetary or interstellar nebulae turn larger. But they lose their density.  Nebulae's internal gravitational effect becomes weaker. 

“About 4.5 billion years ago, the Universe was forming stars at roughly 2.5 times the rate seen today. During the same period, however, the density of neutral atomic hydrogen was only about 1.4 times greater than its current level.” (ScitechDaily, The Universe Has Plenty of Fuel. So Why Is It Making Fewer Stars?)

There are two densities. The homogeneous hydrogen nebula cannot form stars. There is a possibility. That, in some cases. Internal gravity pulls the entire nebula together. And that can form a black hole. Star formation happens around the gravitational center. 

Global density and local density. Star formation happens in nebulas. And nebulas are local density. When reseachers wonder why star formation decreased 2,5 times. But. The universe's density decreased only 1,4 times. They should keep focus on local density. 

If. Interplanetary or interstellar nebulae turn thin. That decreases their internal gravity effect. And that slows star formation. Another thing is. In. Thin nebulae. Stars turn smaller. Their radiation pressure breaks the nebula. When.  The nebula’s internal gravitation is weak. The. Star can destroy the entire nebula. 

If. We compare that to the young universe. In the young universe, the energy minimum was higher. That made energy travel more slowly away from galaxies. Today, the energy minimum is lower. And energy travels faster away from galaxies. And that forms whirls and increases entropy. Energy that travels away from a galaxy. Causes the situation. That galaxy is colder. And the energy flow. That source is in the center of the galaxy. Pushes those hydrogen atoms away from each other. This means that the interplanetary nebulae were denser in the young universe. 

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-has-plenty-of-fuel-so-why-is-it-making-fewer-stars/

Navier-Stokes equation can revolutionize engine design.

Navier-Stokes equation can revolutionize engine design. 

The Navier-Stokes equation is solved. But the results are not confirmed. But. This shows how big a tool. AI is in mathematics. AI can perform hard calculations. Where. Mathematicians try to find axioms in quite complicated calculations. Originally. Those equations were made to demonstrate fluid movements. That knowledge can be used in rotating detonation engines. 

But. Maybe. Those equations can be expanded to demonstrate gas flows in other gas structures. That can help to explain how stars form. That can explain how matter forms. And. How magnetic fields condense into matter. The idea is that energy packets travel through the quantum field. And that can cause condensation in the field. 

The Navier-Stokes equation describes gas flow.  It can be a revolutionary tool for making more effective aircraft engines. The Navier-Stokes equation can also revolutionize plasma control in fusion reactors. 

In some models. The plasma ring in Tokamak reactors moves faster than the plasma around it. That faster-moving plasma pulls slower plasma from around it. And along with laser beams. That system presses those plasma particles together. 

AI solved a Millennium Prize Problem. The last case was when AI solved the Navier-Stokes equation. That formula describes gas flow. There is a possibility. That. In one part of gas flow. The speed in some part of the gas flow accelerates very fast. And that forms a singularity in the flow. 

This means. There can be a part in the gas flow. There. The speed is much higher. That is the gas flow. These kinds of fast-moving gas spikes in gas channels are interesting. Because. That helps to create more powerful jet engines.  Aircraft cannot move faster than their exhaust gas. Navier-Stokes equation formula helps researchers.

They are trying to create jet engines that can create faster exhaust gases. The system should create a system. There. Slower exhaust gas forms a channel around the faster exhaust gas. The slower part of that exhaust gas is created by using hydrocarbons. The fast exhaust gas forms a tunnel inside the outer exhaust gas. The big problem with reaction engines. It is this. The best-known specific impulse an engine can make is from hydrogen. 

But. Thrust with hydrogen fuel is poor. This is why rockets use hydrocarbon fuel in the atmosphere. That is also one reason. Why jet engines use hydrocarbons. But there is a possibility. To create a faster-moving tunnel in the exhaust gas. One is to use a hydrogen-burning engine. The hydrogen-burning engine. Also.  A laser beam can kick the exhaust gas. Faster in the exhaust gas. These. Kinds of systems can improve chemical nuclear rockets’ speed. The idea is that the laser is in the middle of the rocket chamber. The laser beam will be shot into the gas flow. This creates the acceleration channel in the exhaust gas. 

The faster particle beam in the gas flow acts like a thermal pump. That forms a colder point in the gas flow. That faster flow keeps the material flow in one form. 

Those formulas can also make it possible to create models that can simulate. Things like how the black hole relativistic jet interacts with its environment. Those simulations could answer the question. Are all singularities ball-shaped? When extremely fast-moving gas flow travels through the gas nebula. That takes the temperature out of it. That low-energy channel can collapse the nebula. A proton or electron beam that uses photon-accelerated particles can also act like a thermal pump. Those particles can form the structure that pulls gas from around them into the channel. Those particles are moving. And maybe. That thing explains why things like stars can form. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/ai-has-solved-one-of-maths-1-million-millennium-prize-problems-20260908/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier–Stokes_equations

Astronomers could have a model for why photons from GRB 221009A were at a high energy level.

"An illustration shows a photon from the biggest cosmic explosion since the Big Bang reaching Earth. (Image credit: Robert Lea (created with Canva))" (Space.com, A photon from the biggest cosmic explosion since the Big Bang appears to have defied Einstein. Scientists may finally know how)

The Lorentz-violating photon from GRB 221009A might have an explanation. Reseachers think those photons may have turned into axion-like particles. That explains why those photons have such an extremely high energy level. That energy level was the highest ever recorded. The big question is: why those photons didn’t touch anything. Astronomers suggest that the high-energy photon turns into an axion. Or an axion-shaped particle. When a photon starts to spin very fast. 

The quantum field pushes it into a form that looks like a stick. The photon acts like a rubber band that is rolled from both ends. This turns the photon into a miniature drill. The photon pushes the quantum field away. From. The front of it. This means that the photon travels in its own quantum channel. The big question is: what travels faster than light? That is darkness. 

The cosmic minivoid. The hole or tunnel through the quantum fields is the “darkness”. Photon. Phat travels. In darkness. Can travel faster than other photons. The reason for that is simple. In cosmic voids, entropy and scattering effects are weaker. So the photon travels in a straight line. In this model. A photon. That. Travels in a lower-entropy environment. Makes fewer curves than a photon. That means the photon that follows a direct line reaches the goal before a photon that makes more curves. 

If. A photon travels in a cosmic void. That raises the question of why it didn’t lose its mass. Normal cosmic voids are in our galaxy. But when a photon comes out of them. It should lose its energy normally. And then we might ask. Did those photons travel through the wormholes? The theoretical Einstein-Rosen bridge is a cosmic microvoid. A theoretical wormhole is a structure. Their quantum tornado surrounds the channel. That is the hole in the quantum field.  

(Space.com)

A wormhole is not. A completely theoretical structure. In the universe. There are electromagnetic wormholes. 

The idea of the wormhole is that Entropy in that structure is lower than around it. Only a gravitational wormhole can reduce entropy so close to zero that the speed can rise almost endlessly. But high-energy, coherent gamma rays can form a channel through spacetime. There, entropy is very low. And. Conditions are very close to the structure we know as a “gravitational wormhole”. Or simply “wormhole”. The gravitational wormhole is a theoretical structure. But things like Black Hole’s relativistic jets can form electromagnetic wormholes. 

The wormhole is like the long version of the cosmic voids. The cosmic void stretches and forms a channel between two objects. 

The quantum tornado makes a border between the outside and inside quantum fields. If the energy level at one end of that structure is higher than at the other. This makes energy flow in that tube. That energy flow pulls particles through that structure. Energy flow inside that structure keeps that channel open. How long is it open? Maybe a couple of seconds before that quantum tornado falls into the superstring. But maybe. The energy bubble. Can push the wall of that energy tornado bigger. Or expand it. This means that. The situation. It looks. 

A little bit like in cartoons. The ball travels in a tube. In that tube, entropy is lower. The energy that travels in this quantum tube pushes the particle forward. This forms a quantum shadow. In front of the particle. That shadow acts like a cosmic microvoid, pulling the particle faster and faster. The idea is that the quantum tornado will not let energy travel out from it. This creates structure there; the cosmic microvoid allows particles to travel faster than outside it. 

But could the black hole collapse form the wormhole through space and time? The gamma-ray burst can turn the wormhole through spacetime. 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.01830

https://www.space.com/science/astrophysics/a-photon-from-the-biggest-cosmic-explosion-since-the-big-bang-appears-to-have-defied-einstein-scientists-may-finally-know-how

https://www.space.com/most-powerful-gamma-ray-burst-ever-seen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRB_221009A

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

How can a proton involve a particle heavier than a proton?

"The proton isn't just made of three valence quarks, but rather contains a substructure that is an intricate and dynamic system of quarks (and antiquarks) and gluons inside. The nuclear force acts like a spring, with negligible force when unstretched but large, attractive forces when stretched to large distances. To the best of our understanding, the proton is a truly stable particle, and has never been observed to decay, while the quarks and gluons composing it show no evidence of compositeness."(BigThink,Ask Ethan: Are there really charm quarks inside the proton??

 In the 1980s. Reseachers thought the proton involved three quarks. Those three main quarks are two up quarks and one down quark. But today reseachers know. There are more than three quarks. In. The proton. Protons are complicated dynamic entities. That complex dynamical structure can explain why the proton cannot decay. Nobody has seen spontaneous proton decay.  And this leads to an interesting idea. There is a possibility. 

The proton’s internal structure. It acts like a quantum version of time crystals. This means. That maybe the proton’s internal structure recycles all the energy in that particle. This means that the proton cannot decay because there is no energy loss. 

This allows the time crystal’s wobble to continue “forever”. But then to the charm quark. That quark was found inside protons. The charm quark is more massive than a proton. So, how could it be in the proton? The charm quark hovers in the proton’s sphere. And maybe the proton’s quantum fields are so strong. They don’t let energy escape through that structure. That brings interesting ideas. 

In my brain. If. There is a particle inside a proton. That spins at extremely high speed. That thing could make the particle invisible. The idea is that a fast-spinning object is in the proton. Or in some other particles. It could pull all the energy from the quantum field into its fast-spinning particle. 

This means that. If. there is structure in another particle. It can turn both particles invisible. The idea is that if the center particle spins very fast. It can pull all radiation into that structure. And in that case. it can bind as much energy. So there is no visible reflection in that kind of case. This is one thing. That is introduced as dark matter particles, WIMPs. In that model, another particle. Spins inside the regular elementary particle, invisible. 

Another particle can make matter invisible. A photon that spins in the electron or proton. And starts to spin very fast. That can cause a situation. It pulls all energy into that structure. And that makes particles or other objects invisible. To people who follow them.  From outside. These kinds of things can be repeated. Using laboratories. If that structure exists. That. Can make all particles invisible. And explain dark matter. That could be hiding in the well-known particles. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/proton-contain-charm-quark/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

Dark photons can be the most promising candidates for dark matter.

"These include WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), primordial black holes (PBHs), axions, and "dark photons." In theory, this particle was responsible for heating the early Universe and acts as a bridge between the "visible" and dark sectors of the cosmos. According to a new paper, dark photons would not have heated the early Universe as previously thought. Their findings could alter the hunt for Dark Matter by suggesting that dark photons could be hiding in more places than previously thought." (UniverseToday, New Study Expands Search for "Dark Photons," a Leading Dark Matter Candidate)

The thing. What makes a dark photon dark is simple. Dark photon. It must. Have a temperature. Lower than the environment's temperature.  Absolute zero, or zero kelvin (0K), is -273,15 C. The universe’s temperature is three degrees higher. Than. This temperature. So, the photon must have an energy level lower than 3K. 

That. It turns into dark. Energy travels into a lower-energy area. So. The thing. That makes a particle dark is energy that travels into it. 

Absolute zero is the energy minimum. In. The universe. Or the final temperature that we can measure. At that temperature, Helium-3 freezes. But it's possible. That. The electron and proton clouds can have a lower energy level. 

Absolute zero. The object will not transfer its energy. Into. Other particles. There are no other particles. Whose energy level is lower. But when we talk about the energy minimum. We must understand. 

That the local energy minimum is not the same as the energy minimum in space between galactic clusters. 

The energy minimum in our solar system is higher than in interstellar space. When. An object comes from outside space into our solar system. 

It must warm up a little bit. So. It cannot reflect energy until it reaches the energy level. That is higher than its environment. This means. photons that. Come into our galaxy can be invisible because their energy level is lower than the energy minimum in our galaxy. 

A dark photon is a hypothetical particle proposed as the force carrier of a hidden "dark sector," much as the ordinary photon carries electromagnetism. It would interact with normal matter only feebly, through a quantum effect called kinetic mixing. The interaction happens only if the photon’s superstring hits a particle. 

Dark photons are candidates for dark matter. But nobody has found them yet. A hypothetical dark photon is a photon whose energy level is lower than the known energy minimum in the universe. Dark photons can form in some cases.  A superstring that forms a photon starts to spin like a plate. The superstring can have a twisted structure. Similar to a spring.

 When the photon spins like a wheel. That. Structure pulls energy from around it. While. That structure spins. It. Releases energy between those twists. Or if some superstring travels through the center of the photon. That straight superstring acts like a thermal pump. And then that pulls the energy level of photons. Lower than the known energy minimum in the universe.

The low-energy photon starts to bind quantum fields. That makes it behave as if it has mass. The third possible model for the dark photon is. The dark photon is a structure that spins very fast. This means it binds energy. When the universe expands, those photons deliver energy. 

"Diagram of the Meissner effect. Magnetic field lines, represented as arrows, are excluded from a superconductor when it is below its critical temperature." (Wikipedia, Meissner effect)

Could the WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle) be the quasiparticle that forms when extremely fast-spinning photons come to the regular universe?

Maybe. Those ultra-fast-spinning particles can form in cosmic voids. When. Those particles travel into the “regular” universe. They must deliver their energy. So that means the energy that those particles send. It can form part of dark energy.

When those. Ultra-fast-spinning photons arrive from cosmic voids to the regular universe. They deliver their energy. That forms the quantum bubble. Energy escapes very fast from those photons. And that can decrease their energy level. To a lower level. Than in the regular universe. This bubble is the quasiparticle that could explain why dark matter is not found. The expansion of the universe decreases the energy level in the universe. 

But. It decreases that photon’s mass. And the dark photon’s energy level is always, let’s say, two degrees below absolute zero. That temperature is just an example. The idea is that the temperature difference between those hypothetical dark photons and the space is always the same. 

The temperature of the dark photon. It must not be. The same as zero kelvin. It must only be lower than its environment. This means. That. The particle’s temperature must be below three Kelvin. Cosmic background. Or three Kelvin radiation. Means that. The particle. That is, colder than three K will be invisible. 

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

A dark photon. It can turn. The gravitational field opposite. The idea is that. Gravitational waves are like ditches. That move on the layer. The layer is the background. There is a possibility. Gravitational waves’ bottoms turn into a higher energy level than their environment. This turns gravity opposite. So can gravity turn opposite outside the universe? 

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

Dark photons are also interesting. Because. They could make anti-gravitation possible. A gravitational wave is like a ditch that travels through the universe. The expansion of the universe makes a geometrical form of that ditch that causes objects to fall backward. Or it falls objects into the gravitational centers. The gravitational wave is a ditch that travels on the quantum layer.

The thing. That could. Turn those energy ditches into energy hills that push objects away is to decrease the energy level. In the environment to such a low level. That it decreases the level. Below the bottom of those energy ditches. So this hypothetical thing.

Happens decreasing. The energy level of the background. So low. That the bottom of gravitational waves is higher than their background. And if dark photons exist. Or reseachers can create them. That makes it possible. To create conditions. That turn gravitational waves opposite. Another interesting detail is this. 

If. Those low-energy photons can be created on a very large scale. This can cause energy flow to the surface. And if that happens from below. That effect pushes the object upward. This effect is known as the Meissner effect. The thing. That makes superconducting objects levitate. Meissner effect means the magnetic effect. And. Airflow combination. 

That keeps the object levitating. But if low-energy photons cause that effect. The reflection from the object is minimal. Those photons can bind energy and wave movement. And if we can make the photon's energy level lower than the local energy minimum. That means those photons can bind wave movement. This makes the surface invisible. 

https://www.universetoday.com/articles/new-study-expands-search-for-dark-photons-a-leading-dark-matter-candidate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_photon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiparticle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Can the universe's shape explain dark matter?

If we think of visible matter, or the visible geometry of the universe, as a disk. Round plate or ball. Galaxies and most of its matter are at the edge of this structure. This means that the edge of the universe is at a higher energy level than its inner structure. That means It’s hard to see matter that is “behind us”. In those models, the universe is a round structure. Galaxies. And other visible matter is mainly in the ring or ball around that larger structure. If we are in that plasma ring, the rest of the universe is hard to see. The model is like we are in a cloud. And anyway, our own galaxy, stars, and the plasma halo in the galaxy. 

They disturb observations. This means. Our own galaxy covers lots of things, even between galaxies. And if we are in the giant plasma ring that surrounds the entire universe. That means energy or wave movement also travels in the middle of the universe. There, it reflects. And that makes the universe act a little bit like a giant vacuum bomb. The universe is full of macro- and micro-scale structures. 

And all of those structures send wave motion. Those waves have the same wavelength. 

As. Their sender’s size or diameter is. This means that the universe is a very complicated structure. Full of substructures. And that forms another conclusion. The mistake with dark energy. It can be that. Reseachers thought that this energy is uniform. Dark energy can be multiple different waves with different wavelengths. When. Particles like free quarks, other fermions, and bosons evaporate. They send waves that travel at the speed of light. When. A gravitational wave leaves the supernova. Exploded two billion light-years ago. The gravitational wave reaches us two billion years after the explosion. The reason why we cannot see the Big Bang is this. Photons. That event sent. Travel ahead of us. We cannot see photons from behind. 

We can see reflected photons. Or photons coming into our direction. When the Big Bang sent photons. Those photons travel through space. There is nothing. That can reflect them. This means that those photons cannot reach us. But if we someday see one photon. That is from the Big Bang. That means it reflected outside the universe. 

In the same way, there is a model. That dark energy could be the same as dark matter. 

When lower-energy waves hit the galactic halo. Lower-energy waves. Pull that halo toward it. Dark energy can form in particles. That have a very low energy level. When those particles evaporate, they send wave movement into their environment. That wave movement can have a higher energy level than the environment it travels through. But the wave can have a lower energy level than the galactic halo. Most known galaxies are in so-called local galaxy clusters. 

Galaxy clusters, or local clusters, form superclusters. This means there are multiple plasma layers with multiple energy levels. The halo around galactic superclusters has a lower energy level than the halo around galaxy clusters and individual galaxies. The superclusters form megaclusters. 

So that means the energy level of the wave that impacts those plasma structures. They can have a higher energy level than the plasma around galaxy superclusters. So the same energy can push galaxy superclusters. But pull local clusters. This means.  If. The energy wave's energy level is lower than the energy level in the halo surrounding a galaxy. That wave cannot pass the galaxy halo. The same way a wave can travel through the energy that surrounds a galaxy megacluster. This means that the wave has a higher energy level than the plasma halo around the megacluster. But its energy level can be lower than in a subcluster. 

Another thing. What makes calculations hard is recoil. When particles evaporate, they send photons or wave motion. That. Wave movement. And photons cause recoil. So at the far edge of the universe. Particles evaporate very fast. In. Cosmic vacuums or voids. Particles evaporate very fast. Energy always travels to a lower-energy environment. This means that A recoil is asymmetrical at the edge of cosmic voids or at the edge of the universe. That recoil pushes harder toward the outside of the universe. We see a complex interaction that includes low-energy radiation. Recoil and waves that left billions of years ago.