The first all-in-one chip works as a pathfinder for a quantum network.

"Scientists at Oak Ridge National Laboratory have developed the first chip that integrates key quantum photonic components to generate and manipulate entangled photons, advancing efforts toward a scalable quantum internet. This breakthrough enables transmission of quantum information over existing fiber-optic infrastructure, using mass-producible chips to reduce cost and complexity. (Artist’s concept.) (ScitechDaily, Scientists Build First All-in-One Chip for Quantum Internet)

The quantum internet is extremely safe. Data that travels in the quantum network is connected to particles.  If somebody tries to steal data that causes the qubit the particle that transports data will lose it. If somebody looks at the data. It travels out of the qubit. In regular encryption, the system just disturbs the data into new order.

Quantum encryption means that the system denies the access to the data. In the simplest versions. The system can transport data in hollow laser beams. The data transportation laser sends data in the hollow laser beam. That denies outsiders to see data. That travels in the system. 

Both quantum computers and quantum networks require a new type of infrastructure. Old-fashioned copper- and light cables are useless if the system must transport qubits in the network. One of the solutions can be fullerene nanotubes. Qubits transport information in those nanostructures. 

The idea is that the system loads information to the photon. And then. That photon will travel inside the nanotube. The problem is that those nanotubes must be very long. Replacing copper and light cables using nanotubes is not a cheap solution. The nanotube is also very hard. And that makes it hard to put them into curves. 

Another way to close this problem is to make a quantum wire that looks like a tapeworm. The structure of the quantum network would be a series of quantum chips. That thing makes the structure. That is a combination of the quantum computer and data transportation system. The system transports information in a series of superpositioned and entangled photons. The cable itself acts as a data-handling tool. 

That segment-chain computer can have two ways to handle data. The electric- or photon-electric binary system prepares those quantum chips to transport qubits. The system can transport data without changing or processing it. But it can also operate as a quantum computer. 

The system can act as a series. In that model, the quantum chips send information back to the beginning point when data travels through them. The system stores that data in mass memories. It can compare data that travels in two separate chains. Because. Information travels in that quantum chip chain in stages. 

The system recognizes if there is a difference in data. The data-handling process happens in stages. And the system recognizes where the error begins. That kind of "intelligent cable" would be one way to make a quantum computer that can transport information between two points. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-build-first-all-in-one-chip-for-quantum-internet/

The quantum effect allows us to research our minds and memories.

"A stunning discovery shows that quantum computation might be embedded in the very structure of life, enabling organisms to process information at mind-boggling speeds – even in warm, wet environments. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Discovered Quantum Signals Inside Life Itself)

The quantum effect in living organisms is something that we might not even understand. The living systems are complicated. They are full of interference, and their entropy is very high. But otherwise in cells. It can be "deep" micro whirls that allow quantum information to travel through the cell itself. The proteins in the cells can also form so-called quantum channels. There quantum information can travel without interacting with the cell's structures. 

That thing opens new visions about the research cell's internal actions and reactions. But that thing opens new visions to trying to understand things like consciousness and its mechanisms. That quantum phenomenon can open the road to research how things like magnetic fields transform or affect our thoughts and minds. That thing can also be the key to reading our memories and dreams. 

"The computational capacities of aneural organisms and neurons have been drastically underestimated by considering only classical information channels such as ionic flows and action potentials, which achieve maximum computing speeds of ∼103 ops/s. However, it has been recently confirmed by fluorescence quantum yield experiments that large networks of quantum emitters in cytoskeletal polymers support superradiant states at room temperature, with maximum speeds of ∼1012 to 1013 ops/s, more than a billion times faster and within two orders of magnitude of the Margolus-Levitin limit for ultraviolet-photoexcited states. "(ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Discovered Quantum Signals Inside Life Itself)

These protein networks of quantum emitters are found in both aneural eukaryotic organisms as well as in stable, organized bundles in neuronal axons. In this single-author research article in Science Advances, quantitative comparisons are made between the computations that can have been performed by all superradiant life in the history of our planet, and the computations that can have been performed by the entire matter-dominated universe with which such life is causally connected. Estimates made for human-made classical computers and future quantum computers with effective error correction motivate a reevaluation of the role of life, computing with quantum degrees of freedom, and artificial intelligences in the cosmos. Credit: Quantum Biology Laboratory, Philip Kurian" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Just Discovered Quantum Signals Inside Life Itself)

"Yale researchers have uncovered evidence that babies can store memories far earlier than we once thought. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Your Earliest Memories Might Still Exist – Science Just Found the Clues)

In some models, our first memories are behind things like nightmares. 

Researchers think that the very first memories in our brains still exist. But brains cannot collect them into new entirety. Those first memories are stored in brains where were only a very few neurons if we compare them with adult brains. That means memories scatter around the brain. And maybe. Quantum technology can read those memory allocation units that the first neurons stored. Theoretically, those systems must only recognize those cells, read the data units from those very first memory cells, and then reorder them into the original order. 

Memory cells act like a puzzle. Every piece in the puzzle is an independent memory allocation unit.  Every memory cell holds one part of memory. And cell group handles all of those memories. Every neuron handles only a small part of the image. And if those neurons are far away from each other that makes it hard to restore images.  Thinking means that. Brains reconnect those memory allocation units. When a person gets flashbacks in some stressful situations that means that the non-used neural track is activated. 

There is a model where nightmares are forming in the first memory cells. First memories are behind strange dreams our brains have access to those memories. But they cannot collect them back into their original entirety. 

When we think about information stored in our brains we must realize that the first memories from childhood might not gone or lost. The problem is that our brains advance from childhood. In that process, the number of neurons grows and their connections are multiplying. So our first memories form in brains where there are not very many neurons. When the number of those neurons grows those memories or memory allocation units will go to longer distances than they were in our childhood. Our brains just cannot convert those memories into new entities. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-just-discovered-quantum-signals-inside-life-itself/

https://scitechdaily.com/your-earliest-memories-might-still-exist-science-just-found-the-clues/

The supersonic flight turns metal bonds weaker.

Above: North American X-15 in wind tunnel test. 

We know that friction weakens materials. Things like metal structures are vulnerable to heat. The reason for that is that metal structures are not solid and homogenous structures. The friction forms heat that destroys the metal structures. In the second image (Image 2),  we can see the aluminum crystalline structure. We can see that those are not in perfect symmetry. But the structure looks a little bit like a diamond (Image 4). That atomic structure makes aluminum very suitable for aviation. The problem is that the real bonds that are marked as grey tubes don't follow the route of the theoretical bonds that are marked by a black dash. If aluminum atoms form the boxes or structures like carbon in a diamond. That makes it stronger. 

Image 2. Crystalline structure of aluminum. 

However the structure can be more effective if those aluminum atoms can form a perfect box structure that continues homogenously over the entire trunk. Things like nanotubes can transport energy out of the structure. The best solution for nanotubes is that they are horizontally through the metal structure. If there are no connection points. That makes energy travel better through those tubes. 

The image 3 shows the problem of energy in the 3D surfaces. We can see that there are potholes in that structure. And that causes energy asymmetry in this lattice. 

The potholes and hills in structure cause differences in energy levels. Make energy travel to the lower energy points. And that forms standing waves that push atoms away. 

There are two ways to make the material strong. One is nanotubes and one is to make metal extremely pure. 

The structure is like boxes. And that allows the metal to dump energy into those boxes. That energy forms a standing wave that breaks the structure sooner or later. The thing that breaks the structure is the reflecting wave from the metal crystal. When we compare that structure with the diamond's carbon structure.

(Image 3) The polarization in lattice. The polarization under laser ray. Tells about the energy levels in the lattice. 

 We can see that the diamond's dodecahedron structure (Image 3)allows energy to travel out from the structure more easily than from the metal. If the energy level in the top carbon is lower than the bottom carbon. That increases the energy flow through a diamond. 

There are small metal crystals and bites of dross in the metal structure. When heat transfers to those structures. It causes standing waves into the layers. When energy travels into those small crystals. They store that energy inside them. Sooner or later. Energy levels in those metal structures turn higher than in the environment. That energy destroys the material structures. 

(Image 4) Diamond crystalline structure. 

We know that. To keep material in its form. There must be someplace. There the material can put that energy. The reason why carbon fiber stands better at supersonic speed is that it is fiber. In supersonic speed the air pressure pushes carbon fiber against the wing. If that fiber goes over the wing it can transport more energy to air. 

The next question is where that energy dump can put that energy. One answer can be the nanodiamonds. That can transport energy out from the metal. Another answer to the heat problem can be nanotubes that can conduct energy out of the structure. The system works that way so that there is a lower energy area behind the aircraft. 

The nanotubes can transport energy out from metal structures if they continue over the entire airplane's body. Things like electron beams can also operate as the thermal pump that transports energy out from the structure. 

 https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-speed-weakens-metal-bonds-strength-peaks-at-1060-m-s-study-finds?group=test_b

The intense electron beam can have many purposes.

"Researchers have developed the most powerful ultrashort electron beam to date using a novel laser shaping technique. This unlocks new experiments in fields from astrophysics to quantum chemistry. (Artistic concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, SLAC Just Fired the Most Intense Submicron Electron Beam in History – Here’s What It Can Do)

Intense electron beams can act as a qubit carrier. They can also act as thermal pumps and weapons. The Tesla's death ray was probably the cathode ray. And the thing that this kind of electron beam makes when it impacts cells is that it destroys the genomes. The electron beam has a higher energy level than photons. And that makes electron beams suitable for welding systems. 

The electron beams are suitable for antimatter creation. 

When a high-power electron beam hits a thin gold layer it turns some electrons into positrons. It's possible. To make a compact antimatter bomb. Using a cathode tube. The capacitors can give energy impulses to the cathode and anode. 

If the speed of the electron flow is turning high and there is a thin cold layer between the cathode and anode that makes the Teller's bomb or antimatter bomb true. It's possible that the antimatter can be created by conducting lightning into the statues. If they are covered using a thin cold layer. Theoretically, the antimatter weapon can be the jam jar. There is the cathode and anode. On the anode side can be the extremely powerful magnet that makes those electrons move faster. 

The same technology. That was used in Teller's bomb can be used in the antimatter rockets. The system shoots electrons through the gold membrane. That creates the antimatter electrons.

That system shoots against electrons. The system can make those impacts in the same chambers. That normal rockets use. The antimatter can give a very high push if annihilation happens in the propellant or medium like water. In that case, antimatter can operate as the "turbo boost" for the rockets. 

The problem with electron beams is that they should stand in the form. When we think about things like energy flows it's possible to create an electron beam where the outer structure travels slower and lasers accelerate its internal electrons. In that system, the electrons in the internal electron beam act like a thermal pump that transfers energy out of the internal structure of the electron beam.  That is one way to make an electron beam that can travel over long distances. It is also possible to shoot protons inside the electron beam. But that system makes the electron beam less inaccurate. 

https://scitechdaily.com/slac-just-fired-the-most-intense-submicron-electron-beam-in-history-heres-what-it-can-do/

Stars in a bottle: can we ever create a fusion reactor?

"U.S. Department of Energy’s Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, PPPL scientists developed a new way to improve stellarator performance by using a proxy function to optimize magnetic fields, bringing fusion energy a step closer to reality. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Can We Bottle a Star? Breakthrough Fusion Device Could Hold the Key)

The fusion reaction is a very common thing in the universe. Stars get their energy from it. The biggest problem with fusion on Earth is how to handle the energy that fusion ignition forms. The energy that forms in the fusion reaction is enormous. The ignition sends energy waves away from that point, and that energy wave breaks the plasma. 

Maybe, it's possible to handle that energy. By making a hole or energy pothole in the middle of the plasma. That means there must be some lower energy point in the plasma structure. And then another thing that the system must do is to make the fusion ignition on the plasma shell. In that case, the fusion ignition sends energy into the middle of the plasma. 

Then there should be something that transports energy out of the middle of the plasma. To keep the plasma in the right form. That system is hard to make in Tokamak. If we want to replace the plasma donut by using the ball-shaped fusion material that can turn the system functional. The idea is that the system looks like the structure of the sun or other stars. There can be two internal plasma structures. The system makes ignition in both of those plasma structures at the same time. 

That creates two impacting energy waves.  Some kind of thermal pump must start to transmit energy out. From the middle of the system. 

In a ball-shaped fusion structure, the laser beam can transport energy out of the middle of the ball. That makes the situation that energy travels in the middle of the plasma structure. And that makes a vacuum that should keep the plasma ball in the right form. Making that kind of energy vacuum in the plasma donut in the Tokamak is one of the most critical things. 

Ion-anion collisions can make it possible to create systems that require lower energy levels than Tokamak. The system looks like "Y"-shaped tubes there the accelerators that accelerate ions and anions shoot them against each other. That system can boost the energy level using lasers. And that is one version of the pulsed plasma systems.

But how to keep the ion ring in its shape? 

So can the electron beam be the answer? The idea is that the ring-shaped electron ring keeps plasma in its form. 

The idea is that the low-energy electrons are injected into the Tokamak same time as the plasma ring. Or the system uses two internal plasma rings with different energy levels. Then the system raises the energy of that outer plasma ring. And then that system sends the opposite polar particles to the plasma. So if the plasma is anion plasma. The system sends ions into the chamber.  Or the ion plasma requires anion injection. That can be from the fusion injection of the plasma ring's shell. 

There is also the possibility to use ion and anion ring series to create fusion. When the temperature is high enough those anion and ion donuts can impact each other. The problem is that those systems require a temperature that is higher than the temperature in the sun. The system must keep plasma away from the walls of the chambers. 

https://scitechdaily.com/can-we-bottle-a-star-breakthrough-fusion-device-could-hold-the-key/

Lightsails are coming.

"In a potential step toward sending small spacecraft to the stars, researchers have developed an ultra-thin, ultra-reflective membrane designed to ride a column of laser light to incredible speeds. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Breakthrough Lightsail: Ultra-Thin, AI-Optimized, and Ready to Race to Alpha Centauri)

Ultra-thin and strong materials are things that can make a large solar- or lightsail true. Lightsails offer a cheap and easy way to transport spacecraft to the asteroid belt. Materials used in lightsails can offer a choice to take asteroids back to Earth. The vehicle uses lightsail to travel to the asteroid belt. Then that lightsail turns into a bag and the craft wraps the asteroid. And then it can ignite its rocket. 

Theoretically, solar- or light sails can even travel to Alpha Centauri. The lightsail gets its energy from the sun. The particle flow from the sun pushes that system out from the sun. The system can use magnetized materials to collect those ions more effectively. And there can be lasers on its road that shoot laser impulses to a lightsail. However, the magnetized material allows to use of ion cannons that shoot ions to the lightsail. Thin magnets can collect those particles into the sail. The lightsail can research the solar system. 

And ions give more power. In the most powerful version called "Medusa," the system uses a lightsail in the inner solar system. There are thermonuclear bombs like hydrogen bombs on the sails route. Those nuclear bombs can be shot to those positions using different spacecraft. And when lightsail travels past them those systems will be detonated. That gives punch to that spacecraft on the journey to Proxima Centauri. 

Lightsails are very large structures. If that material is covered using metals the lightsail's sail structure can be used as a communication antenna. That makes it possible to create large-size radar antennas. And maybe in the future, that kind of system can research the solar system. The lightsail technology can also used in radio telescopes, radar, and electronic recon satellites.  

Radio telescopes and electronic recon satellites are the same systems. The large antenna can capture weak signals. So the next-generation electronic recon satellites can use lightsail's material technology in their structures.  The same materials can be used in large-scale weather-protecting structures on Earth.  They can be used to cover camps and even yards in everyday life. 

https://scitechdaily.com/breakthrough-lightsail-ultra-thin-ai-optimized-and-ready-to-race-to-alpha-centauri/

Writing about drying the Colorado River and the ancient Mars.

"Water managers have overestimated the Colorado River’s water supply because warmer, drier springs reduce rainfall, causing plants to consume more of the snowmelt instead of it reaching the streams. New research shows that nearly 70% of the water shortfall is due to this shift, challenging current water prediction models." ScitechDaily, Vanishing Water Mystery: Scientists Uncover Why the Colorado River Is Running Dry)

Let's start with the Colorado River which has less water than should. There is the possibility that warming temperature increases vaporization. But, what really happens? Some parts of the Colorado River flow in the canyon. When the temperature around the thin Canyon Valley rises. That temperature rising causes the air around the canyon to start to rise. That decreases the pressure in the canyon. When the pressure decreases. That decreases the boiling point. 

When water flows over some stones. That causes an effect. Some part of the water flow is in low pressure. When water direction travels over some other water layer. That can cause even a vacuum between those layers. And that means the water will boil at a very low temperature. When air will not push water back into the flow. That releases water molecules into the air. So maybe low pressure in the canyon has some kind of role in this phenomenon. 

And then to Mars...

"Pale rocks found on Mars by NASA’s Perseverance rover contain kaolinite, a mineral that forms in warm, wet environments, suggesting the planet may have once been much more hospitable to life. Scientists are intrigued by this unexpected discovery, which hints at a wetter, potentially life-supporting past on the Red Planet. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Alien Clues in Strange Martian Stone: Scientists Stunned by Rover Discovery)

The rover picked up an interesting stone on planet Mars. That stone has been under ancient water. And it can hold the clues of life. There is the possibility that some of those stones that were underwater in Mars's past can hold the bacteria remnants that can recognized as bacteria. 

Today planet Mars is a cold and hostile place. In the past, there could be some kind of prokaryotes. The meteorite is known as Allan Hills (ALH) 84001. 

There are stones on Earth that can be from the planet Mars. There are some structures. That looks like some kind of bacteria that can form the chains. The counter-argument is that those structures are too small being modern bacteria. But when we think about the first primitive organisms they didn't have mitochondria or nuclei. 

Electron microscopy revealed chain structures resembling living organisms in meteorite fragment ALH84001 (Wikipedia, Allan Hills 84001)

They were prokaryotes that got their energy from geothermic temperature. Those very primitive organisms did not have all the organelles. That modern bacteria have. So that causes discussions about those structures of the Allan Hills 84001. 

The origin of those bacteria is unknown because when those meteorites came through the atmosphere. When those meteorites impact Antarctica there is the possibility that this temperature made some bacteria travel to those meteorites. 

https://scitechdaily.com/vanishing-water-mystery-scientists-uncover-why-the-colorado-river-is-running-dry/

https://scitechdaily.com/alien-clues-in-strange-martian-stone-scientists-stunned-by-rover-discovery/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan_Hills_84001

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote

The code of quantum entanglement is broken.

"Scientists have unlocked the full statistical fingerprint of quantum entanglement, enabling device testing without needing to know how those devices work. Credit: J-D Bancal (IPhT)" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Crack the Hidden Code of Quantum Entanglement)

"Physicists have made a major leap in our understanding of quantum entanglement by fully mapping out the statistics it can produce – essentially decoding the language of the quantum world." (ScitechDaily, Scientists Crack the Hidden Code of Quantum Entanglement)

"This breakthrough reveals how the bizarre but powerful correlations in quantum systems can be used to test, secure, and certify the behavior of quantum devices, all without knowing their inner workings. The ability to self-test even partially entangled systems now opens doors to more robust quantum communication, encryption, and computing methods. It’s a game-changer for both fundamental physics and real-world quantum tech." (ScitechDaily, Scientists Crack the Hidden Code of Quantum Entanglement)

Because particles spin in opposite directions in the quantum entanglement that causes the counter-wave in the quantum string. Another thing that limits quantum computers is this: quantum entanglement is successful only between photons and the photon's spin is one. And the other particle's spin is 1/2. When the particle turns in the opposite direction the quantum string jumps out from its shell. The only known particle that spins is 1 is a photon. 

 

"A moiré pattern formed by two units of parallel lines, one unit rotated 5° clockwise relative to the other" (Wikipedia, Moiré pattern)

When a particle makes a superposition with some other particle it starts to transmit information to that other particle. That process looks like the belt travels between pulleys. If pulleys rotate back and forth. That makes it hard to put and keep that belt close enough to the pulleys. In quantum entanglement, the string that carries information looks like that belt. That belt must also be at a higher energy level. So that it can transfer information to the receiving particle. 

The ability to search the event is important. To control that event the system requires that it knows all things. About that event. The most important effect. In the modern computing is the quantum entanglement. The quantum computers require quantum entanglement for their operations. And the problem is that if something sends energy impulses to the middle of the superpositioned particle pairs.

The problem with quantum entanglement is the heat that raises the temperature in the quantum string that transfers data from the sender to the receiver. The problem with quantum entanglement and its control is that it's impossible to transmit data between sender and receiver without any outcoming effects. Another thing is that the effect called: the Moiré effect, or Moiré patterns causes 100% of data not to reach the receiver. Because in the Moiré pattern, the other particle or pattern moves opposite to the other. Causing quantum noise. 

The effect is similar to an event where two plate drums rotate oppositely. If one plate drum touches another a little bit skewed that turns another drum and skews it oppositely. That causes the noise. Same way two superpositioned and entangled particles cause quantum noise. That wave movement is like the thing that travels in the opposite direction than the quantum strings.  

The Moiré effect means that when particles turn into superposition and make the quantum entanglement between them the quantum string pushes the receiving particle a little bit. That thing makes that particle pair act like Moiré patterns. Because those particles or patterns are turned oppositely to each other. That forms the standing wave between those structures. That standing wave that forms between quantum entanglement, or superpositioned and entangled particle pairs stretches those quantum strings. 

The ability to predict quantum entanglement and its behavior is the thing. That the high-power quantum computers require. To turn themselves more effective. Cracking the code of quantum engagement is the key to better understanding quantum systems. When we create quantum systems. We must realize. That there is always entropy. The growing entropy destroys all quantum systems. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-crack-the-hidden-code-of-quantum-entanglement/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moiré_pattern

The mystery of Mars is growing.

"This graphic shows the long-chain organic molecules decane, undecane, and dodecane. These are the largest organic molecules discovered on Mars to date. They were detected in a drilled rock sample called “Cumberland” that was analyzed by the Sample Analysis at Mars lab inside the belly of NASA’s Curiosity rover. The rover, whose selfie is on the right side of the image, has been exploring Gale Crater since 2012. An image of the Cumberland drill hole is faintly visible in the background of the molecule chains. Credit: NASA/Dan Gallagher" (ScitechDaily, Life on Mars? NASA’s Curiosity Rover Finds Prebiotic Clues in a 3.7-Billion-Year-Old Rock)

The new observations about Martian rocks uncover long carbon molecules. Those molecules can be the remnants of ancient life. Or maybe some other thing formed them. When probes research red planet. we can see ancient lakes and rivers. 

Today those lakes and rivers are all gone. The reason for that is that the Mars' atmosphere is very thin. And that allows cosmic radiation to impact Mars's surface. 

There could be bacteria or proto-bacteria on that planet. But then some cosmic catastrophe like an impact with some big asteroid or protoplanet blew lots of material from the red planet to space. And it's possible that this impact also pushed Mars away from its original place. But was Mars closer, or outer from the sun? That is a good question. Another good question is: how big Mars was before those cosmic catastrophes? There were many catastrophes in the Mars-planet youth. 

"A view of Mars’s north polar cap, reconstructed from various spacecraft data. The spiral troughs that dissect the cap are visible. Credit: NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio" (Astronomy, Ghost rivers, hidden lakes: The long search for water on Mars)

This river delta looks like a pituitary gland. "Glacier-like features, where a mass of material appears to have flowed downhill between two ridges, hint at where ice probably accumulated in the past in the mid-latitudes of Mars. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona" (Astronomy, Ghost rivers, hidden lakes: The long search for water on Mars)

"A close-up of Mars’ south pole shows a thick ice cap, thought to be made up of frozen water and frozen carbon dioxide. Credit: ESA/DLR/FU Berlin/Bill Dunford" (Astronomy, Ghost rivers, hidden lakes: The long search for water on Mars)

We see only the last version of that planet. The Mars planet didn't form the entire Asteroid belt. But there can be some remnants of the Mars-planet's ancient lithosphere. Those river and lake remnants are formed after the last catastrophe. And it's possible that the cosmic ice ball hit Mars at that time. That causes interesting thinking experiments. The Mars planet's gravity is very weak. If we compare it to Earth's gravity. 

That means the cosmic snowball would not heat so much as if it hit Earth.  So those cosmic snowballs can carry protobacteria to Mars. The big problem is this. Where came from water. What formed those ancient lakes and rivers come from? If we think that the red planet has been heavier and bigger before it lost its lithosphere. 

So, did the planet Mars impact with the icy moon or some icy dwarf planet like Jupiter's Europa moon? That can explain those ancient lakes and rivers. If Mars really lost its lithosphere in some impact it should vaporize the water and throw that water, what existed before the impact to space. 

We know that the biggest asteroid Ceres is mainly water. So there should be other ice asteroids in the asteroid belt. The depth of those oceans is unknown. But if the water that formed the Martian lakes and rivers remnants we see came from somewhere else the best candidate can be the water dwarf planet like Europa. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/ghost-rivers-hidden-lakes-the-long-search-for-water-on-mars/

https://scitechdaily.com/life-on-mars-nasas-curiosity-rover-finds-prebiotic-clues-in-a-3-7-billion-year-old-rock/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceres_(dwarf_planet)#Internal_structure

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars

The new tools are improving communication and microchip technology.

"Schematic of chiral terahertz generation and control: A femtosecond laser interacts with a patterned spintronic emitter, producing elliptically or circularly polarized terahertz waves. Rotating the emitter adjusts the polarization, while built-in electric fields—formed by charge accumulation at the pattern’s edges—control the amplitude and phase differences. Credit: Q. Yang et al., 10.1117/1.AP.7.2.026007" (ScitechDaily,Tiny Stripes Unlock Powerful Terahertz Control for Faster Data and Sharper Scans)

"A revolutionary new spintronic device developed in China enables powerful, precise control of terahertz (THz) wave polarization, without the need for bulky external components."(ScitechDaily,Tiny Stripes Unlock Powerful Terahertz Control for Faster Data and Sharper Scans)

Terahertz radiation and laser technology can boost microchip technology. And robotics with communication. Terahertz radiation is non-ionizing. That means it doesn't disturb its environment like radio waves do. This makes it a suitable tool for miniature microchips. Terahertz communication doesn't cause electromagnetic turbulence the same way as some radio waves. 

And terahertz radiation doesn't interact with radio waves. That gives that radiation a very high accuracy in communication. Coherent terahertz radiation makes it possible to create a safe communication tool. The terahertz stripes can make the terahertz masers possible. And terahertz-radiation masers are tools that can make very highly accurate communication possible. 

Another interesting tool is the miniature laser system. That system can allow to making of new types of microchips. Things like drones can also communicate by using small lasers. Both terahertz-masers and miniature lasers can make it possible to create smaller drones than ever before. Those systems allow the drone to use radio-wave-based energy transmission. Those new drones can be like some kind of smoke that can travel in the air. 

"Deep ultraviolet solid-state laser with a compact setup generates a vortex at 193 nm wavelength. Credit: H. Xuan (GBA branch of Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences)"

"A new solid-state laser produces 193-nm light for precision chipmaking and even creates vortex beams with orbital angular momentum – a first that could transform quantum tech and manufacturing." (ScitechDaily,Scientists Create Compact Laser That Could Revolutionize Chipmaking and Quantum Devices)

Miniaturized laser technology is a tool that can make miniature drones to fight against things like bacteria. Those drones can capture and analyze any bacteria that they see. Laser systems can cut the DNA into the wanted bites. 

Miniature lasers can cut the cell organelles and that system makes it possible for the system to cut things like molecules at certain points. The nano-drones can operate in the nanotechnology factory. They can carry proteins and other things into the right places. That is one way to think about the nanofactory. The nanofactory can be the tank where the chemical environment is very accurately controlled. 

The nanomachines swim in the chemically controlled liquid. Then they can carry DNA or other molecules at certain points in the structure. Those nanomachines can look like smoke when they operate in that environment. The advanced AI and quantum computers control that nanorobot swarm. The robot swarm can get its energy from light or some radiowaves. In that system, the normal light can give energy to the nanomachine's photovoltaic cells. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-create-compact-laser-that-could-revolutionize-chipmaking-and-quantum-devices/

 https://scitechdaily.com/tiny-stripes-unlock-powerful-terahertz-control-for-faster-data-and-sharper-scans/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terahertz_radiation

New diamond qubits are game-changing.

"The diamond quantum chip used in this research. Credit: QuTech" (ScitechDaily, Quantum Computing Breakthrough Achieved With Diamond Qubits)

"Scientists at QuTech have achieved a major milestone in quantum computing by creating highly precise quantum gates on a diamond chip, hitting error rates as low as 0.001%." (ScitechDaily, Quantum Computing Breakthrough Achieved With Diamond Qubits)

"By using ultra-pure diamonds and advanced gate designs, the team overcame key challenges that have limited previous approaches. These precise gates passed rigorous testing with long sequences of operations, marking a significant step toward building scalable quantum computers." (ScitechDaily, Quantum Computing Breakthrough Achieved With Diamond Qubits)

The problem with quantum computers is the gate that controls the information flow. The qubit can involve at the same time multiple zeros and ones. When the quantum computer loads information to qubits we can think this thing is similar to the cases where the system spray paints that information to the qubit. But in that case, the system makes the 3D structure like a globe. There the mountains and hills are the zeros and ones. 

Diamond qubits make quantum computers more effective. The prime question in those systems is how to stabilize that qubit. The qubit makes quantum entanglement between two photons. And then, it starts to make data transmission between those photons. Another promising thing to make qubits is neutrons. Neutrons are bipolar particles with N/S polarity. And that makes those particles capable of operating as qubits. 

The system transmits information into the neutron's quantum field. That energy pike in the spin axle should transmit it forward. 

The problem is that the neutron is not slight enough. The main problem is to control the photon. And transmit data in it. It's possible to use diamonds. Or, nanodiamonds trap photons and then transmit information between those diamonds. In some other cases, the nanodiamonds can also use phonons to transmit information in the quantum computer. 

The nanodiamonds and phonons are tools. That can make so-called acoustic qubits possible. The acoustic qubits are like quantum organs. In that system, all nanodiamond pairs have different resonance frequencies. So each of those pairs has different impurities and different colors. 

The acoustic or phononic qubits can mimic human brains. The idea is that those nano-size diamonds act like neurons.  

One of the reasons. Why human brains are so effective is that those neurons are close to each other. 

In the same way. In acoustic quantum computers, those diamonds are close to each other. And they can be closed in the nanotubes. That protects the acoustic transmission. The system is like the radio-wave-based systems. There each radio frequency is one layer or state of the qubit. Those diamonds can also send information in the form of EM radiation. 

Those diamonds are in opposite graphene networks. Nanodiamonds are precisely opposite to each other. A laser beam forms the phonon into those diamonds. And then. That phonon transmits data between those layers and nanodiamonds. This is one vision of acoustic qubits. 

The acoustic qubit means. That there the atoms or some atomic or subatomic particles like protons and neutrons that move. 

There is the possibility. The acoustic qubit sends the proton or some other particle to the quantum channel. That particle can also carry data itself. In that model, the acoustic system just kicks the qubit forward. 

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-computing-breakthrough-achieved-with-diamond-qubits/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonon