Time and the speed of light.

“The universe is still speeding up, scientists say, keeping dark energy and its mysterious role in cosmic expansion firmly in play. Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center Conceptual Image Lab / Michael Lentz” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Say the Universe Isn’t Slowing Down After All)

When speed reaches the speed of light (299792458 m/s), time stops moving. That is. The remarkable thing in physics. This means that a photon has no time. The photon is a massless particle that transports electromagnetism. 

A photon itself is like a string. That string rotates around its main axle and surface axle. This causes small quantum whirls around the photon. 

The photon's shape is like a donut. It can explain A small part of why the photon has no time. If. We think that the donut-shaped particle travels in the universe. The energy travels to that donut from the middle of the photon. 

Energy also travels in the structure from the outside of the photon. And nails the photon into its position. That means the photon delivers as much energy as it releases. Because the universe expands, that structure sends wave movement through spacetime. 

The speed of light is the cosmic speed limit. That speed limit is the speed of light in a vacuum. The speed of light is quite easy to cross. If. The particle impacts a medium. The neutrino detector uses that effect. When. A neutrino impacts water. It. Sends a blue light shockwave. This blue flash is known as Cherenkov radiation. 

When. That particle arrives in water. It must slow down. That means it must deliver its kinetic energy. That energy forms the small bubble that acts like a WARP bubble in water. That bubble. It cannot stand very long. And it collapses when the particle slows. Its speed.

Into a level that is in water. The reason. Why. The particle cannot continue its journey faster than the speed of light because it cannot maintain that bubble. To maintain that bubble, the particle requires energy. But the speed of slowing is not limitless. And that means the particle travels faster than the speed of light in water. For. A very short moment. 

“We experience time as real. But what if it's only an illusion: an illusion that's inherently relative? Does time fundamentally even exist?” (Big Think, Starts with a Bang, Can we be certain that time really exists?)

“An example of a light cone, the three-dimensional surface of all possible light rays arriving at and departing from a point in spacetime. The more you move through space, the less you move through time, and vice versa. Only things contained within your past light-cone can affect you today; only things contained within your future light-cone can be perceived by you in the future. This illustrates flat Minkowski space, rather than the curved space of general relativity.” (Big Think, Starts with a Bang, Can we be certain that time really exists?)

A Photon. 

The idea of the Alcubierre WARP drive is similar to Cherenkov radiation. The system creates a shockwave around the craft. That shockwave. That acts like Cherenkov radiation. That energy bubble can form by antimatter annihilation in the quantum nanotubes. That shockwave decreases entropy. 

The theoretical basis of that system is simple. There are no vacuums in space. That means. There is a possibility. To. Create a bubble that pushes quantum fields, ions, and other particles from around the craft. So. The system. It just replaces the false vacuum. By. Using a deeper vacuum. Or it decreases entropy in that bubble. The system can use gamma rays for that purpose. 

But then we face another paradox. That can make it very hard to think about crossing the speed of light. Time dilation means time slows. 

When it approaches the speed of light. At the speed of light. Time stops. And then. When a particle crosses the speed of light. 

Time starts to travel backward. That means that if we cross the speed of light. We should travel back in time. To. The point where we crossed the speed of light. Then we must realize only one thing. Time and location in space are different things. This means that we can travel in space and time. This means that. Even. If we travel back in time. The location in space and time must not be the same. 

But is time its own dimension or a natural force? If time is a force, it exists. But then we can think about a model. In which time does not exist. In that case, time is virtual. Time exists somehow. But the question is. Could time be a dimension? If time is a dimension. It can move forward or backward. In dimensional time, time travel is possible. 

If. Black holes. Transport matter and energy. Back to history. To the point where it formed. This could explain dark energy as energy that primordial black holes transport from the future into the young universe. That is one explanation. If. Time is a dimension. 

In the case of virtual time. Energy. It just prevents matter from evaporating. So. If we surround a particle with a high-power energy field. That prevents the particle from turning into energy. But then we must realize that the particle is like a bubble in the quantum field. This means. That. The energy that travels in the particle reflects from its center. And. That reflected energy destroys the particle. The outside energy can push the particle into its form. And slows the energy flow. From. That particle. When we talk about things like stopping time. 

We must understand that the expansion of the universe decreases energy in that field. That expansion decreases the energy level in those quantum fields. We think about dark energy. And the universe's expansion. We must understand that all known matter and energy come from a single point.  

When. The universe expands. Its energy level turns lower. But at the same time, matter travels faster. The distance between objects grows. And the expansion of the universe accelerates. Along. With dark energy. The gravitational effect turns weaker. 

When. The universe loses its density. Matter and dark matter between galactic clusters. becomes thinner. The speed of light. Outside the galactic halos. Turns higher. And that thing forms Cherenkov-type radiation. Evaporation of the matter is stronger. That means free energy in the universe grows. 

Another thing is that. If. The universe is inside some plasma ball. Particles that impact that plasma ball send Cherenkov-type radiation. That also travels in the universe. That radiation can be one of the things that cause dark energy. 

The border. Between. Matter and the dark matter halo, and space outside that halo turns higher. That means energy travels out from those halos faster. The theory goes like this. The. WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle). Is the particle. That means the dark energy could be the evaporation of those WIMP particles. Because. The universe’s energy level decreases. Evaporation of matter. At the edge. Of the galaxy cluster halos. Also turns stronger. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/beat-the-speed-of-light/

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/does-time-exist-182965/

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/paradox-black-hole/

https://phys.org/news/2024-11-theory-reveals-photon.amp

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-say-the-universe-isnt-slowing-down-after-all/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcubierre_drive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light

Black holes don’t make information vanish. They just. Transform it into another form.

“Even in the complete absence of external matter, black holes aren’t completely dark, as a very small amount of low-energy radiation gets emitted due to quantum processes: Hawking radiation. Whether or not this radiation preserves and encodes all of the information that went into creating and growing the black hole has not yet been determined. This is the heart of the black hole information paradox.” (Big Think, Starts with a Bang, The information paradox at the heart of every black hole)

So is Hawking radiation? The thing that forms gravity? The idea is this. The gravitational effect is an interaction between the center of gravity and its environment. In. Some ideas. The gravitational effect is an interaction that begins when wave movement. With a very short wavelength travels in the universe. That wave movement seems straight from outside. When that wave movement travels through quantum fields, it forms rolls or whirls. Those whirls travel in opposite directions.  Those quantum whirls carry the particles and other energy into the gravitational center.

That. Short-wave radiation can form.  When. Entropy at the event horizon lets energy travel out from the black hole.

The information paradox means that information cannot vanish. Not even black holes destroy information. The event horizon transforms the information stored in the matter and energy it pulls in into another form.  Event horizons are not separate from other structures in black holes. But that is the last point where we can get observations. The event horizon is a high-energy point at the edge of a black hole. Its energy level is high because of matter. And. Energy flow.

That comes from the black hole’s environment. Impacts particles that orbit the black hole. There, friction and field interactions form very strong whirls.

The structure seems solid. But those whirls mean local entropy that the black hole can leak.  The event horizon’s energy dams the black hole’s internal structures. That point is one part of the structure that keeps the black hole in its form. The event horizon is like a wall around the gravity pothole. This means that. The gravity pothole is partially invisible because the energy level in the event horizon is so high. But then we must realize that the event horizon is the point. There. The escape velocity is almost the same. As. The speed of light. The reality is that.

Same way as in all other places. Black holes have local and global entropy. All structures in black holes interact with other structures. But we can observe black holes as a global structure. Or we can use a microscopic view and observe some of its parts. The event horizon is the last point. There, we can get information. Behind. That. Everything is just theory. There is no way to get confirmed information through the event horizon. But we can observe its interactions with the internal and external environment. Even if there are whirls outside the event horizon. That doesn’t automatically mean that there are similar quantum whirls inside the event horizon. 

Because. Escape velocity at the event horizon Is. The same as the speed of light. There. Photons also orbit the black hole. And all radiation that we see comes from the front of the event horizon. The event horizon can trap information. And if it stretches information. That point would look like a structure there; spaghetti orbits the ball. The energy level in that structure turns too high. That pushes the black hole’s material disk and halo away. That increases the distances between the micro-whirls. And allows information to escape from the black hole. That leak can be gravitational radiation or Hawking radiation. Does that radiation come from inside or outside the event horizon? That is the big question.

“The matter that creates black holes won’t be what comes out when they evaporate. Will the black hole information paradox ever be solved?” (Big Think, Starts with a Bang, The information paradox at the heart of every black hole)

***********************************

Information paradox.

“If you take a book and burn it, the information of what was on the page will be encoded in the ashes that remain from the process of burning; there is no information loss.”

“But when matter goes into creating or growing a black hole, there’s no known relation between that information and the Hawking radiation that eventually comes out.”

“Is information conserved when black holes evaporate or not, and if so, how is that information preserved? This is the question at the core of the black hole information paradox: perhaps the grandest mystery of all.”

(Big Think, Starts with a Bang, The information paradox at the heart of every black hole)

***********************************

These spaghetti-shaped information strings that orbit the black hole’s singularity are one of the things. Why. The black hole is so powerful. The situation looks like a case. We try to step on a very fast-spinning ball. That fast-spinning structure pulls energy into it. Most of the energy and matter that fall into a black hole follow a spiral trajectory. Energy, or information. That comes from behind. Push particles forward. So we can compare gravity to a tsunami.

Wave movement. With a very short wavelength. Can create structure that seems straight. Like. In a tsunami. That travels near the bottom of the sea. The gravitational wave travels in space. That thing forms whirls around that gravitational beam. Those whirls travel backward.

To the gravitational center. They push particles ahead of them. So. Does the black hole? Just transform the shape of information. Into the form of gravitational waves. Could Hawking radiation be? The thing that forms gravity.

If. The black hole’s halo and material disk withdraw from the event horizon. That event forms. A small microvacuum can pull photons out of the event horizon. Also, high-energy gamma rays decrease entropy in the material disk. And that causes a situation. There, some particles can escape from the black hole’s gravity.

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/paradox-black-hole/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole_information_paradox

Why is star formation slowing?

“FAST and DESI reshape our view of cosmic evolution. Credit: National Astronomical Observatories of China and Shanghai Astronomical Observatory of CAS” (ScitechDaily, The Universe Has Plenty of Fuel. So Why Is It Making Fewer Stars?)

Why is star formation slowing? All the time? The entropy in the universe grows. This causes the situation. The atomic hydrogen starts to move faster. The size of the universe expands. That causes its temperature to drop. When the universe expands, the distance between objects grows. That means more space between hydrogen atoms. Radiation has a stronger effect on those atoms. 

Because. There is no resistance to that movement. 

Star formation requires a mass center. That gravitational center collects gas atoms around it. The gravitational center starts to pile gas faster and faster. And then, after billions of years, the star ignites. Its fusion starts. Another way to make this effect is to create an electron or proton beam. That travels through an interplanetary or interstellar nebula. That forms a so-called cold quantum point in that nebula. And that starts to pile matter into that point. 

When difference. Between temperatures in the universe decreases. Those cold points will not collect matter like they did in the past. If. The temperature in the interplanetary or interstellar nebula. It. Is only. A couple of degrees higher than the energy minimum. If that cold point starts to pile the matter in one point.

The temperature. Or energy level at that point must be so much lower. That. It causes the particle flow and impact at that point. This forms a gravity center that pulls the nebula into that point. 

Lower-energy points act like low-pressure points. They collect matter around them. 

The particle or radiation beam. Bakes the low-pressure points in the electromagnetic field. When the universe expands, matter becomes thinner. This means that particle beams travel through the nebula. Its effect is weaker. Than. It is in dense nebulae. When. The density of matter decreases. That means. The interaction between particles turns weaker. 

When the universe expands, interplanetary or interstellar nebulae turn larger. But they lose their density.  Nebulae's internal gravitational effect becomes weaker. 

“About 4.5 billion years ago, the Universe was forming stars at roughly 2.5 times the rate seen today. During the same period, however, the density of neutral atomic hydrogen was only about 1.4 times greater than its current level.” (ScitechDaily, The Universe Has Plenty of Fuel. So Why Is It Making Fewer Stars?)

There are two densities. The homogeneous hydrogen nebula cannot form stars. There is a possibility. That, in some cases. Internal gravity pulls the entire nebula together. And that can form a black hole. Star formation happens around the gravitational center. 

Global density and local density. Star formation happens in nebulas. And nebulas are local density. When reseachers wonder why star formation decreased 2,5 times. But. The universe's density decreased only 1,4 times. They should keep focus on local density. 

If. Interplanetary or interstellar nebulae turn thin. That decreases their internal gravity effect. And that slows star formation. Another thing is. In. Thin nebulae. Stars turn smaller. Their radiation pressure breaks the nebula. When.  The nebula’s internal gravitation is weak. The. Star can destroy the entire nebula. 

If. We compare that to the young universe. In the young universe, the energy minimum was higher. That made energy travel more slowly away from galaxies. Today, the energy minimum is lower. And energy travels faster away from galaxies. And that forms whirls and increases entropy. Energy that travels away from a galaxy. Causes the situation. That galaxy is colder. And the energy flow. That source is in the center of the galaxy. Pushes those hydrogen atoms away from each other. This means that the interplanetary nebulae were denser in the young universe. 

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-has-plenty-of-fuel-so-why-is-it-making-fewer-stars/

Navier-Stokes equation can revolutionize engine design.

Navier-Stokes equation can revolutionize engine design. 

The Navier-Stokes equation is solved. But the results are not confirmed. But. This shows how big a tool. AI is in mathematics. AI can perform hard calculations. Where. Mathematicians try to find axioms in quite complicated calculations. Originally. Those equations were made to demonstrate fluid movements. That knowledge can be used in rotating detonation engines. 

But. Maybe. Those equations can be expanded to demonstrate gas flows in other gas structures. That can help to explain how stars form. That can explain how matter forms. And. How magnetic fields condense into matter. The idea is that energy packets travel through the quantum field. And that can cause condensation in the field. 

The Navier-Stokes equation describes gas flow.  It can be a revolutionary tool for making more effective aircraft engines. The Navier-Stokes equation can also revolutionize plasma control in fusion reactors. 

In some models. The plasma ring in Tokamak reactors moves faster than the plasma around it. That faster-moving plasma pulls slower plasma from around it. And along with laser beams. That system presses those plasma particles together. 

AI solved a Millennium Prize Problem. The last case was when AI solved the Navier-Stokes equation. That formula describes gas flow. There is a possibility. That. In one part of gas flow. The speed in some part of the gas flow accelerates very fast. And that forms a singularity in the flow. 

This means. There can be a part in the gas flow. There. The speed is much higher. That is the gas flow. These kinds of fast-moving gas spikes in gas channels are interesting. Because. That helps to create more powerful jet engines.  Aircraft cannot move faster than their exhaust gas. Navier-Stokes equation formula helps researchers.

They are trying to create jet engines that can create faster exhaust gases. The system should create a system. There. Slower exhaust gas forms a channel around the faster exhaust gas. The slower part of that exhaust gas is created by using hydrocarbons. The fast exhaust gas forms a tunnel inside the outer exhaust gas. The big problem with reaction engines. It is this. The best-known specific impulse an engine can make is from hydrogen. 

But. Thrust with hydrogen fuel is poor. This is why rockets use hydrocarbon fuel in the atmosphere. That is also one reason. Why jet engines use hydrocarbons. But there is a possibility. To create a faster-moving tunnel in the exhaust gas. One is to use a hydrogen-burning engine. The hydrogen-burning engine. Also.  A laser beam can kick the exhaust gas. Faster in the exhaust gas. These. Kinds of systems can improve chemical nuclear rockets’ speed. The idea is that the laser is in the middle of the rocket chamber. The laser beam will be shot into the gas flow. This creates the acceleration channel in the exhaust gas. 

The faster particle beam in the gas flow acts like a thermal pump. That forms a colder point in the gas flow. That faster flow keeps the material flow in one form. 

Those formulas can also make it possible to create models that can simulate. Things like how the black hole relativistic jet interacts with its environment. Those simulations could answer the question. Are all singularities ball-shaped? When extremely fast-moving gas flow travels through the gas nebula. That takes the temperature out of it. That low-energy channel can collapse the nebula. A proton or electron beam that uses photon-accelerated particles can also act like a thermal pump. Those particles can form the structure that pulls gas from around them into the channel. Those particles are moving. And maybe. That thing explains why things like stars can form. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/ai-has-solved-one-of-maths-1-million-millennium-prize-problems-20260908/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navier–Stokes_equations

Astronomers could have a model for why photons from GRB 221009A were at a high energy level.

"An illustration shows a photon from the biggest cosmic explosion since the Big Bang reaching Earth. (Image credit: Robert Lea (created with Canva))" (Space.com, A photon from the biggest cosmic explosion since the Big Bang appears to have defied Einstein. Scientists may finally know how)

The Lorentz-violating photon from GRB 221009A might have an explanation. Reseachers think those photons may have turned into axion-like particles. That explains why those photons have such an extremely high energy level. That energy level was the highest ever recorded. The big question is: why those photons didn’t touch anything. Astronomers suggest that the high-energy photon turns into an axion. Or an axion-shaped particle. When a photon starts to spin very fast. 

The quantum field pushes it into a form that looks like a stick. The photon acts like a rubber band that is rolled from both ends. This turns the photon into a miniature drill. The photon pushes the quantum field away. From. The front of it. This means that the photon travels in its own quantum channel. The big question is: what travels faster than light? That is darkness. 

The cosmic minivoid. The hole or tunnel through the quantum fields is the “darkness”. Photon. Phat travels. In darkness. Can travel faster than other photons. The reason for that is simple. In cosmic voids, entropy and scattering effects are weaker. So the photon travels in a straight line. In this model. A photon. That. Travels in a lower-entropy environment. Makes fewer curves than a photon. That means the photon that follows a direct line reaches the goal before a photon that makes more curves. 

If. A photon travels in a cosmic void. That raises the question of why it didn’t lose its mass. Normal cosmic voids are in our galaxy. But when a photon comes out of them. It should lose its energy normally. And then we might ask. Did those photons travel through the wormholes? The theoretical Einstein-Rosen bridge is a cosmic microvoid. A theoretical wormhole is a structure. Their quantum tornado surrounds the channel. That is the hole in the quantum field.  

(Space.com)

A wormhole is not. A completely theoretical structure. In the universe. There are electromagnetic wormholes. 

The idea of the wormhole is that Entropy in that structure is lower than around it. Only a gravitational wormhole can reduce entropy so close to zero that the speed can rise almost endlessly. But high-energy, coherent gamma rays can form a channel through spacetime. There, entropy is very low. And. Conditions are very close to the structure we know as a “gravitational wormhole”. Or simply “wormhole”. The gravitational wormhole is a theoretical structure. But things like Black Hole’s relativistic jets can form electromagnetic wormholes. 

The wormhole is like the long version of the cosmic voids. The cosmic void stretches and forms a channel between two objects. 

The quantum tornado makes a border between the outside and inside quantum fields. If the energy level at one end of that structure is higher than at the other. This makes energy flow in that tube. That energy flow pulls particles through that structure. Energy flow inside that structure keeps that channel open. How long is it open? Maybe a couple of seconds before that quantum tornado falls into the superstring. But maybe. The energy bubble. Can push the wall of that energy tornado bigger. Or expand it. This means that. The situation. It looks. 

A little bit like in cartoons. The ball travels in a tube. In that tube, entropy is lower. The energy that travels in this quantum tube pushes the particle forward. This forms a quantum shadow. In front of the particle. That shadow acts like a cosmic microvoid, pulling the particle faster and faster. The idea is that the quantum tornado will not let energy travel out from it. This creates structure there; the cosmic microvoid allows particles to travel faster than outside it. 

But could the black hole collapse form the wormhole through space and time? The gamma-ray burst can turn the wormhole through spacetime. 

https://arxiv.org/abs/2504.01830

https://www.space.com/science/astrophysics/a-photon-from-the-biggest-cosmic-explosion-since-the-big-bang-appears-to-have-defied-einstein-scientists-may-finally-know-how

https://www.space.com/most-powerful-gamma-ray-burst-ever-seen

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRB_221009A

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

How can a proton involve a particle heavier than a proton?

"The proton isn't just made of three valence quarks, but rather contains a substructure that is an intricate and dynamic system of quarks (and antiquarks) and gluons inside. The nuclear force acts like a spring, with negligible force when unstretched but large, attractive forces when stretched to large distances. To the best of our understanding, the proton is a truly stable particle, and has never been observed to decay, while the quarks and gluons composing it show no evidence of compositeness."(BigThink,Ask Ethan: Are there really charm quarks inside the proton??

 In the 1980s. Reseachers thought the proton involved three quarks. Those three main quarks are two up quarks and one down quark. But today reseachers know. There are more than three quarks. In. The proton. Protons are complicated dynamic entities. That complex dynamical structure can explain why the proton cannot decay. Nobody has seen spontaneous proton decay.  And this leads to an interesting idea. There is a possibility. 

The proton’s internal structure. It acts like a quantum version of time crystals. This means. That maybe the proton’s internal structure recycles all the energy in that particle. This means that the proton cannot decay because there is no energy loss. 

This allows the time crystal’s wobble to continue “forever”. But then to the charm quark. That quark was found inside protons. The charm quark is more massive than a proton. So, how could it be in the proton? The charm quark hovers in the proton’s sphere. And maybe the proton’s quantum fields are so strong. They don’t let energy escape through that structure. That brings interesting ideas. 

In my brain. If. There is a particle inside a proton. That spins at extremely high speed. That thing could make the particle invisible. The idea is that a fast-spinning object is in the proton. Or in some other particles. It could pull all the energy from the quantum field into its fast-spinning particle. 

This means that. If. there is structure in another particle. It can turn both particles invisible. The idea is that if the center particle spins very fast. It can pull all radiation into that structure. And in that case. it can bind as much energy. So there is no visible reflection in that kind of case. This is one thing. That is introduced as dark matter particles, WIMPs. In that model, another particle. Spins inside the regular elementary particle, invisible. 

Another particle can make matter invisible. A photon that spins in the electron or proton. And starts to spin very fast. That can cause a situation. It pulls all energy into that structure. And that makes particles or other objects invisible. To people who follow them.  From outside. These kinds of things can be repeated. Using laboratories. If that structure exists. That. Can make all particles invisible. And explain dark matter. That could be hiding in the well-known particles. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/proton-contain-charm-quark/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proton

Dark photons can be the most promising candidates for dark matter.

"These include WIMPs (Weakly Interacting Massive Particles), primordial black holes (PBHs), axions, and "dark photons." In theory, this particle was responsible for heating the early Universe and acts as a bridge between the "visible" and dark sectors of the cosmos. According to a new paper, dark photons would not have heated the early Universe as previously thought. Their findings could alter the hunt for Dark Matter by suggesting that dark photons could be hiding in more places than previously thought." (UniverseToday, New Study Expands Search for "Dark Photons," a Leading Dark Matter Candidate)

The thing. What makes a dark photon dark is simple. Dark photon. It must. Have a temperature. Lower than the environment's temperature.  Absolute zero, or zero kelvin (0K), is -273,15 C. The universe’s temperature is three degrees higher. Than. This temperature. So, the photon must have an energy level lower than 3K. 

That. It turns into dark. Energy travels into a lower-energy area. So. The thing. That makes a particle dark is energy that travels into it. 

Absolute zero is the energy minimum. In. The universe. Or the final temperature that we can measure. At that temperature, Helium-3 freezes. But it's possible. That. The electron and proton clouds can have a lower energy level. 

Absolute zero. The object will not transfer its energy. Into. Other particles. There are no other particles. Whose energy level is lower. But when we talk about the energy minimum. We must understand. 

That the local energy minimum is not the same as the energy minimum in space between galactic clusters. 

The energy minimum in our solar system is higher than in interstellar space. When. An object comes from outside space into our solar system. 

It must warm up a little bit. So. It cannot reflect energy until it reaches the energy level. That is higher than its environment. This means. photons that. Come into our galaxy can be invisible because their energy level is lower than the energy minimum in our galaxy. 

A dark photon is a hypothetical particle proposed as the force carrier of a hidden "dark sector," much as the ordinary photon carries electromagnetism. It would interact with normal matter only feebly, through a quantum effect called kinetic mixing. The interaction happens only if the photon’s superstring hits a particle. 

Dark photons are candidates for dark matter. But nobody has found them yet. A hypothetical dark photon is a photon whose energy level is lower than the known energy minimum in the universe. Dark photons can form in some cases.  A superstring that forms a photon starts to spin like a plate. The superstring can have a twisted structure. Similar to a spring.

 When the photon spins like a wheel. That. Structure pulls energy from around it. While. That structure spins. It. Releases energy between those twists. Or if some superstring travels through the center of the photon. That straight superstring acts like a thermal pump. And then that pulls the energy level of photons. Lower than the known energy minimum in the universe.

The low-energy photon starts to bind quantum fields. That makes it behave as if it has mass. The third possible model for the dark photon is. The dark photon is a structure that spins very fast. This means it binds energy. When the universe expands, those photons deliver energy. 

"Diagram of the Meissner effect. Magnetic field lines, represented as arrows, are excluded from a superconductor when it is below its critical temperature." (Wikipedia, Meissner effect)

Could the WIMP (Weakly Interacting Massive Particle) be the quasiparticle that forms when extremely fast-spinning photons come to the regular universe?

Maybe. Those ultra-fast-spinning particles can form in cosmic voids. When. Those particles travel into the “regular” universe. They must deliver their energy. So that means the energy that those particles send. It can form part of dark energy.

When those. Ultra-fast-spinning photons arrive from cosmic voids to the regular universe. They deliver their energy. That forms the quantum bubble. Energy escapes very fast from those photons. And that can decrease their energy level. To a lower level. Than in the regular universe. This bubble is the quasiparticle that could explain why dark matter is not found. The expansion of the universe decreases the energy level in the universe. 

But. It decreases that photon’s mass. And the dark photon’s energy level is always, let’s say, two degrees below absolute zero. That temperature is just an example. The idea is that the temperature difference between those hypothetical dark photons and the space is always the same. 

The temperature of the dark photon. It must not be. The same as zero kelvin. It must only be lower than its environment. This means. That. The particle’s temperature must be below three Kelvin. Cosmic background. Or three Kelvin radiation. Means that. The particle. That is, colder than three K will be invisible. 

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A dark photon. It can turn. The gravitational field opposite. The idea is that. Gravitational waves are like ditches. That move on the layer. The layer is the background. There is a possibility. Gravitational waves’ bottoms turn into a higher energy level than their environment. This turns gravity opposite. So can gravity turn opposite outside the universe? 

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Dark photons are also interesting. Because. They could make anti-gravitation possible. A gravitational wave is like a ditch that travels through the universe. The expansion of the universe makes a geometrical form of that ditch that causes objects to fall backward. Or it falls objects into the gravitational centers. The gravitational wave is a ditch that travels on the quantum layer.

The thing. That could. Turn those energy ditches into energy hills that push objects away is to decrease the energy level. In the environment to such a low level. That it decreases the level. Below the bottom of those energy ditches. So this hypothetical thing.

Happens decreasing. The energy level of the background. So low. That the bottom of gravitational waves is higher than their background. And if dark photons exist. Or reseachers can create them. That makes it possible. To create conditions. That turn gravitational waves opposite. Another interesting detail is this. 

If. Those low-energy photons can be created on a very large scale. This can cause energy flow to the surface. And if that happens from below. That effect pushes the object upward. This effect is known as the Meissner effect. The thing. That makes superconducting objects levitate. Meissner effect means the magnetic effect. And. Airflow combination. 

That keeps the object levitating. But if low-energy photons cause that effect. The reflection from the object is minimal. Those photons can bind energy and wave movement. And if we can make the photon's energy level lower than the local energy minimum. That means those photons can bind wave movement. This makes the surface invisible. 

https://www.universetoday.com/articles/new-study-expands-search-for-dark-photons-a-leading-dark-matter-candidate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_photon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiparticle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Can the universe's shape explain dark matter?

If we think of visible matter, or the visible geometry of the universe, as a disk. Round plate or ball. Galaxies and most of its matter are at the edge of this structure. This means that the edge of the universe is at a higher energy level than its inner structure. That means It’s hard to see matter that is “behind us”. In those models, the universe is a round structure. Galaxies. And other visible matter is mainly in the ring or ball around that larger structure. If we are in that plasma ring, the rest of the universe is hard to see. The model is like we are in a cloud. And anyway, our own galaxy, stars, and the plasma halo in the galaxy. 

They disturb observations. This means. Our own galaxy covers lots of things, even between galaxies. And if we are in the giant plasma ring that surrounds the entire universe. That means energy or wave movement also travels in the middle of the universe. There, it reflects. And that makes the universe act a little bit like a giant vacuum bomb. The universe is full of macro- and micro-scale structures. 

And all of those structures send wave motion. Those waves have the same wavelength. 

As. Their sender’s size or diameter is. This means that the universe is a very complicated structure. Full of substructures. And that forms another conclusion. The mistake with dark energy. It can be that. Reseachers thought that this energy is uniform. Dark energy can be multiple different waves with different wavelengths. When. Particles like free quarks, other fermions, and bosons evaporate. They send waves that travel at the speed of light. When. A gravitational wave leaves the supernova. Exploded two billion light-years ago. The gravitational wave reaches us two billion years after the explosion. The reason why we cannot see the Big Bang is this. Photons. That event sent. Travel ahead of us. We cannot see photons from behind. 

We can see reflected photons. Or photons coming into our direction. When the Big Bang sent photons. Those photons travel through space. There is nothing. That can reflect them. This means that those photons cannot reach us. But if we someday see one photon. That is from the Big Bang. That means it reflected outside the universe. 

In the same way, there is a model. That dark energy could be the same as dark matter. 

When lower-energy waves hit the galactic halo. Lower-energy waves. Pull that halo toward it. Dark energy can form in particles. That have a very low energy level. When those particles evaporate, they send wave movement into their environment. That wave movement can have a higher energy level than the environment it travels through. But the wave can have a lower energy level than the galactic halo. Most known galaxies are in so-called local galaxy clusters. 

Galaxy clusters, or local clusters, form superclusters. This means there are multiple plasma layers with multiple energy levels. The halo around galactic superclusters has a lower energy level than the halo around galaxy clusters and individual galaxies. The superclusters form megaclusters. 

So that means the energy level of the wave that impacts those plasma structures. They can have a higher energy level than the plasma around galaxy superclusters. So the same energy can push galaxy superclusters. But pull local clusters. This means.  If. The energy wave's energy level is lower than the energy level in the halo surrounding a galaxy. That wave cannot pass the galaxy halo. The same way a wave can travel through the energy that surrounds a galaxy megacluster. This means that the wave has a higher energy level than the plasma halo around the megacluster. But its energy level can be lower than in a subcluster. 

Another thing. What makes calculations hard is recoil. When particles evaporate, they send photons or wave motion. That. Wave movement. And photons cause recoil. So at the far edge of the universe. Particles evaporate very fast. In. Cosmic vacuums or voids. Particles evaporate very fast. Energy always travels to a lower-energy environment. This means that A recoil is asymmetrical at the edge of cosmic voids or at the edge of the universe. That recoil pushes harder toward the outside of the universe. We see a complex interaction that includes low-energy radiation. Recoil and waves that left billions of years ago. 

Supermassive black holes from the universe's dawn.

“An AI-generated visualization of a distant galaxy, containing, besides dust, gas, and young stars, three massive, active black holes (black spheres, not to scale) with bright accretion disks. Other distant galaxies are shown in the background. And. A few stars in the foreground. Credit: MPE (generated with AI).” (ScitechDaily, Three Supermassive Black Holes Found in a Galaxy From the Dawn of the Universe)

Supermassive black holes from the universe's dawn are among the most interesting objects in modern astronomy. Reseachers found three supermassive black holes in one galaxy. And the famous “little red dots” from the dawn of time. They are so-called black hole stars. Or at least some of them are. 

Those objects should tell us about the history of the young universe. And. Those distant objects. Tell us about gravitational interaction behavior over very long distances. We know that gravitational waves have a speed. Gravitational waves travel at the speed of light. This means. That gravitation. Requires a field that carries it. When we think about gravitational interaction. 

There is a gravitational pothole or “pool” around the gravitational center. The model means that when the gravitational center spins. It rolls quantum fields into it. Then that causes a situation. That gravitational pool expands. The gravitational pool cannot expand forever because the universe is full of gravitational centers. And they form the entropy in those gravitational waves. 

That entropy destroys the gravitational pool. And theoretically. It is possible to create a model. That cuts the field. If. That field is cut. The gravitational wave and pool cannot reach that line. And theoretical antigravitation means that the field interaction between two gravitational centers is cut. Those extremely distant objects tell us about the form of things like dark matter. And maybe they tell us about dark matter. Did dark matter form before, at the same time as, or after the Big Bang? 

Or. Is there something? That forms dark matter in our universe? 

“Simulations suggest rocky planet building blocks may have begun forming just 100 million years after the Big Bang, after the first supernovae enriched space with heavier elements. Credit: Shutterstock” (ScitechDaily, Earth-Like Worlds Could Have Formed Billions of Years Earlier Than Scientists Thought)

Then we must realize that those little red dots and early black holes cause whirls. Those whirls. In those black hole stars' structures. And between black holes and their environment, quantum fields turn into matter. 

When a quantum field falls into the black hole. Following. A spiral trajectory. That forms small whirls in the contact layer. Those whirls can form elementary particles. But if those whirls form in quark-gluon plasma or atomic hydrogen, they can form heavier elements than hydrogen. So, if those black hole stars or quasar stars formed just after the Big Bang, that means it's possible. That Earth-type planet formation started much earlier. Researchers thought. 

“Astronomers have discovered a “black hole star,” an extremely bright red spot in the early universe that appears to be a new type of astrophysical object. It resembles an enormous star, but its energy production is closer to what a black hole might generate. Credit: Jose-Luis Olivares, MIT” (ScitechDaily, JWST Finds a “Star” 100 Billion Times Brighter Than Any Star Should Be)

Formation of Earth-type rocky worlds began 100 billion years after the Big Bang. This opens new models. For. Things like the SETI program. But the universe at the dawn of time is a new and interesting thing for reseachers. Many things that astronomers and cosmologists predicted existed. Black hole stars open new, yet unknown areas. For. The search for habitable planets. Theoretically. It is possible. That quasars or black hole stars could have a habitable zone. That zone could maintain life. We cannot see that life. 10 billion light-years. It is such a long distance. That light. That comes to our sensors. Left before our solar system formed. 

Because. The distance to quasars is very long. The average distance to those objects is about ten billion light-years. That means we see what the universe looked like 10 billion years ago. Their behavior suggests that the universe was denser in the past. Quasars erupt more often than modern supermassive black holes. This means that in the past. Supermassive black holes pulled more matter into them. More than modern supermassive black holes. That matter causes eruptions. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/gravity-doesnt-happen-instantly/

https://scitechdaily.com/earth-like-worlds-could-have-formed-billions-of-years-earlier-than-scientists-thought/

https://scitechdaily.com/jwst-finds-a-star-100-billion-times-brighter-than-any-star-should-be/

https://scitechdaily.com/three-supermassive-black-holes-found-in-a-galaxy-from-the-dawn-of-the-universe/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MoM-BH*-1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasar

Crystals and photonics

“Researchers used light to reveal the collective motion of electrons forming a Wigner crystal. Credit: Enrique Sahagún, Scixel / University of Basel, Department of Physics” (ScitechDaily, Light Reveals the Hidden Quantum Motion Inside an Exotic Crystal)

A Wigner crystal is a solid phase of electrons. That crystal traps electrons at certain points.  This crystal and its 2-dimensional forms can be next-generation tools for quantum technology. The Widger crystal is a lattice of electrons. This means it is formed of an electron gas. The system freezes the electron cloud into crystals. At extremely low temperatures, electrons can form crystal-shaped structures. Required temperature. It’s only half a degree above absolute zero.  Those. Electron crystals. They can be used as quantum sensors in laboratories. 

The Wigner crystal is often confused with Moiré crystals. Those crystals can trap electrons in graphene. Or some other 2D materials. Those materials can act as quantum-level AESA radars. Those systems might not see very long distances. They could act alongside regular AESA radars. They could detect stealth materials because of their extremely high resolution. Regular AESA can use an AI-based system to see targets or their vortices. Disturbances in air molecules can uncover stealth. 

“Illuminating the crystal with light with a built-in sense of rotation (white beam) reveals regions where the star-of-David clusters adopt opposite orientations (shown in red and blue) and uncovers how the collective motion of the quantum phase and atomic vibrations interact with each other. Credit: Jörg M. Harms.” (ScitechDaily, Quantum Fluctuations Break a Crystal’s Symmetry Rules)

When the system comes closer. 

It will start to use high-resolution quantum AESA to take a closer look at that object. 

But they can act as tools. That detects guns under clothes. And those systems can see through walls. Maybe. Nanorobots can someday carry those instruments to search things that have never been seen before. 

The system can input energy into those electrons. Then the frame that trapped those electrons can rotate. And that makes this thing a very short-wave quantum Doppler radar. That kind of tool can revolutionize radar technology. In quantum computers, the crystals can act as quantum channels. 

“Researchers have shown that nanoscale silicon structures can amplify an otherwise weak optical effect enough to control light almost instantaneously. Credit: Claudio Hail.” ScitechDaily, Scientists Reprogram How Light Travels in Just 74 Femtoseconds)

Or. Quantum synapses. In. Those systems. Graphene crystal lattices are opposite to each other. They can exchange information between quantum computers. The quantum synapses act like normal neural synapses. In that structure. Every electron exchanges and transmits information between individual quantum states

Photonics can also make it possible. To make ultra-powerful light. When light travels in a circle. And. When. A light beam touches that light circle. That circle inputs energy into that light beam. This can raise the energy level in that light beam. Into. A very high level. 

The system can be used with normal or coherent light. This kind of system. It could help to transport information between quantum and photonic computers. This system can be used. Input energy and information into quantum dots. The quantum dot is like a hill or pothole in the energy field. The quantum dot can capture electrons or photons. 

“Researchers developed a new type of integrated photonic device capable of generating broad ranges of light frequencies on a chip. The device uses a silicon nitride core to generate optical frequency combs while a surrounding silica layer produces Raman scattering. Credit: Alekhya Ghosh.”(ScitechDaily, Scientists Turn an Overlooked Chip Layer Into a Powerful New Light Source)

When we think. So-called mechanical quantum computers. The name of those systems is taken from mechanical computers. In those systems, the photons are in superposition and entanglement. Those photons. They are in superposition. They can act.  In a similar way to how mechanical computers' gears and ropes act.

If. Those systems could handle those quantum dots. It could make routes on the layer. And information can travel following that route. This makes it possible to create new types of quantum chips. The ability to control light. It makes it possible to create new quantum memories. The quantum fluctuations can transmit information into quantum dots. And that makes them an interesting tool in quantum technology. 

An ability. To control light plays a vital role in photonic computers. There are models of photonic computers. forming a layer between quantum computers and electronic computers. 

https://scitechdaily.com/light-reveals-the-hidden-quantum-motion-inside-an-exotic-crystal/

https://scitechdaily.com/new-technique-could-slash-ais-memory-energy-use-by-thousands-of-times/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-fluctuations-break-a-crystals-symmetry-rules/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-reprogram-how-light-travels-in-just-74-femtoseconds/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-turn-an-overlooked-chip-layer-into-a-powerful-new-light-source/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wigner_crystal

Quantum gravity.

M-theory explains the universe as multiple layers. Our universe is on an M-brane. And each main brane involves multiple sub-branes. Those sub-branes behave like the main brane. Gravity is very short-wavelength radiation. Maybe its origin is in gluon evaporation. Or in a hypothetical graviton particle.  This means that gravity can travel between sub-branes. 

The brane theory can explain why gravitation is so different than other forces. The brane theory explains the universe as a stack of branes. Those branes. They are like papers on top of each other. Gravitational waves, or gravitational radiation, can travel between those branes. When. Gravitational waves travel between branes. That radiation, or wave movement, interacts with branes, forming whirls. Those quantum whirls are like wheels that rotate in the opposite direction. 

Than. Gravitational radiation travels. Those whirls act like quantum rolls that transport wave movement. And energy to the gravitational center. This means that. Gravitational waves are formed around energy that travels in a certain direction. That direction is away from the gravitational center. That radiation forms those whirls that transport brane layers. Into. The gravitational center. This kind of gravitational effect looks like a layer. There are rolls around it. That layer is a very large energy wave.

In this text. Brane means: Energy field. “In string theory and related theories (such as supergravity), a brane is a physical object that generalizes the notion of a zero-dimensional point particle, a one-dimensional string, or a two-dimensional membrane to higher-dimensional objects. Branes are dynamical objects that can propagate through spacetime according to the rules of quantum mechanics. They have mass and can have other attributes such as charge.” (Wikipedia, Brane)

In that theory, the universe is a stack of branes. That looks like butter dough. Branes are energy layers. And if we want to use the Planck exclusion principle in this model. There is a possibility that if branes have the same energy levels. They cannot be in each other. This is the Planck exclusion principle. Extension into wave movement. That principle determines that there cannot be two identical fermions in the same quantum system. 

Then we can ask how quantum gravity could destroy matter. This model tells us that there is a single baryon, proton, or neutron in the middle of the atom’s core. Quantum gravitation. It is the effect between quarks. Quarks around the central baryon pull its quarks away from each other. Each baryon has three quarks. And that means the central baryon. It is. Slightly asymmetrical position in the middle of the atom. And that means the gravitational effect from the outer baryons can destroy the central hadron. 

When gravitational forces interact symmetrically with the center of gravity. 

They form the gravitational bubble. The point there is no gravitation. That bubble can be the source of the gravitational waves. When. Particles send those waves. They interact with that bubble.  There is a possibility. That source of those gravitational waves. It is in the gluon evaporation. That zero-G bubble can be the thing. That causes material destruction. 

This is an oversimplified model of quantum-scale gravity. Gravity interacts in atoms. Or any other gravitational centers in both directions. And a little asymmetry in that structure. Turns gravity asymmetric. Each particle is a gravitational center. That thing turns gravitational waves into chaos. The gravitational entropy destroys matter. The orchestration of the gravitational centers determines the strength of that field. When. An object turns denser. That brings those gravitational centers closer. 

To each other. This means that if one of those centers becomes dominant. That effect turns those gravitational centers into harmonic oscillation. The most harmonic gravitational oscillation is in black holes.

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/quantum-gravity/

https://www.space.com/quantum-gravity.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstring_theory