Could a massive Casimir effect between branes? Cause dark energy?

String theory can explain dark energy. The idea is that. Dark energy is the so-called positive energy that pushes things away from each other. There are many models that try to explain dark energy. One of those models is that. Dark energy is an energy. That traveled through wormholes. 

“A wormhole is a hypothetical structure that connects disparate points in spacetime. It can be visualized as a tunnel with two ends at separate points in spacetime (i.e., different locations, different points in time, or both). Wormholes are based on a special solution of the Einstein field equations. Wormholes are consistent with the general theory of relativity, but whether they actually exist is unknown. Many physicists postulate that wormholes are merely projections of a fourth spatial dimension, analogous to how a two-dimensional (2D) being could experience only part of a three-dimensional (3D) object.” (Wikipedia, Wormhole)

When energy or wave movement moves through the Einstein-Rosen bridge. That energy acts like water, which travels through the energy channel. In that model, dark energy forms in the maser emission. When a wormhole transports through the universe, the energy that travels inside it pulls energy into it. So it turns the wormhole’s outer shell colder, and it starts to pull energy into it. That energy that wormhole. Or an energy tornado that forms a channel through the universe increases the energy level of that wave movement. When that energy comes out from the wormhole, it increases the expansion of the universe. This means that the wormhole condenses energy from around it. 

“Open strings attached to a pair of D-branes”. So, could that effect mean? Do branes act like Casimir plates?

“Casimir forces on parallel plates” (Wikipedia, Casimir effect)

Casimir effect, image from Quanta magazine. 

“A wormhole visualized as a two-dimensional surface. Route (a) is the shortest path through normal space between points 1 and 2; route (b) is a shorter path through a wormhole.” (Wikipedia, Wormhole) 

If we connect the Casimir effect with the Brane theory, we can create a model where branes act like Casimir plates act in the Casimir effect. If the massive Casimir effect is behind dark energy, that explains why it seems to interact only between large megastructures. 

“In 1948, the Dutch physicist Hendrik Casimir recognized that in the narrow space between two conducting plates, not all quantum fields can pop into existence. In this region, the long wavelengths get cut off. This leads to a lower energy density inside the plates than outside. The mismatch of energies creates a force that tries to push the plates together.”(Quanta). 

But if those energy fields that push those plates together are identical and their force is symmetrically the same, that causes the standing wave that pushes those plates away from each other. 

But in another version, the key element is that. The giant Casimir effect. Forms the dark energy. The idea is taken from the Casimir effect. In that effect. Two metal plates that are close to each other form an energy between them. Or as we know. The Casimir effect doesn’t form energy between two metal plates. It condenses energy between plates. Those that are close to each other. In models, the giant quantum fields can also act like Casimir plates. That means that the Casimir effect can be connected with the Brane theory. In Brane theory, the universe or spacetime forms. Of so-called branes. And those branes  can act as Casimir plates. in the Casimir effect. That energy. Starts to push plates away from each other. The outside energy tries to push those plates together. But standing waves don’t give in. 

In the Casimir system. The system collects energy using virtual particles. The Casimir effect begins when electrons jump between those plates. That forms the energy channel or energy vacuum. Side-coming energy fields try to feel those eruption channels. And that condenses energy into those points. There is a possibility that the universe-scale Casimir effect condenses energy between giant megastructures. When we think about the distance between the plates or the field, that makes the Casimir effect possible. Things that affect the Casimir effect are the stability of the system. The size of those plates is also important. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/string-theory-can-now-describe-a-universe-that-has-dark-energy-20260114/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casimir_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Sitter_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

The holographic principle and parallel universe.

"The holographic principle is a property of string theories and a supposed property of quantum gravity that states that the description of a volume of space can be thought of as encoded on a lower-dimensional boundary to the region – such as a light-like boundary like a gravitational horizon." (Wikipedia, Holographic principle)

The holographic principle means that the Universe can be a hologram. The idea is that the crossing energy, or superstrings can cause a scattering effect. That effect breaks those strings into pieces. And then material forms in those points where those strings impact with each other. The thing that causes impacts of those superstrings is the expansion of superstrings. The interesting detail in the holographic principle is that this thing means that photons can turn into quarks. 

Then the holographic principle causes an idea that making those photon clouds denser and shooting light waves crossing each other is a possibility to form material. This model means wave-particle duality, WMD. Wave movement can form material and material can turn into wave movement. And the material is only the reflection, an ultra-dense hologram. The model is that the light beams that crossed each other formed the first particles. When we think that time is the only real thing in the universe and the superstring expands all the time, that thing explains why entropy grows all the time. 

The thing that makes parallel universe theory along with the WMD  one of the most interesting models that we can even imagine. The idea is that new universes can form in the points between those universes where radiation that comes from them touches each other. If radiation that comes from another universe is very weak radiation that comes from our universe pushes that radiation away from our universe. If that radiation slides at the edge of our universe’s plasma and photon halo that means we cannot see that radiation. Same way as the heliosphere turns off much of the radiation and plasma that comes from other stars, our galaxy’s halo and the edge of the universe will push weak signals away. If there are other universes there should be similar plasma impact waves that surround our solar system and our galaxy. 

The thing is this: There is evidence against and supporting parallel- or multiverse. The main thing is that there is not enough evidence of that model. The parallel- and multiverse are not the same thing. A parallel universe means that other universes will be in extra dimensions. And the multiverse means that those universes are in 3D spacetime with our universe. 

The model of holographic principle where crossing superstrings forms “electric arcs” that form universes and material. 

**********************************************************************

The evidence that supports and against the multiverse. 

-Cosmic microwave background radiation anomalies: Scientists studying the afterglow of the Big Bang have found strange patterns in space that some believe could be caused by another universe bumping into ours.

-Quantum mechanics experiments: The famous double-slit experiment showed that tiny particles can exist in multiple states at once, which could support the idea of a multiverse.

-Déjà vu and strange phenomena: Some people think that feelings of déjà vu or ghostly encounters could be glimpses of other realities. While this isn’t scientific proof, it’s still a fun idea!

Arguments Against Parallel Universes

-Here are some assumptions that suggest that parallel universes do not exist:

-Lack of direct evidence: So far, we haven’t been able to see or measure parallel universes, making them impossible to confirm.

-Testability issues: For something to be considered scientific, we need to be able to test it. Right now, the idea of a multiverse is more of a theory than a proven fact.

https://scienceandspacenews.com/2025/02/07/are-other-dimensions-real/

**********************************************************************

The parallel universe theory where the Big Bang was only one of many similar cases explains things like exotic particles as their source is in some other universe. If we want to make theories about the beginning of space and time we face one thing. The parallel universe theory is only an extension of the Big Bang Theory. If the universe where we live is only one of many universes that doesn’t answer the question of eternal entirety where universes exist and were formed. 

The eternal entirety is the place where the universes form the bubbles or quantum systems where there can be planets but in some universes, there might not be planets or stars. The problem is to prove that theory is in the stars in our universe. Same way as city lights cause light pollution, galaxies, and other objects cause light pollution, if we want to see things outside our universe we must remove all light that covers that very weak radiation that could uncover other universes' existence.

Logically other universes exist like galaxies, and galaxies form local galaxy clusters. Local galaxy clusters form galactic superclusters. So we can say that the universe is the global galaxy cluster that is part of a larger entirety. But then we can ask can we still see everything? The parallel universe is the next logical step to the model that expands all the time. We know many new details about the universe. The multiverse is a simple thing that is hard to prove. But then we can remember. How our worldview increases. 

Before Nicolaus Copernikus people believed that the Earth was the center of the universe. Then Galileo Galilei proved that four moons orbiting Jupiter. After that Hubble proved that the Milky Way is only one of billions of galaxies. Then astronomers found local and superclusters of galaxies. The next thing that astronomers found was the “cosmic web” the largest known megastructure in the universe. And then the new step would be the parallel universe. 

Another universe can exist in our universe, places like black holes. Or it can exist outside our universe. It can form visible or dark matter. And in theory, their time can travel backward. Those universes are things that can be proven in the future. The problem is that the universe covers radiation that comes from other universes if they exist.  The other problem is that we live in a galaxy. Galaxies are ultimately massive objects. They pull dark and visible material around them as halos. 

Those halos form light pollution that the dimmest light cannot pass. The other problem with that thing is that the material between galaxies can be thinner than nobody expected. And if we continue that induction thinking we can think that quantum fields and material between hypothetical multiverse universes is much more thin than nobody even imagined. That means radiation from other universes can be much weaker than we even imagine. 

. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/evidence-parallel-universe/

https://phys.org/news/2025-05-bridging-worlds-physicists-holographic-principle.html

https://phys.org/news/2025-06-theory-dimensions-space-secondary-effect.html

https://scitechdaily.com/is-the-universe-a-hologram-schrodingers-100-year-old-equation-still-holds-the-key/

https://scienceandspacenews.com/2025/02/07/are-other-dimensions-real/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality

String theory and mysterious structures in the universe.

  

There is no confirmation of the superstrings. In Superstring theory. Those superstrings are channels through space and time. So they are also wormholes if they exist. They are hollow energy tunnels where the wave movement can travel. And the thing that supports this theory is the cosmic web. Or, cosmic neural web. The largest megastructure in the universe. There is the possibility that the material is packed on those hypothetical superstrings that are "cold". 

In that (super)string theory. Dark matter and dark energy have the same origin. The dark matter is an extremely low-energy particle. Dark energy is like a flash that forms when something pumps energy into the hypothetical dark matter particle, called a weakly interacting massive particle, WIMP. There is the possibility that the WIMP is like a donut. And if the superstring travels through that particle very fast it acts like a thermal pump. That superstring takes energy out from the particle focusing it into the middle of it.

Because. The energy travels out from the particle from the middle of it. That makes it impossible to see those particles from its sides. Theoretically it is possible that a spinning particle makes an energy channel that pulls a superstring through that particle. 

Or if the particle is like a pearl necklace around the superstring, fast energy flow through that string makes the particle invisible, because it pulls energy away from its structure. The energy that travels through the particle acts like a thermal pump. 

The reason for that is the energy that flows in those structures. That energy acts like a thermal pump. The thing that makes energy move in those tubes is the universe's expansion. If the energy that travels through that tube flows fast enough, that energy can keep the superstring open and in its form. 

The string theory goes like this. All energy fields and materials in the universe are formed of tiny parts called superstrings. The superstring is the serpentine-shaped structure in the energy field. So, superstring is the energy field that the quantum- or electromagnetic low pressure keeps in its form. The thin energy field will stay like a paper roll around the energy vacuum or lower energy level field. 

That means the superstring, the tiniest part of the material, looks a little bit like a cardboard roll. The outside energy stabilizes that structure around the energy vacuum or lower-energy level field. Superstring size can be very large, and there is a theory that the superstring can be larger than the universe. And the smallest of them are far smaller than photons. So superstrings are a medium between material and wave movement. 

So, how do superstrings turn into a photon? 

When a superstring hits an energy field or conducts energy into that field. That forms similar waves as stone makes when it drops into the water. That wave is the photon. When the superstring travels through that donut-shaped standing wave it transfers energy in it. And also the superstring acts like a thermal pump. The photon, or ring-shaped energy field forms around that string. The photon itself cannot break the superstring's shell. When a superstring travels in the electromagnetic field it pushes that field away. That forms the pothole around that superstring. If that pothole is large enough it can pull particles in it. Or outside energy can push particles into that hole. 

When that superstring drills itself into the energy field. That continues as long as the energy level in the superstring is higher than the field around it. The energy in that string keeps the energy hole open. The universe is at least a 4-dimensional entirety. The time is one of the dimensions. The past is closer to the beginning of the universe, or the Big Bang. That means it is at a higher energy level than the future. So if there is a tunnel that doesn't allow energy interaction between inside energy or wave movement that travels in it. 

And the outside energy means the inside wave movement cannot release its energy. That means that this kind of string or tube can make a shortcut through time called a wormhole. But the wormhole requires that the energy flow inside it is strong enough that it cannot press that tube together. That means the long wormhole can stay open more easily than the short wormhole. 

The superstring travels in the hole and makes it deeper because the energy level in its nose is higher than the field around it. But it's lower than the energy level at the back of that string. The higher energy level at the back of the superstring pushes that string into the pothole. 

The thing that makes the particle fall into the pothole is the superstring's structure. Particles are like pearls in the neckless around the superstrings. When the superstring travels in that pothole the waves in that string or thin energy field move particles with it. 

When a particle and superstring start to travel in the deep energy pothole, energy travels from the slopes of that energy or gravitational pothole to the superstring. 

The energy also starts to flow in that gravitational pothole slope to the bottom of it. The energy level in the particle can rise only if the superstring that travels through it does not travel too fast. If that superstring moves energy out from a particle too fast, it cannot reach a high enough energy level that it can reach the gravitational pothole's edge. 

Superstrings can be very long. They can transport wave movement through them. That energy flow makes superstrings cold. And that makes it hard to see them. When energy strings travel through those superstrings they move energy away from the superstring's shell. The master-emission also acts with energy that travels in the superstring. The outcoming energy pushes those strings almost straight. The thing that makes the superstring leak is the expansion of the universe. The superstring is the wormhole that transports information from the past to the future. 

Superstrings and dark matter and dark energy. 

The theoretical graviton particle is the elementary particle that transmits gravitational waves. We know that gravitation has a wave shape. But why that hypothetical graviton will not be visible in sensors? There is a model that. Graviton is a donut-shaped structure. The energy field or superstring travels through that donut-shaped structure and that string transports energy out from that ring. 

Because that superstring transports energy out from that structure from the middle of it, that makes energy travel in the middle of those structures. And if no energy can reflect from that structure it makes it invisible. If the superstring touches the shell it sends an energy wave through that structure. Similar way wire that moves through the frame sends sound if it touches its frame. 

So the dark energy could form when the dark matter "flashes". If that hypothetical WIMP is a donut-shaped structure. That dark energy can form when the superstring hits it. 

We can say that the origin of the unknown wave movement is always in unknown structures. When the superstring touches the ring-shaped wave that we call a photon it sends wave movement. And then we can start to think about the hypothetical weakly interacting massive particle, WIMP that particle can have a very low energy level. The question is if WIMP is so low low-energy particle that it cannot send reflection. Where that particle puts its energy. 

So if the superstring forms photons around it, it's possible. It can also turn other particles invisible. When a superstring travels through some particle it can move energy out from it. If that happens fast enough, the particle cannot send reflection from its shell, because the superstring transports energy out from the particle very fast. So there particle's shell has no time to send reflection. If particles can pull superstrings over them. Those particles turn also invisible. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_gravity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_(physics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstring_theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

The string theory still lives.

"If string theory is true, our universe has extra dimensions that lie curled up at every point around us." (Astronomy.com, What happens if string theory is wrong?)

"In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. String theory describes how these strings propagate through space and interact with each other. On distance scales larger than the string scale, a string looks just like an ordinary particle, with its mass, charge, and other properties determined by the vibrational state of the string. In string theory, one of the many vibrational states of the string corresponds to the graviton, a quantum mechanical particle that carries the gravitational force. Thus, string theory is a theory of quantum gravity." (Wikipedia, StringTheory)

Can superstring that travels through photons explain dark matter? The superstring that travels through photons transports the quantum field away from that thing.  And outside the quantum field tries to fill that hole.  If that model is right. The photon can bundle other superstrings into a structure that looks like a cereal grain. 

The string theory can answer things like dark matter and dark energy problems very fast. The idea is that the photon is the superstring that can collect wave movement into it. That thing means that the photon can involve a quantum-size black hole. Or it can focus energy impulses into the middle of it. There that energy reflects back. That requires that the photon is a straight ring-shaped structure. 

That is the thing that makes the dark energy, or wave movement that rips the universe into pieces. But the origin of that thing is unknown. The string theory allows that one superstring can travel through the photon. And that string acts like a thermal pump. It can transfer energy out from the middle of a photon and that thing can make it possible for the photon to turn invisible. 

That string can transfer energy out of focus with such high speed that it has no time to reflect. The superstring that transports energy in different directions can turn a photon dark and give it the gravity field. The idea is when that superstring transports energy or quantum field out from the middle of that object, the outside quantum field tries to fill that hole. That thing causes a situation in the quantum field that pulls objects into that thing. 

"String theory is a mathematical description of nature that requires space to possess several additional dimensions beyond the ordinary three. These extra dimensions, too small to notice in ordinary life, can assume many possible shapes, or geometries (depicted artistically here) that can influence the properties of the universe and subatomic particles. Credit: O. Knill and E. Slavkovsky" Astronomy.com, String theory is not dead yet)

"The string theory still lives. 

Can superstring that travels through photons explain dark matter? The superstring that travels through photons transports the quantum field away from that thing.  And outside the quantum field tries to fill that hole.  If that model is right. The photon can bundle other superstrings into a structure that looks like a cereal grain. 

The string theory can answer things like dark matter and dark energy problems very fast. The idea is that the photon is the superstring that can collect wave movement into it. That thing means that the photon can involve a quantum-size black hole. Or it can focus energy impulses into the middle of it. There that energy reflects back. That requires that the photon is a straight ring-shaped structure. 

That is the thing that makes the dark energy, or wave movement that rips the universe into pieces. But the origin of that thing is unknown. The string theory allows that one superstring can travel through the photon. And that string acts like a thermal pump. It can transfer energy out from the middle of a photon and that thing can make it possible for the photon to turn invisible. 

That string can transfer energy out of focus with such high speed that it has no time to reflect. The superstring that transports energy in different directions can turn a photon dark and give it the gravity field. The idea is when that superstring transports energy or quantum field out from the middle of that object, the outside quantum field tries to fill that hole. That thing causes a situation in the quantum field that pulls objects into that thing. 

The string theory explains that material is a group of strings.  This is an oversimplified model of the string theory. String theory explains that dimension and spacetime are groups of superstrings. Extra dimensions exist in those strings, but they are too small to measure. 

Those strings are of different sizes. That means the smallest superstrings are the size of photons and the largest are larger than the universe. The superstring can travel through the universe. And if a black hole pulls that billions of ly long string in it. That string's speed is connected with the speed of light. That means. Those extremely long superstrings can travel into black holes even billions of years. 

In that theorem, the universe is in the larger superstring and those strings can travel in space and time. That means the superstrings can entwine with each other. That means the wormholes are the superstrings that entwine with each other and form the channel through the spacetime. In that model, the superstrings are things that form every particle and any wave movement from the gravity waves to the radio waves. 

"It's possible. Dark matter has some other interactions than just gravitational interactions. The answer can be in photon, as I wrote at the begin of the text. " (ScitechDaily,Quantum Leap: Scientists Reveal the Shape of a Single Photon for the First Time)

The image of a photon brings the idea. Could the photon be the superstring that moves and oscillates in the field? When those superstrings oscillate they pull energy into them. And then. Those things can also relieve the energy that they store. That oscillation is the source of energy flows. The superstring theory is easy to explain. But proving that theory is extremely difficult. The superstrings are the thing that can form. Another and another different size superstrings. And making a mathematical model of that thing is difficult. 

So. If we think that superstrings form all material we face another interesting thing. The superstrings form antimatter and material. They form material and energy. And superstrings should form dark matter and dark energy. The problem is: How superstrings make those things. The ring-shaped structure is the thing that can pull those superstrings into a form that looks like a western cloaca in seafaring. The problem is how dark matter can be "dark"? 

The string theory explains that material is a group of strings.  This is an oversimplified model of the string theory. String theory explains that dimension and spacetime are groups of superstrings. They are of different sizes. That means the smallest superstrings are the size of photons and the largest are larger than the universe. The superstring can travel through the universe. And if a black hole pulls that billions of ly long string in it. That string's speed is connected with the speed of light. That means those extremely long superstrings can travel into black holes even billions of years. 

In that theorem, the universe is in the larger superstring and those strings can travel in space and time. That means the superstrings can entwine with each other. That means the wormholes are the superstrings that entwine with each other and form the channel through the spacetime. In that model, the superstrings are things that form every particle and any wave movement from the gravity waves to the radio waves. 

The image of a photon brings the idea. Could the photon be the superstring that moves and oscillates in the field? When those superstrings oscillate they pull energy into them. And then. Those things can also relieve the energy that they store. That oscillation is the source of energy flows. The superstring theory is easy to explain. But proving that theory is extremely difficult. The superstrings are the thing that can form. Another and another different size superstrings. And making a mathematical model of that thing is difficult. 

So. If we think that superstrings form all material we face another interesting thing. The superstrings form antimatter and material. They form material and energy. And superstrings should form dark matter and dark energy. The problem is: How superstrings make those things. The ring-shaped structure is the thing that can pull those superstrings into a form that looks like a western cloaca in seafaring. The problem is how dark matter can be "dark"? 

It's possible. Dark matter has some other interactions than just gravitational interactions. The answer can be in photon, as I wrote at the beginning of the text. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/string-theory-is-not-dead-yet/

https://www.astronomy.com/science/what-happens-if-string-theory-is-wrong/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-leap-scientists-reveal-the-shape-of-a-single-photon-for-the-first-time/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory