Underwater drones and flying aircraft carriers are the new tools for drone systems.

"Illustration of the USS Delaware deploying the Yellow Moray spy robot underwater. Image generated by AI" (Sustainability Times, “US Navy Breaks the Silence”: World’s First Reusable Underwater Spy Robot Deployed on Nuclear Submarine"

The U.S Navy released and returned the underwater spy drone to the torpedo tube. That is the new age for the UUV (Underwater unmanned vehicles). The underwater drone or autonomous underwater vehicle, AUV, can operate in exactly the same missions as ground-launched drones. But they have one advantage. Those drones can also operate underwater.  Those small-sized drones can also carry sub-drones. And that thing makes those systems more deadly than anybody expects. 

There is a possibility that just before landing, troops arrive, and small drones can be deployed near the beach. And when orders arrive, those systems can release that drone swarm to sweep the enemy out from the beach. When we think about those systems and their capacity, those drones are mainly platform-independent. They can operate with tanks and against them. Drone swarms can give fire support to other units. 

And they can be carried in any box. Those independently operating kamikaze-drones can use the images of the targets to aim and destroy them. The drone swarms can travel to harbors underwater and then attack against ship’s underwater structures, or they can rise to airborne and cause damage to radars and other systems. Or they can explode themselves on missiles, depth charges, or torpedoes. That can increase damages. The drone is the next-generation system. 

There are plans to use drone motherships. The drones can be multi-level systems. The drone carrier can operate autonomously. The carrier and submarines can operate as data centers for those drones. The human-looking robots can operate on those giant robots. And small-sized drones can also have wireless reload systems. Those carriers can also carry things like 3D printers that allow them to build new quadcopters. 

"Uncrewed Submarine Will Launch, Recover Drone That Can Swim, Fly

Uncrewed submarines loaded with 'multi-domain' drones could offer a new dimension for hunting for enemy naval forces and mines, and more." (Twz.com)

The Chinese are testing a new large mothership drone that is similar to NATO Global Hawk drones, but this drone can launch thousands of kamikaze drones over the battlefield. When we think about flying aircraft carriers. The VTOL aircraft that can hover in the air can allow the smaller drones to fly into their cargo bay and reload their batteries. The idea is taken from The Jetsons and their flying aircraft carrier. The fact is that Chinook or V-22 “Osprey” can operate in that role. The helicopter or aircraft can hover above the operational area, and those drones can fill their electric load in its cargo bay. 

There is no limit to the size of the quadcopters. And that means the nuclear-powered, large-size quadcopters can make it possible to operate drones or even larger aerial vehicles at airborne. The spaceborne aircraft carrier can be a spacecraft or a satellites that operate miniature satellites. Those satellites can operate at the orbiter more or less independently, and when their propellant is finished, those systems can fly to the larger satellite that fills their propellant tank. 

Miniature satellites can act as space spies that observe other satellites. And in wartime, those satellites can act as kinetic energy killer satellites that impact with other satellites. Miniature satellites can also protect bigger satellites. When the kinetic energy ASAT missile closes the satellite, the miniature satellites can impact with that satellite killer. 

https://www.livescience.com/technology/engineering/china-has-developed-the-largest-drone-carrier-in-the-world-and-its-getting-ready-for-takeoff

https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/chinas-drone-aircraft-carrier-what-you-need-know-and-why-it-matters-211085

https://pentoz.com/mothership-drones/

https://www.sustainability-times.com/energy/us-navy-breaks-the-silence-worlds-first-reusable-underwater-spy-robot-deployed-on-nuclear-submarine/

https://www.twz.com/drones-that-swim-and-fly-to-be-launched-recovered-by-uncrewed-submarine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autonomous_underwater_vehicle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unmanned_underwater_vehicle

China's new submarine is a terrifying thing.

The South China Morning Post,  SCMP, says that China's new Type 094 submarine can reach 30 knots speed and dive to 400 meters. The real values can be far higher because the PLA might not want to uncover their biggest secrets. And some of the new technology can be made for Chinese ultra-fast torpedoes. So, some rocket solutions are probably made for that new torpedo. 

China has made many advances in the submarine sector. The new Chinese submarines have piezo-electric crystals in their hull that deny the sonar system's ability to see the submarine. The crystal can make a phonon that can divide the sonar pulse and aim that sound energy away from its hull.

Those submarines are equipped with fundamental new propulsion systems. Chinese researchers have also tested new types of magneto-hydrodynamic and hydrodynamic propulsion systems. Those submarines and torpedo systems can create new types of underwater "rocket" engines that don't require propellers. The underwater rocket just pulls water into the chamber, expands it, and then conducts the water flow out from backward. 

There is the possibility to put propellers in the tubes that are closed in a vacuum layer. The vacuum layer in the submarine's hull makes very low noise. And putting propellers in the tube makes them low noise. 

And modern materials like stretchable graphene can be made. The submarine is noiseless. The stretchable or elastic shell that moves when the sonar pulse hits it decreases its echo. The graphene-style network-looking materials where the net cells are asymmetric can decrease echo.

The new propulsion systems. Like super cavitating propellers where side-coming water jets fill the space between the propeller's blades. With an opposite-rotating propeller. Is the system. That can give the submarine incredible speed. Those propellers can be in tubes and a pumping system brings water between them. That makes them low-noise and very effective. 

The side-coming water jets deny the vacuum formation that boils water between the propeller's blades and if the propeller rotates too fast. A cavitation bubble surrounds that bubble and loses its power. Those water jets deny the bubble formation. That makes the submarine more silent at high speeds. 

Above: The new plasma-laser propulsion can make the regular propellers old-fashioned. And that can turn the supersonic stealth submarines into reality. 

And then to underwater ion engines and other exotic systems. 

Things like magneto-hydrodynamic drive (MHD) are the next-generation tools for submarine propulsion. Normally we think that the MHD is the tube where the magnets pull water through it with the magnetic track. The MHD is like a particle accelerator that pulls water through the accelerator tube or between catamaran hulls. 

But, there are other ways to make the MHD. That system includes the ball-shaped structure or the generator's rotor in this ball. The idea is that the ball has positive and negative polarity. The water system pushes water to that ball's equator. The idea is that this system pushes anions and ions in different directions. The system pushes those particles into the front of the engine chamber. And those impacting particles will push the submarine forward. 

There are many ways to make rocket engines for submarines. The chemical systems can use hydrogen peroxide or sulfur acid. That it injects into the reaction chamber. Those chemicals warm or boil water in that chamber. And that reaction pushes the submarine forward. The idea is similar to the rocket. The temperature rise expands water that pushes the submarine or torpedo forward. 

The new laser system creates plasma that pushes the submarine forward.  China claims that this method can make supersonic, stealth submarines real.  

The system can also use microwaves or lasers to boil water in the reaction chamber. The system can directly heat water that it injects in that chamber. Or it can use some particles, like a ball. That heats up. And creates pressure in the rocket chamber.

Or the submarine can use the regular rocket engines. The nuclear reactor creates electricity that divides water molecules. Then the oxygen and hydrogen will conduct in the rocket chamber. And that gives submarines or torpedoes incredible speed. 

https://interestingengineering.com/military/supersonic-submarines-laser-propulsion-china

https://thedebrief.org/china-claims-new-breakthrough-in-laser-propulsion-could-lead-to-ultrafast-stealth-submarines/

 https://www.scmp.com/news/china/military/article/3308686/chinas-military-reveals-details-type-094-nuclear-submarine-first-time

https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3312861/china-working-ultra-fast-torpedo-powered-ai-submarine-warfare?utm_source=rss_feed

https://www.sustainability-times.com/research/chinas-terrifying-submarine-messaging-leap-lets-commands-travel-375-miles-underwater-igniting-global-military-fears/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamic_drive

Walther engine: an interesting fuel experiment.

Injecting water and sulfur acid or hydrogen peroxide into diesel engine cylinders makes a new type of steam engine. And that is an interesting attempt to replace petroleum from cars. 

In the 1910's before service stations, some cars used steam engines. The steam engine cars were popular until the gas station network was comprehensive enough. Those petroleum stations left steam engine cars into history. But it's possible that if the engineers had put their time into "precisely operating steam engines" those steam cars would not be put into history. The precisely operating engine means that the system injects water and sulfur acid or hydrogen peroxide into the combustion cylinders. When hydrogen peroxide or sulfur acid is injected into those chambers it creates heat and steam.  

Sometimes, researchers introduced that the diesel engine could be turned into a steam engine. They could operate without fossil fuels by using peroxide or sulfur acid-water mixture as the tool that replaced the combustion. In that system, another line transports water into the cylinder. Then the fuel injector injects sulfur acid or hydrogen peroxide into the cylinder. That kind of system can make it possible to create a new type of steam engine that should not create pollution. The problem is that the sulfur acid itself is a very corrosive thing. But it's possible that if that kind of system were created in the 1910's those steam engine cars still exist. 

The Walther turbine is used in torpedoes. The system works with hydrogen peroxide that reacts with water. The 90+% hydrogen peroxide will conduct to the turbine along with water. The chemical reaction creates heat and water vapor. And then that pressurized steam rotates turbines. In some other versions, the system uses sulfur acid that reacts with water and creates heat and vapor as hydrogen peroxide. In those systems, the attempt to replace fossil fuel was because the fuel must be stored in torpedoes. In the 1940's during WWII. German researchers developed submarines that used hydrogen peroxide and water as tools that created the steam for turbines that the submarine could use in underwater drive. 

Those systems gave test submarines an impressive underwater speed of 20-29 knots, which was much more than the normal diesel-electric propulsion. During WWII Germans built 31 (12A and 19B models) XVII-type submarines. But after WWII the interest in that system ended. And the reason was that. The hydrogen peroxide was expensive. The system could use sulfur acid for the same purpose, but for some reason, those systems didn't too flame. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_XVII_submarine