What does space-time mean?

“A bold challenge to the 'block universe' suggests our understanding of space-time—and reality itself—may be far less settled than it seems. Credit: AI/ScienceDaily.com” (ScienceDaily) 

Space-time refers to the combination of space and time. This means that matter and time. Are in interaction. Time is connected with matter. And matter connected with time. But then we must realize one thing: why space-time? Or spacetime, is so hard to determine. The reason for that is simple. We don’t know about the nature of time. We can say that the expansion of the universe is the thing. That puts energy into the move. When the universe expands. There is less energy left. And that means that energy flows away from matter. This means that sooner or later. 

All particles should turn. Into a wave movement. This means that time is at least energy. Or it's the energy and particle interaction. Schwinger effect. Or wave-particle duality means that. Energy. It can turn into a particle. And otherwise, a particle can turn into energy. This is one of the determinants for the time. But then we can see that time moves differently at different points in the universe. Gravitation slows time. And the reason for that is theoretically very simple. The gravitational center packs quantum fields more densely around it. That slows the matter evaporation. 

This is one version of the thing. That could determine time. Then we must realize that time should travel differently in particles of matter. When we think about time, we face one interesting detail. We should also ask how time moves in protons, neutrons, or quarks. The Tipler cylinder is the theoretical time machine. The idea of that thing. It is that a fast-spinning cylinder slows time inside it. The idea of the Tipler cylinder. It is possible to transfer. Into the particles. 

Fermionic particles themselves have spin 1/2. This means that the fermions wobble back and forth. In antimatter, spin is opposite. And the question is, what actually determines which is an antifermion and which is a fermion? Fermions are the elementary particles that form matter. The electron has a negative electric charge. And its mirror particle, the positron, has a positive electric charge. Also, quarks have their anti-quark pairs. 

Particles. They are not just particles. They are particles, and all particles are surrounded by halos. That halo is the quantum field. So all particles are in the spinning whirl. This whirl pushes the particle to spin forward. Then suddenly that field loses its touch. And then the particle returns to the position. There it was. A particle is a whisk-shaped structure. The superstring that forms the ball.  The quantum field or that whirl touches the particle. In the points of those superstrings. When that field pushes a particle forward, it injects energy into it. 

When the energy level of a particle turns higher than the energy level of its halo. The halo jumps away from that particle. And then the elementary particle turns back. Into its original position. The expansion of the universe causes a situation. That energy level around the particle-halo combination turns lower. And that means that energy travels away from that halo. When that halo transports its energy. Into its environment, that halo also expands. And that is one of the reasons. For why supermassive black holes are so large. At the beginning of the universe. Those black holes were normal-sized. But when quantum fields in the universe turned weaker. They expanded to an incredible size. 

So when particle and antiparticle pairs impact. That impact neutralizes their halos. And that means that particles release energy. That is stored in their superstrings. So, that reaction turns those particles into a wave movement in a reaction called annihilation. 

When a particle changes its direction, it releases a photon. That is because it must release kinetic energy. That is stored in it while it spins. Before a particle can change its direction, it must stop. And in that process, it must release its kinetic energy. When a particle releases its kinetic energy, it releases something from itself. It loses a little. A bit of its mass. An elementary particle is formed from energy. And that means that little bit of energy that formed the particle is gone. 

When it releases that photon. When we think about cases. That particle has a lower energy level than the surrounding ones. That means that the particle receives energy. And before the particle changes its spin direction. It will not send photons. When a particle slows its spin. It starts to release its kinetic energy as wave motion. And finally, that wave motion turns into photons. If a particle just receives energy. It turns invisible. This causes an idea. Whether the black hole is a particle or an object. 

That spin is more than 1 (>1). In that case, the particle pulls energy inside it. Until its energy level is higher than the energy level in its halo. If a particle or object focuses energy inside it. That energy behaves like a laser. This means that the energy forms the spike. Or the beam. That can travel out from that object. This means that this effect acts like a giant thermal pump. That transports energy out from objects like a black hole. So why? The black hole's gravitational field is so strong. The reason for that is that. The black hole is very close to the homogeneous particle. This means that the entropy inside it is very low. Also, in normal particles and objects, there are energy spikes in the particle’s spin axis. 

But the difference is that. Those particles are turning in different directions. And those energy spikes are random. But in the cases of neutron stars. Every single neutron is in the N/S position. This decreases entropy. That means that those “thermal pumps” travel through all neutrons. And in the middle of the neutron star. That beam transports energy out from the structure with the highest power. The neutron’s shells create structures. That takes energy into them. 

But what if those objects have no internal structures? In black holes, there is no internal structure. Energy travels straight into the spin axle. And there it forms the beam that transmits energy to the black hole’s core. This effect causes an extremely powerful energy transfer. To the center of the black hole. If a black hole cannot release its energy, its mass increases. That makes time travel backward in black holes. The black hole’s event horizons will expand. The expansion of the black hole’s event horizon is an interaction. The expansion of the universe causes. The quantum fields around the black holes turn weaker. That means that the black hole’s halos expand. And that is one of the reasons. For why those supermassive black holes are so large. 

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/06/260606075858.htm

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growing_block_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipler_cylinder

Cannibal star can be the reason for one of the universe's mysteries.

“Scientists have linked a mysterious class of repeating cosmic signals to a white dwarf star stealing material from a neighboring star. The breakthrough not only solves a long-standing astronomical puzzle but also provides a powerful new tool for understanding similar signals across the galaxy. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com” (ScitechDaily, A Cannibal Star Finally Solves One of Astronomy’s Biggest Mysteries)

“A star caught feeding on its companion has finally revealed the source of some of the galaxy’s most mysterious repeating signals.”(ScitechDaily, A Cannibal Star Finally Solves One of Astronomy’s Biggest Mysteries)

An international research team led by scientists at the University of Sydney has uncovered the strongest evidence yet explaining the origin of a puzzling type of cosmic signal. Their work has also revealed a rare stellar system that offers a unique opportunity to study some of the most extreme conditions in the universe.

Cannibal stars are stars that pull matter from their companion. They can be normal stars, or white dwarfs, magnetars, neutron stars, or black holes. When the plasma bridge travels through the plasma layer. That forms radio waves. X-rays and gamma rays. Depending on the companion. The X-ray bursts from Cygnus X-1 uncovered the black hole in that system. Pulsars sometimes get their energy from matter. 

That they pull out from other stars. And those events. They can be behind many repeating long-term radio transmissions. When a neutron star or black hole captures another star. That thing forms a situation. That the matter starts to flow to the gravity center. Cases like Sirius B. That is a white dwarf that orbits Sirius. The bright spectral class A star. There are discussions about the formation of Sirius B. Sometimes, astronomers say that at the beginning. The Sirius B was about 5 times heavier than the Sun. 

But then Sirius A stole lots of matter. And that means that the Sirius B blew 4/5 of its mass into space or Sirius A. Today, Sirius B is about a solar-mass white dwarf. The size of that extremely dense object is about the same as Earth. The Sirius A age is about 225-250 million years. The age of Sirius B is about 228 million years. 

“Accreting white dwarf illustration. Credit: Carl Knox (OzGrav, Swinburne University of Technology) and Joshua Preston Pritchard (CSIRO)” (ScitechDaily, A Cannibal Star Finally Solves One of Astronomy’s Biggest Mysteries)

“CSIRO ’s ASKAP radio telescope on Wajarri Yamaji Country. Credit: Alex Cherney.” (ScitechDaily, A Cannibal Star Finally Solves One of Astronomy’s Biggest Mysteries)

“The ASKAP radio telescope at Inyarrimanha Ilgari Bundara, the CSIRO Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory on Wajarri Yamaji Country in Western Australia. Credit: Alex Cherney/CSIRO” (ScitechDaily, A Cannibal Star Finally Solves One of Astronomy’s Biggest Mysteries)

But some people say. That Sirius B is too light. And Sirius A is too young to have formed in the same nebula. It’s possible that Sirius B lost lots of matter. But the mass of Sirius A is about 2 times that of the Sun. So, in calculations, about 3/5 of the Sirius B mass “vanished” into space. When that star detonated in a nova eruption. 

Or it should lose too much mass. They say that maybe Sirius A. A two-times as massive a star as the Sun. Captured that small white dwarf. They explain their opinion that Sirius B should turn into a black hole. Or a neutron star. And heavy elements on the surface of Sirius B. 

They are from the nebula around Sirius A. Or in some other model. The Sirius B detonated as a nova. And that nova put the Sirius A  into form. But those things are speculative. The only fact is that. There must be asteroids in the Sirius system. And sometimes some asteroids must hit the surface of Sirius B. 

The bright star can hide its companion. But when the companion star travels through a massive plasma eruption. That can cause a situation. There, the eruption launches the radio signals. If that plasma hits the dwarf star’s surface,   

But the universe is full of binary stars. There, the dwarf stars orbit. The red giants or some so-called main-sequence stars. In the cases that. Some dwarf stars orbit things like Wolf-Rayet stars. The dwarf can travel through the material eruptions of those stars. That can cause unexpected radio impulses. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-cannibal-star-finally-solves-one-of-astronomys-biggest-mysteries/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirius

The new supernova is something never seen before.

“NASA’s Fermi telescope has detected gamma rays from a rare superluminous supernova, providing new clues about one of astronomy’s biggest mysteries. Credit: Shutterstock.” (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Fermi Telescope Caught a Supernova Doing Something Never Seen Before)

NASA’s Fermi telescope spotted a supernova. That has incredible brightness. There is suspicion that the powerhouse behind this hyper-powerful supernova is a magnetar. That beam sends a beam. That hits. The giant star. When a high-energy particle beam hits the star. That thing can cause a violent explosion. In some cases, there is suspicion that the neutrino or electron beam. 

Or a fast radio burst (FRB) can cause a violent eruption. In the case of neutrino beams, the neutrino beam forms the energy pothole. Or a lower energy tunnel in the star’s plasma. That lower energy tunnel. Causes a situation where energy starts to fill it. In that case, the plasma falls into that tunnel. And then it forms a fusion reaction. The reaction is the same as in the massive plasma eruptions on the sun. They form in  the lower energy point. And then plasma starts to pack in that point. That causes a violent eruption. In the cases. That magnetars send a beam through the giant star. That creates. The lower energy tunnel.

That goes through the entire star. In that case, the area where the plasma starts to pack is much larger. Than in the cases. Of the solar massive plasma eruptions. If the Earth is a straight line to the beam that this reaction sends. That makes. The energy that the eruption sends. Seems very powerful. 

In the cases of the FRB, the beam causes interaction in the star’s core. The energy level rises. And that can blow the outer shell of the star away. In all cases, they form the asymmetry in energy levels. That causes a situation. Where plasma starts to pack. In those lower energy points. In both cases. The problem is this. The magnetar can send a beam through the star. But the point that starts the reaction is hidden. There is a possibility. That is when the temperature of the star’s core rises. 

That thing sends massive neutrino or electron beams through the star. That makes the radiation look like the sea urchin. That causes an energy pack. To those lower energy points. The higher energy point in the star will not destroy it as easily as the lower energy point. The higher energy point will send the wave across the star. But. That wave spreads all over the star.  The lower energy point. Or, tunnel packs the matter and energy into those points. And that causes fusion or the reflecting wave that travels across the star. In some models, when the energy production in the star ends. 

The magnetic field starts to pack matter in the star’s magnetic poles. That forms a fusion reaction that sends the energy impulse straight to the star’s core. In that model, the fusion reactions at the star’s poles push the star into form. That looks like a balloon that was pressed from the top. This forms an energy asymmetry. That stretch gives energy space to move. 

“This composite image shows two views of SN 2017egm, in visible light (inset) and gamma rays (background). The optical image shows the supernova — the brightest object in the scene — and its host galaxy on July 1, 2017. The background map shows a wide area of the sky surrounding the supernova’s position. Brighter colors indicate a greater statistical likelihood that gamma rays are associated with the explosion. The map includes gamma rays detected by Fermi’s Large Area Telescope from July 5, 2017, to October 25, 2017, or from 43 to 155 days after the supernova was discovered. Credit: Background, NASA/DOE/Fermi LAT Collaboration and Acero et. al. 2026; inset, NOT+ALFSOC/Bose et al. 2020” (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Fermi Telescope Caught a Supernova Doing Something Never Seen Before)

“The superluminous supernova SN 2017egm was discovered by the European Space Agency’s Gaia mission on May 23, 2017. It exploded in a massive barred spiral galaxy known as NGC 3191, shown on the left before the eruption. The image at right, taken on July 1, 2017, shows the supernova outshining the entire galaxy. Credit: Left, SDSS and PS1; right, NOT+ALFSOC/Bose et al. 2020. (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Fermi Telescope Caught a Supernova Doing Something Never Seen Before)

“This X-ray image shows extended emission around a source known as Swift J1834.9-0846, a rare ultra-magnetic neutron star called a magnetar. The glow arises from a cloud of fast-moving particles produced by the neutron star and corralled around it. Color indicates X-ray energies, with 2,000-3,000 electron volts (eV) in red, 3,000-4,500 eV in green, and 5,000 to 10,000 eV in blue. The image combines observations by the European Space Agency’s XMM-Newton spacecraft taken on March 16 and October 16, 2014.” (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Fermi Telescope Caught a Supernova Doing Something Never Seen Before)

“The Crab Nebula formed in a supernova explosion observed in 1054. At its heart lies an isolated neutron star, the crushed core of the original star. It spins about 30 times a second, sweeping a beam of radiation toward Earth with every rotation, lighthouse style, which classifies the neutron star as a pulsar. This rapid spin powers X-ray jets (elongated blue-white feature near center) and a high-speed outflow of electrons and other particles. The particles collect in a vast cloud-like structure called a pulsar wind nebula, which also forms around magnetars, the pulsar’s supermagnetized cousin. This emission gradually slows the neutron star’s spin. These images combine X-ray data from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory (bluish white) and infrared data from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope. Credit: X-ray, Chandra: NASA/CXC/SAO; Infrared, Webb: NASA/STScI; Image Processing: NASA/CXC/SAO/J. Major.”(ScitechDaily, NASA’s Fermi Telescope Caught a Supernova Doing Something Never Seen Before)

There is always. A small whirl in the points of the spin axle of the star’s core. That denser plasma point aims energy into the star’s core. The process is similar. As we will hit the apple. From both sides with nails. When those energy pikes hit together. They send a shockwave through the star. The symmetry of the energy waves is the thing. That determines whether the star resists that wave. If the energy that the star’s core sends through the star. It is a symmetrical ball. It matters ahead. That causes a fusion reaction ahead of that wave. 

But if the wave is asymmetrical. Or, it looks like a plate or disk. That thing forms two whirls. Those whirls push matter. That injects energy into the star’s core. In symmetrical eruptions, the energy level must be higher than in asymmetrical eruptions. So that it destroys the star. In the cases of asymmetrical eruption, the eruption forms whirls. That causes energy impulses inside the star. Those energy impulses cross each other. They send a reflecting wave. And that forms entropy. That destroys the star. 

That energy creates asymmetry in the energy fields. And those asymmetrical structures allow energy to move. In normal cases, the energy travels. Out from the star nicely. But that radical reaction causes whirls in the star. Those whirls pack matter in them. And that thing forms multiple energy points in the star. Those points send energy that breaks the gravity. 

https://scitechdaily.com/nasas-fermi-telescope-caught-a-supernova-doing-something-never-seen-before/

Speed of light and wormholes.

“A new relativity proposal says faster-than-light observers could help explain quantum behavior and reshape causality. (CREDIT: Pixabay/CC BY-SA 4.0)” (The brighter side. Physicists propose that our universe may contain three dimensions of time) 

When we ask: Can something travel through the wormhole faster than light? We must also ask: How fast does light travel in the wormhole? 

The new study suggests that the universe has three dimensions in time. That means the universe has three spatial dimensions. And three in time. This means that we live in a six-dimensional universe. The time dimensions allow sending information faster than the speed of light. Or. Actually, those dimensions will not make particles travel faster than light. They make the ultimate time dilation in the wormhole. The wormhole is the tunnel through space and time. But the thing that makes this thing paradoxical is simple. We know that everything must travel slower than the speed of light. 

Except in cases. There are quantum fields that transport objects or information. If those fields carry information at the speed of light. We face a very interesting phenomenon. We face situations where the speed of a particle is zero, even if a black hole pulls it inside the event horizon. In the same way, wave movement travels in the hypothetical wormholes at the speed of light. But the thing in those hypothetical energy tornadoes is that. Light travels faster in those tunnels than it does around them. This means that entropy in those quantum tornadoes is lower than around them. 

If we pull superpositioned and entangled particles through the quantum-size wormhole. That wormhole acts like a Tipler cylinder. It dilates time in that string. And there is an interesting theorem. That. Those hypothetical wormholes and superstrings can transport energy through. The shortcut through space and time. This means that these kinds of structures. They can be the source of so-called dark energy. If we think about the possibility that the superstring travels through the hypothetical wormholes. That quantum tornado inputs energy into it. That turns this structure into the maser system. And those superstrings transport information and energy through that thing. That energy that comes from outside the ends of those strings can be the dark energy. 

Then we face another thing. When information travels in those quantum tornadoes. That thing forms the Tipler cylinder around that information string. The fast-spinning. Cylinder-shaped. Structure causes time dilation in objects and information. That travels in it. It’s possible that we can ever do anything other than some individual superstrings to travel through the wormhole. In the models. That photons seem to travel faster than light. It’s possible that the photons form a quantum whirl around them. 

“A wormhole visualized as a two-dimensional surface. Route (a) is the shortest path through normal space between points 1 and 2; route (b) is a shorter path through a wormhole.”(Wikidia, Wormhole)

The wormhole forms a structure. That acts like a Tipler cylinder. The fast-spinning structure of the tornado in a quantum field. Dilates time inside it. 

That thing causes a time dilation in photons. The reason those photons seem to travel faster than light is that. 

The whirling quantum field. Around photons. Lock information in them. This kind of phenomenon causes a small. But measurable. Anomaly. In the aging of photons. The time dilation in the wormhole depends on its complexity. The wormhole itself. It can be multiple spinning structures. That means it's possible that wormholes take information into the past. 

In models, the extremely low entropy in the wormhole makes it possible to travel faster than the speed of light around the wormhole. In models. In a wormhole is the quantum shadow. Or quantum vacuum at the front ot the particle. That vacuum minimizes the energy level. The front of the particle. If the wormhole is very tight. It packs energy behind the particle. And in that case. It’s theoretically possible that there is no limit to the speed in that structure. 

The idea is that if time dilation is so strong. That. Those particles come out of the wormhole. Before they entered it. That causes an information paradox. Or it causes a thing. That we can call: retrocausality. We cannot simply model cases. Their reaction comes before action. We cannot imagine a situation. That car comes out of the tunnel. Before it goes inside it. The thing is that. The wormholes will not allow anything to travel faster than light. There is space inside the wormholes that allows light to travel faster than it does around the wormhole. The maser effect causes a situation. Time travels more slowly in the superstrings inside those wormholes. Than. It travels in similar structures. Outside the wormholes. 

Maybe those wormholes can transport only information or superstrings. But they can transport light “faster” than light.  If. Researchers can create a model where a photon. Rides with a superstring. Or the superstring pushes the photon forward. That can form conditions. There, those photons can travel with incredible speed. The idea about wormholes. As the channels there, information. Travel. Faster than the speed of light is based on an idea. That. If the entropy in the wormhole is extremely low. Or there is the so-called quantum vacuum. Nothing will decrease the speed of the particle. That can be a photon. The speed of the particle. It depends on the difference. Between energy levels. At the front or back of the particle. 

https://www.thebrighterside.news/post/physicists-propose-that-our-universe-may-contain-three-dimensions-of-time/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipler_cylinder

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

https://medium.com/@TVvman/speed-of-light-and-wormholes-c3b4642d879c

The new theory about the 7-dimensional black hole structure tries to solve the black hole’s information paradox.

“Researchers propose that extra-dimensional spacetime torsion prevents black holes from fully evaporating, leaving remnants that preserve quantum information. Credit: SciTechDaily.com” (ScitechDaily, New 7-Dimensional Theory May Finally Solve the Black Hole Information Paradox)

What if back holes ever completely evaporate? The new 7-dimensional model, or theory, suggests that the black hole will not completely disappear. That could solve the black hole information paradox. But. That model causes an idea. That's what the black hole’s core, the singularity, is not solid. What if. It's the cluster of multiple densely packed black holes. If there is an empty space between those black holes. That explains the gravitational waves.  It can have an origin in the structures between those black holes. This model tries to explain the structure of black holes as the strings that form between densely packed black holes. Those black holes turn those strings into torsion. And we might call that structure a torsion structure. 

In that model. The form of the black hole is 7-dimensional torsion. The model is like the yarn ball model. But the structure of that thing is more complicated than a simple yarn ball; there, the information swirls around the black hole's center. In this new model, the torsion forms the confused form of those torsions. Those torsions could be the confused superstrings. And this means that the torsion structure remains in the universe, even if the black hole disappears. 

“Example of torsion mechanics” (Wikipedia, Torsion). The black hole pair turns the superstring like this. 

Energy or information that travels in those torsions. Can act. Like a thermal pump. That structure binds quantum fields into it. And that forms the gravitational pull. But could that torsion form between black holes in the massive event horizon and the gravity field? And the new question is: could that form in large-scale systems? That means that. Those torsions. They could explain the cosmic web. In that model. The comic web, or cosmic filament, forms in torsions. That connects the supermassive black holes together. 

“Unifying black hole stability and elementary particle mass via 7D geometry. Schematic illustration of the framework presented in the 7-dimensional Einstein-Cartan theory on a G2​-manifold with torsion. The left panel shows the 7D G2​-manifold torsion knot. Geometric torsion generates a repulsive force at Planck densities (central inset), stabilizing a black hole remnant.” (ScitechDaily,New 7-Dimensional Theory May Finally Solve the Black Hole Information Paradox)

Through dimensional reduction, the torsion vacuum expectation value is identified with the electroweak scale (≈246 GeV), naturally providing the Higgs field vacuum expectation value (VEV) and enabling elementary particles to acquire mass in 4D spacetime. Credit: Institute of Experimental Physics SAS” (ScitechDaily,New 7-Dimensional Theory May Finally Solve the Black Hole Information Paradox)

This causes another idea. If a black hole does not vanish. That could mean. That. The black hole remnants can form another universe after the universe disappears in the Big Freeze. The black hole will not destroy information anyway. It changes the form of information. That means it pulls the information. Or superstrings. That carries information in a straight form. Or the form of those strings is not completely straight. That means there are “holes” in the black hole structure. The superstrings are like tornadoes in the quantum fields. Have quantum vacuums inside them. In the black hole’s extreme conditions, those superstrings can connect them to other superstrings. And that forms the confused structure. Energy travels in the complex network of energy tunnels. When. We are looking. At the model of the 7D torsion. 

We might think. The structure looks like an electron shell. Of the atoms. This causes an idea. That may be electron positions in its orbital because there is some kind of tunnel at that point. This tunnel. Or some kind of lower energy point. Anchors the electron in its trajectory. So could the theory of the quantum-sized black holes be true? There is also a possibility that the black hole’s singularity is not in a solid form. What if it's the structure of the many black holes? In that model. The black hole cluster looks like an atom. There could be multiple smaller gravitational centers in the ultimate dense form of the singularity. Even if the singularity, the core of the black hole, seems solid from outside. That model means that there could be some kind of space between those structures. That means that there is a possibility that a black hole’s core can have some kind of quakes. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_(mechanics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

Wave-particle duality: when light turns into matter.

“A new theory that explains how light and matter interact at the quantum level has enabled researchers to define for the first time the precise shape of a single photon. Credit: Dr. Benjamin Yuen” (ScitechDaily, Quantum Leap: Scientists Reveal the Shape of a Single Photon for the First Time)

When a photon gets mass. 

The Schwinger effect is the phenomenon. That turns wave motion into matter. This even forms a particle-antiparticle pair. And that is sometimes even introduced as the event. We know it as the Big Bang. We can call the Schwinger effect an event that gives mass to a photon. And turns it into an elementary particle. Like an electron or quark. This thing is one of the most interesting things in physics. In some models, the photon that is the wheel- or ring-shaped structure can simply turn to spin around its axle. Or the photon is the wheel-shaped superstring. 

In models, every particle is actually a ball that the shell delimits. In some theories, the particle’s shell is the whisk-shaped structure of the superstrings. But it's possible that one photon, or a superstring that spins very fast around the axle. Can form that kind of sphere. The idea is that the sphere in the particle has a lower energy level. Than the space around it. In that model, the graviton is the structure that acts like a thermal pump. 

So, why the existence of matter end outside the universe? The reason for that is simple. The thermal pump structure. It cannot maintain a lower energy level in the particle. And when the energy level in the particle. And outside it is the same. That stops the superstring spin. Energy that flows through the particle’s shell keeps that superstring spinning. And when that energy flow ends, the spin of the superstring ends. This means that the particle’s existence as a particle ends. 

And that forms the lower-energy sphere inside it. The idea is that the photon will collect energy from its environment. Into the middle of it. That energy forms the quantum point and starts to reflect. To that photon. This reflection from the quantum point will tense the photon into the wheel-shaped structure. And then that quantum point. Or, quantum dot. That we could call a graviton, puts the energy travel into it. This thing is a graviton if it gives mass to the particle. 

That quantum dot forms a structure. That looks like a quantum-size neutron star. The photon starts to spin around that axle. And then it collects energy from around it. And then aims that energy out to that structure. So, that quantum dot acts like a thermal pump. And the string that forms a photon starts to spin around it. This means that this kind of interaction. It can be behind the Schwinger effect. 

During the Big Bang, energy that hit the photons tensed them into the wheel-shaped form. And then that structure sent energy impulses. Into the middle of it. That formed the structure that could be maintained. The lower energy sphere in the particle.

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-leap-scientists-reveal-the-shape-of-a-single-photon-for-the-first-time/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinger_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://medium.com/@TVvman/wave-particle-duality-when-light-turns-into-matter-4543af4734dd

Negative time is measured in photons.

“A quantum physics experiment showed photons can exhibit negative dwell time while traveling through atoms. Scientists confirmed the phenomenon using weak measurements that minimally disturbed the system. Credit: Shutterstock.” (ScitechDaily, Physicists Have Measured “Negative Time” in Bizarre Quantum Experiment)

The measurement was made when photons traveled through the radium atom cloud. In that measurement, the photons arrived at the goal. Before they should. This thing happened. Because at some point, those photons crossed the speed of light. That point is the radiation field around those radium atoms. This means that. The speed of light is different. In that radium atom cloud than outside it. The radium is highly radioactive material. Those atoms send gamma rays. This is the reason. For why that time effect is seen in radium atom clouds. But not in stable atom clouds. 

There is also beta and alpha decay. But in this case, the key element is the gamma rays. Those gamma rays change entropy in the system. And that forms space. There, the speed of light differs from the environment outside that atom cloud. In normal cases, the speed of light is always the fastest. Or, nothing can travel faster than a photon. But the speed of light depends on the environment. In vacuum, the speed of light is 299792458 m/s. In water, the speed of light is 225000000 m/s. 

The lack of entropy makes it possible to create the “hyper drives” and tractor beams. And in the radium atom cloud. Gamma rays can decrease the entropy. And they can also transfer energy to those photons. 

Crossing the speed of light. It is quite an easy thing.  Researchers must only form space. Or an environment where the speed of light is faster than around it. The idea of the wormhole, or the Einstein-Rosen bridge, is this. The entropy in that environment is lower than the entropy outside it. And that allows light to travel faster. Than outside it. In the same way, near black holes. 

Light can travel faster than outside it because quantum whirl around that object decreases entropy. The black hole rolls quantum fields inside it. The whirl around it decreases crossing entropy. And the reason why nothing can escape is the energy that comes back from the object. When we think about space and time (spacetime) in the universe. That environment is full of whirls. Rocket engines pull against those whirls. Without those whirls. The engine pushes against nothing. Without resistance, the engine cannot create thrust. 

The reflected energy pushes them forward. If there are no whirls in the quantum fields. The rocket engine cannot push against them. Things like sci-fi stuff like hyperdrive and tractor beam (pulling rays) will just remove entropy from the front of the craft. Or the tractor beam would make a very low-energy channel with minimum entropy. And if there is a higher-energy bubble ahead of the object than the receiving object. That bubble pushes the object into that channel. The craft cannot escape. Because there is nothing the rocket engine can push against. 

In the same way, things like “hyperdrives” form an area. There. The entropy is minimal. The system. It can use the gamma rays to create a tube. There, entropy is very low. That gamma-ray tube pulls the craft into it. 

So, if we want to cross the speed of light, we must just shoot a particle into water. By using a speed higher than the speed of light in water. In the same way, when particles arrive in the atmosphere. They can hit air at a speed higher than the speed of light in the air. When a particle slows down. It must remove its kinetic energy. We see that thing as a blue light flash. Known as Cherenkov radiation. This is why the sky is blue. And the Cherenkov radiation is the reason for the blue glow around the nuclear reactor. The entropy. Or chaos in the system is one of the reasons. For why photons cannot travel faster than they do. The quantum fields in the vacuum are full of whirls. 

That means that the quantum fields are full of energy hills and energy valleys. The lower energy areas. Around those, quantum fields pull energy out from particles. So, gamma rays from radium atoms remove some part of those whirls. That decreases entropy. And this means that. The photon that traveled through that atom cloud traveled faster. Than it should. The idea of the wormholes is also simple. The Einstein-Rosen bridge forms the environment or quantum tube; there, radiation travels in one direction. As I just wrote. 

The Einstein-Rosen bridge is the environment. There, the entropy is minimal. When radiation travels only in one direction. The entropy. Or disorder in the system will not break or pull energy out from particles. 

So, measurements. Did not match the calculations. Those things might seem very small. But over long distances, measurements required extreme accuracy; things like radioactive materials can distort the results. 

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-have-measured-negative-time-in-bizarre-quantum-experiment/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

https://medium.com/@TVvman/negative-time-is-measured-in-photons-7bc73ea0592c

The new information about the UAPs.

 

In this text, the term “foo fighters” doesn’t mean the band. “The term foo fighters was used by Allied aircraft pilots during World War II to describe various unidentified flying objects (UFOs) or mysterious aerial phenomena seen in the skies over both the European and Pacific theaters of operations.” (Wikipedia, a foo fighter)

The foo fighter is a small light. That sometimes orbits the aircraft. Those lights are explained. As plasma balls that are anchored around the aircraft. This means that the electromagnetic field or air tornado traps those plasma balls around the aircraft. But there is no confirmed explanation for those phenomena. That started during the WW2. The foo fighter. It is always similar. They are sometimes explained by some quite scary thing. In some theories, the aircraft will go into the transparent cylinder. Those things caused. The establishment of the first attempt to explain Unidentified Aerial Phenomena, UAP. Normally known as Unidentified flying objects, UFOs. The name for that project was Project Sign. The first attempt to get scientific explanations for those mysterious lights. Known as “Green Weather balloons”. 

“Foo Fighter during WWII over Germany” (Wikipedia,  foo fighter). The plane in that image is a Westland Lysander. The plane used for agent evacuation. And this means that some of those. Foo fighter observations might be classified. Because the observation is made in secretive missions. 

“Foo fighters were made famous by the reports from the 415th Night Fighter Squadron that was under the 64th Fighter Wing.” (Wikipedia,  foo fighter)

“Possible foo fighters during WWII in Europe.” (Wikipedia,  foo fighter)

The Camera view of the F-16. 

“One of the F-16Cs from the 148th Fighter Wing was scrambled on February 12, 2023. The jet’s empty underwing station is highlighted, indicating that it is the one that took an AIM-9X shot. @Badger_wings” (TWZ)

“The balloon photographed over the Central United States from a U.S. Air Force U-2S Dragon Lady on February 3” (Wikipedia, 2023 Chinese balloon incident)

The Avro Canada VZ-9 Avrocar (Wikipedia, Avro Canada VZ-9 Avrocar)

The thing that we know. The flying saucer form is based on the idea that the saucer is the perfect shape for stealth helicopters. The stealth helicopter could have a fan in the middle of it. And the system can be hybrid. The helicopter and the airship together. The plasma engines require only the channels. There, the system drives ions. And the craft can be a lighter-than-air solution. The fact is that. Avro Canada Corporation tested a flying saucer in the 1950’s. 

The VZ-9 Avrocar was a radical concept. The technology was not good enough for VZ-9 to be successful. But today. Those systems could be easily made. There were also plans to make the hovercraft version of those Avrocars. The small attack craft that carried the heavy bazookas. And slide. Over the water by using the air cushion. The craft could be delivered from an aircraft. Then those systems will attack the surface battle units. 

The mysterious object that the F-16 shot down over Lake Huron in 2023 was previously classified. However, the new UAP (UFO) releases make those files accessible to the public who may be interested in them. The UAP or UFO doesn’t necessarily mean that the object is coming from somewhere outside the Earth. There is a possibility. That somebody tests the new technology. That is not seen before. In some theories. Those are quite small objects that turn incredibly fast, and are some kind of hybrid systems. Those systems could be a hybrid of the balloon and the ion system. The ion system could be the channel through the lighter-than-air balloon. And it could act like a fan without a propeller. 

This means that those ball-shaped objects can be quite easy to make. Another fact is that. The spy balloons can carry small drones, which they drop to the operational area. This is one of the ideas that those quite small, but highly maneuverable objects can be. The ion system can be used. For blocking the data and electric networks. And then those systems. They can also be covered by a plasma layer. That plasma layer could make them hard to detect. By using radars. And that could explain the quite small, colorful balls that are sometimes connected with the UFOs. The F-16 shot that object down over Lake Huron. The connection between that object and the Chinese reconnaissance balloon is not confirmed. It’s possible that those systems are made by AREA 51. And that confirms their secrecy. The high-speed plasma whirl around the balloon can also be used to test the dimensional manipulation. Or the high-speed plasma whirl could affect time. But could somebody test those things? 

https://www.twz.com/air/we-finally-see-the-mysterious-object-shot-down-by-f-16s-over-lake-huron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Canada_VZ-9_Avrocar

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Chinese_balloon_incident

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_fighter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Sign

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object

Wormholes, teleportation, and cosmic rays.

"A wormhole visualized as a two-dimensional surface. Route (a) is the shortest path through normal space between points 1 and 2; route (b) is a shorter path through a wormhole." (Wikipedia, Wormhole)

"A wormhole is a hypothetical structure that connects disparate points in spacetime. It can be visualized as a tunnel with two ends at separate points in spacetime (i.e., different locations, different points in time, or both). Wormholes are based on a special solution of the Einstein field equations. Wormholes are consistent with the general theory of relativity, but whether they actually exist is unknown. Many physicists postulate that wormholes are merely projections of a fourth spatial dimension, analogous to how a two-dimensional (2D) being could experience only part of a three-dimensional (3D) object. " (Wikipedia, Wormhole)

Quantum teleportation is the case. The so-called string that connects superpositioned and entangled particles transports information. This thing causes a hypothesis. That somewhere in the future, people can transport information faster-than-light. Or even move things across the place with incredible speed. When we think about quantum teleportation and its connection with particle teleportation. And faster-than-light transportation, we must understand one thing. 

The paradox of crossing the speed of light is this. The speed of light depends on the medium. In a vacuum. The speed of light is faster than in the atmosphere. So, crossing the speed of light is easy. If we can form the universe, or space. There. Light travels faster than around that space. This means that. In quantum teleportation. The system makes a superposition between the particles’ quantum fields. 

And then that string-shaped structure, the energy bridge that transports information, can travel in an energy tornado, or a tube where the light travels faster than around it. The idea is this. Entropy in that tornado is lower than around it. The information travels in that string inside the quantum tornado in the form of the wave movement. 

In the same way. It is possible to teleport particles through the quantum channel. This makes it possible. To create short-distance teleportation. 

The particle-size object. Or the particle-scale teleportation. Happens. Through the electromagnetic wormholes like this. The system makes. The quantum tornado between the halos or quantum fields of the particles. Energy travels from. A higher-energy particle to a lower-energy particle. Or, in this case, energy travels between the quantum fields that surround those particles. If the difference between energy levels is high enough. Energy that comes from behind pushes the particle into that electromagnetic tornado. 

Could a wormhole explain some of the cosmic rays? 

The gravitational wormhole. That makes interstellar travel possible. It could be imagination. It can work in the same way. But the main problem is this. The wormhole structure can exist. But maybe it's too small, so that anything other than single electrons could travel through it. 

Sometimes the wormholes are introduced as the reason for comic rays. When a particle comes out of the wormhole. It releases its energy very fast. The wormhole denies. The particle’s ability to release its energy. 

So, it locks energy inside that particle. And the exit of the energy. Causes the cosmic rays. The wormhole or energy channel must not be very long. The thing. The particle crosses the speed of light at the point when it comes out of the wormhole. And that thing sends the shockwave. That is similar to Cherenkov radiation. 

https://scitechdaily.com/after-100-years-scientists-uncover-hidden-rule-governing-cosmic-rays/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_entanglement

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_teleportation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superposition_principle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole 

String theory and quantum gravity are new challenges for physics.

“Artwork illustrating how string theory emerges from a few simple mathematical assumptions about particle collisions. Credit: AI-generated art by Clifford Cheung.” (ScitechDaily, Physicists Found String Theory Without Even Looking for It)

How to combine quantum gravity with large-scale gravity? 

String theory explains matter as the oscillating strings. Those strings can rotate, and that explains phenomena like quantum gravity. This means that. At least some part. Quantum gravity could form when photons. The ring-shaped strings. Changing their form. When a superstring moves. There forms the small quanutum low-energy vacuum behind it. The other part of the quantum field tries to fill that point. And then two quantum waves impact. 

That causes reflection in that field. That reflection is very weak. But there are lots of superstrings in the universe. And that is one explanation for dark matter. And that could explain dark energy. As well. The model is that dark energy could form when cosmic micro- or quantum-sized vacuums collapse. When that collapse happens. The effect is the same as in vacuum bombs. Those falling vacuums collect quantum fields or energy. 

In the middle of them. Those vacuums can also act like particles. The thing that causes the destruction or collapse in those microvacuums is the expansion of the universe. The expansion opens the superstring structure that forms. Inside them. That causes a situation where the quantum field travels in that vacuum. That causes an energy impulse to this structure. 

In some other models, the dark energy forms when gravitation puts quantum fields into motion. That causes the effect. It puts. Particles and quantum fields around them to glow. 

That model explains why we cannot see dark matter particles. So, dark matter is in this model. A very large-scale quantum gravitation effect. That forms between particles. In this text, the “particle” means the gravitational center. 

Quantum gravity forms when a spinning string pulls a quantum field or smaller strings around it. The problem is this: reseachers have problems fitting quantum gravity with large-scale or normal gravity. It’s possible that there are two versions of gravity. The short- and long-distance gravitation. Quantum gravity means. Gravitational effect between single particles. 

Wikipedia describes that thing like this: 

“Quantum gravity (QG) is a field of theoretical physics that seeks unification of the theory of gravity with the principles of quantum mechanics. It deals with environments in which neither gravitational nor quantum effects can be ignored, such as in the vicinity of black holes or similar compact astrophysical objects, as well as in the early stages of the universe, moments after the Big Bang.” (Wikipedia, Quantum gravity)

Quantum gravity is one part of cGh physics. 

“cGh physics refers to the historical attempts in physics to unify relativity, gravitation, and quantum mechanics, in particular following the ideas of Matvei Petrovich Bronstein and George Gamow. The letters are the standard symbols for the speed of light (c), the gravitational constant (G), and the Planck constant (h).” (Wikipedia, cGh physics)

That is the key problem with the Grand Unified Theory, GUT. And the Theory of Everything, TOE. There are models that suggest gravity, or quantum gravity, is not a single phenomenon. The idea is that.

 

“Diagram showing where quantum gravity sits in the near-cube hierarchy of physics theories. Note that electromagnetism and quantum field theory in curved spacetime are added in as an extra and distinct item.” (Wikipedia, cGh physics)

Maybe. Some part of gravity. Or. Gravitation. Forms. When a spinning particle forms a quantum spike. The spin of particles is often 1/2. That means the particle wobbles back and forth. But then. We must realize that a particle is surrounded by its quantum field. That field. 

Or, the halo of the particle has spin 1. So the halo around the particle travels around it. And if the shape of the particle is like a whisk. That causes a situation. There is a hole between the particle and the field. That hole pulls  photons away from the particle. The quantum spike forms from that quantum field. And we can call that thing the quantum tornado. 

That quantum spike that is similar to the whirl that forms at some planets' poles pushes against other matter. This spike pulls particles and strings away from its route. If that spike hits the lower energy matter, energy starts to flow from the particle to the lower energy matter. That forms energy asymmetry. 

That energy asymmetry causes a situation in which the particle loses energy from its other side. Then the energy from its other side tries to fill this hole. That forms an energy flow to the lower energy object. And that energy flow drives the particle. To the lower energy object. This means that the field. Or quantum wind pushes particles all the time. Together. This means that this model forms interaction only in short distances. But those strings can also pull energy out from the other quantum fields. 

This kind of large-scale quantum effect can be measured only around objects like black holes. The idea is that. When a quantum spike travels through matter, it acts like a thermal pump. That thermal pump cools the particle. And that causes a situation. Outside, quantum fields are traveling to that particle. 

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-found-string-theory-without-even-looking-for-it/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CGh_physics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(physics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_everything

Researchers might have found a dark matter fingerprint from a black hole collision.

"Gravitational waves from colliding black holes may hold subtle clues about one of the universe’s greatest mysteries: dark matter. A new study proposes a way to search for these hidden signatures by analyzing how black holes behave when surrounded by dense clouds of exotic matter. Credit: Stock" (ScitechDaily, Scientists May Have Found Dark Matter’s Fingerprint in a Black Hole Collision)

Researchers might find. The mark of dark matter from the black hole collision. The black hole collisions are the most violent events in the universe. They find incredibly strong shockwaves. Those shockwaves form when the black hole's halos impact. The gravitational fields also send very strong gravitational waves. Those shockwaves press the quantum fields into extremely high-energy and dense form. 

Researchers hoped that those shockwaves could press the dark matter into such a dense form that they could measure it or its effect on gravitational fields. The packed dark matter can cause interference in gravitational waves. In some models, a gravitational wave is actually an energy wave that travels between dark matter particles. 

"A new model developed by physicists at MIT and elsewhere predicts how gravitational waves (blue and red waves) can carry imprints of any dark matter (light purple) that two merging black holes happen to spiral through. Credit: Courtesy of Josu Aurrekoetxea, et al" (ScitechDaily, Scientists May Have Found Dark Matter’s Fingerprint in a Black Hole Collision)

In those simulations reseachers try to find out whether it is possible that gravitational waves can cancel each other out. Another thing that can make this effect interesting is. If some other wave. Could fill the energy ditch. That makes gravitation so different. If those energy ditches are filled, the gravitation will turn opposite. The idea is that a gravitational wave is the energy wave that travels between tw ditches. That means in normal cases, those ditches pull more energy out from the particle than the wave can give. So, if those energy ditches are filled. That means that. Without those lower energy lines, gravity cannot pull objects. Into the gravity center. 

But if a gravitational wave is an energy wave that travels between dark matter particles… 

The idea of this model. It is simple. The dark matter forms of quantum dots. Those quantum dots. They can be real particles. Or they can be exciton-style quasiparticles that form around a spinning string-shaped structure. This means that. The dark matter could be the cloud of quantum dots. Each of those quantum dots will act as an individual gravitational center. Those quantum dots can be some kind of whirls in the gravitational field. 

The gravitational wave is, in this case. The energy wave that travels between those quantum dots. Those quantum dots will send energy waves between each other. When a higher energy quantum dot, or dark matter particle, sends an energy wave. It puts other quantum dot resonate. And if that radiation, or wave movement, has a very short wavelength, it pulls energy out from other particles. 

And when energy travels out from a particle, the other energy tries to fill that hole. This could explain why gravitation is so different. In some other models. The gravitation forms when the energy impulse separates from the particle. That leaves a small. Lower energy area between the wave and particle. If we think that a gravitational wave acts like all other waves. There is a smaller energy ditch forward of the energy wave. If that wave turns lower than the energy ditch. That explains why a gravitational wave pulls particles to the gravitational center. The reason why the energy ditch turns deeper. If we compare it with the energy hill. Is the expansion of the universe. 

Because the energy level in the universe turns lower. That means. That energy wave that the particle sends turns weaker. If we think about what makes those gravitational waves as a thing. That. Only pulls particles into the gravity center. The thing that is required is that the wave that travels between energy ditches cannot replace the energy that those ditches “steal” from the particle. 

But all waves form in the movement of the particles. And maybe dark matter is the particles that form gravity waves.

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-may-have-found-dark-matters-fingerprint-in-a-black-hole-collision/