The new research aims to find the answer to the question: what makes matter mass?

“A new experiment offers intriguing clues about one of physics’ deepest questions: the origin of mass. By probing an exotic, short-lived nuclear state involving a heavy meson, researchers uncovered evidence that particle properties may shift inside dense nuclear matter. Credit: Stock” (ScitechDaily, Where Does Mass Come From? Scientists Find Evidence of a New Exotic Nuclear State)

The mass is one of the biggest mysteries in physics. The question of what constitutes mass is a key element in physics. The mass has a straight connection. With gravity. There is a structure that binds quantum fields. Otherwise, it affects all three other fundamental interactions. When the matter binds quantum fields, the quantum field from outside tries to fill that space. And those fields pull particles and wave movement with them. This causes a situation that. Light can travel faster in a gravitational field than outside that field. This requires that the photon travels. 

To the gravitational center. The speed of light is relative. It’s relative to the speed at which its environment travels. So if the speed of the quantum field is 20 % of the speed of light, that means the photon travels 20 % faster if we compare its speed with the speed of a photon outside the quantum field. Because a photon is inside a quantum field, it travels in a gravitational field. It doesn’t break the laws of physics. When an object falls into a black hole through the event horizon. Its speed. Comparing with the environment is zero. 

When a photon or any other particle escapes from the gravitational field, its speed decreases. The impacting quantum field forms an electromagnetic shadow behind it. So the gravity center pulls energy out of the particle. So when a particle travels to the gravitational center. It will pull energy inside it. But when it escapes from that field, it must deliver as much energy as it got. 

But then. The particle tries to escape from that field. The particle must release or transfer as much energy to the field around it. As the field transitioned into it. When the speed of the field and the particle is precisely the same. The field cannot transfer energy into a particle. That is one of the reasons why nothing can escape from a black hole. The energy transition between particle and field ends. When they travel at the same speed. 

Impression of a photon rocket that could transport people to stars somewhere in the distant future. 

What if the gravitational center suddenly disappears? The particle will not need to deliver the energy that it got when it fell to the gravitational center. 

When a particle tries to escape from a black hole, the quantum field creates a shockwave ahead of it. If a particle tries to stop and turn around, the wave forms at the front of it. Another thing is the quantum shadow behind it. And that shadow pulls energy out of it. When the field travels .To the gravity center. With a speed 20% of the speed of light, the impact speed of the static particle and field is 20% of the speed of light. 

This means that the photon’s speed is 20 % lower if we compare the escaping photon’s speed with the speed of a photon that travels outside the gravity field. The photon can travel faster than other photons when it travels to a gravitational center. So, the photon that escapes from a black hole needs to use as much energy as it had when it traveled to the gravitational center. 

This paradox causes an interesting idea about crossing the speed of light. The speed of light is the cosmic speed limit. But if the fields travel to the gravitational center. With a speed. That is about 30% of the speed of light. And the speed of the hypothetical craft. It is about 75-80% of the speed of light; there is a possibility. The craft detonates the gravitational center. This means that the gravitational effect disappears. And that thing removes the need to deliver energy for escaping the gravity center. 

The explosion forms the impacting field. That speed is near the speed of light. And that causes a situation where the impact speed with craft and field is higher than the speed of light. 

Gravitation pulls objects. Like a river pulls woods and other things with it. There is a theory. That. There is a tornado-shaped structure or a small black hole in the middle of each particle. This means that particles are the halos of the quantum-sized black holes. The thing that makes those theories interesting is that reseachers in Brookhaven National Laboratories created quarks by colliding composite particles called hyperons. 

Those impacts formed quark-antiquark pairs. And the Brookhaven staff. Can detect those particle-antiparticle pairs from debris. Those collisions formed. The thing is that hyperons form quark-antiquark pairs when. It decays into two particles. The spin of those particles is opposite. And that makes them particle-antiparticle pairs. The effect that forms matter straight from energy. Or wave movement called the Schwinger effect. 

Colliding quantum fields form the whirl that starts to condense. That whirl forms in the borders of those impacting fields. The question is, what stabilizes those whirls or balls? The thing that stabilizes them is the thing that gives mass to matter. The matter is a condensed quantum field. But what condenses it? And what binds quantum fields in matter? 

Quantum fields are the common name for the four fundamental interactions. The time dilation and its connection. Mass and gravitation are well-known. The reason for that is that gravitation condenses quantum fields. And that thing slows the particle’s evaporation. Condensed quantum fields are the result, not the reason, for something that binds those fields. This means that gravitation interacts similarly with all other fundamental interactions. And that makes mass and gravitation interesting things. 

https://interestingengineering.com/science/scientists-observe-particles-emerging-from-nothing

https://scitechdaily.com/where-does-mass-come-from-scientists-find-evidence-of-a-new-exotic-nuclear-state/

What separates us from AI?

Today we use lots of time to think, why does AI decrease our IQ? The answer is this: this modern time where we live benefits superficial people. Our working life encourages us to have maximum velocity. There is nothing wrong with the velocity-based working life. But the problem is that the measurement tools for velocity are things like how many executions we make during our working day. The measurement tool can be how many screws we tight. Or how much money we bring to our employer. 

Deep thinking is not encouraged in our working life. When somebody sits in a coding company, that person should use the AI assistant. Can you even seriously imagine that you would go to the library and borrow a book about the problems? And would you have time to stop deeply thinking about things that something really means? How often in the week, do we discuss philosophically and think deeply about things that we really see? We can do many things without deep thinking and logic. 

And when we think about things like some 1970s chess simulators, we must ask ourselves are those things really thinking? Do some ATARI, or Commodore 64 really think? It can drive a car on screen, but does it think? The system can move chess buttons and win chess games or some formula games against humans. But is that a mark of advanced thinking? Or does the horse, who sees three fingers and knocks the floor three times using its hoof, be some doctor of philosophy? Is a chess simulator with 64 kb memory more intelligent than some university professor? Maybe that thing is not as versatile as a professor. 

The IQ is something only if we compare it with something else. If we play chess alone or make something else, we don't need to be intelligent. If we are surrounded by people who have an extremely high IQ, in that case even a high IQ doesn't mean impressive. Same way. If our only opponent in a chess game is Garry Kasparov. That makes all of us seem like very bad chess players. Then we can think how ordinary chess player Kasparov is. Did an ordinary player play 2533 matches at the world champion level and win 1371 of those games? That means 54,13% winning games. But that happened at the highest possible level of the chess game. So does an ordinary player ever reach that level? 

But if the professor wins the AI in chess that is not news. The news is that the professor, some AI chatbot, or quantum computer loses a chess game against that machine. Nobody cares how many things the professor made before that chess game. Nobody even cares if the professor plays that person’s first chess game. And nobody even asked if the AI played chess before, or did the AI even knew how to move buttons. In the same way, a professor might not necessarily play chess at all. The fact is that all geniuses don’t even play chess. And if AI learns like humans, there must be something there that gets things like button movements. The computer can play chess but it might not do anything else. 

Normally we say that AI simply mimics things and then it doesn’t have a deep knowledge of things that it makes. When I read about that kind of thing, I sometimes remember one question from philosophy exams. That question is: “What separates philosophical thinking from the every day, or regular thinking?”. The answer is that philosophical thinking is deeper and more analytic than regular thinking. And that brings new questions into my mind. That is when we last exercise philosophical, deep thinking?”. When we do something, like turn screws in workplaces, do we really think about the purpose of that action? 

How deep out thinking? And how deeply do we think about things that we do in everyday life? The thing that’s enough is that we do what we must and that’s it. We have no time to think deeply about what some screw or other things can do. We simply do our job and that’s it. The thing is that humans learn through mimicking. We know many things. We know how to drive cars and use computers. We know how to fly airplanes and still, we don’t know anything about those things. We can drive cars. But we don’t need to know what happens in the car when we pull the gas pedal. We know that cars accelerate, but we must not know how cars make that thing. 

We could put the car to react with the gas pedal two ways. We can make physical contact between the gas pedal and the engine. Or we can use a camera that registers the gas pedal’s position. Then the AI accelerates or brakes the vehicle. For that system, the AI doesn't need any deep knowledge of things that it does. The system must simply accelerate the electric engines if we use electric cars. And the fact is that the AI must not even know what an electric engine is. When a car accelerates the system can involve code there is the word “engine”. Then some control circuits have a code that makes it react to the signal that is meant for the engine. 

Same way, if we hear the word that is our name, we automatically react to that thing. Our name is the thing that activates our attention. Sometimes we think about our names. But we forget that we learn that thing. Why cannot our name be C3PO? Because our parents didn’t give that name to us. Our names are “Jacks” and “Jills” because our parents gave those names to us. But have we ever wondered why some names are reserved for girls and others for boys?  And then we learn that those words are our names. 

But if our parents would give the name C3PO to us. We would react to that as our name. But do we ever imagine, why cannot our name be C3PO? Because we never thought that before. Then we can go back to begin, and ask how to describe thinking. Does thinking mean that we think how many times we hit some nails? Or does thinking mean how many chess games we learn? 

The thing is this: if we drive about 10000 kilometers without accidents or we win millions of chess games in our life that is not news. The news is that if some robot car drives off the road. Or if some supercomputer loses a chess game to some ATARI chess machine. Those things can be translated into that maybe the ATARI chess machine is more intelligent than humans and supercomputers. 

Diamonds and holograms in microchip production.

"A NIMS research team has successfully developed the world’s first n-channel diamond MOSFET (Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor), a breakthrough that enables the creation of diamond-based CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) integrated circuits for high-performance use in extreme environments. This innovation leverages diamond’s exceptional properties, such as high thermal conductivity and radiation resistance, paving the way for energy-efficient electronics capable of operating under intense heat and radiation. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com"(ScitechDaily, Diamond Devices Break Limits: Scientists Unveil New High-Performance Nuclear-Grade Transistor)

Diamond devices can revolutionize electronics. They can act as transistors. But those diamonds can also control things like resistance in materials. The diamond can act as a phonon that can send acoustic waves into the semiconductor. That thing allows the system to control electricity in the semiconductor better. The diamond-phonons can create extremely strong pressure in an extremely small area. That thing can turn the point into superconducting at lower temperatures than normal pressure and temperature allow. 

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"(Left) Atomic force microscope image of diamond epilayer surface morphology. (Middle) Optical microscope image of the diamond MOSFET. (Right) Performance of the MOSFET measured at 300°C. The drain current increased when the gate voltage (Vg) was increased from -20 V (indicated by a black line) to 10 V (indicated by a yellow line). Credit: Satoshi Koizumi, Meiyong Liao National Institute for Materials Science" (ScitechDaily, Diamond Devices Break Limits: Scientists Unveil New High-Performance Nuclear-Grade Transistor)

"Researchers at UMass Amherst developed a novel method for aligning 3D semiconductor chips using laser light and concentric metalenses, projecting holograms that reveal even atomic-scale misalignments. This breakthrough could reduce chip manufacturing costs, enable advanced 3D electronics, and lead to compact, affordable sensors." (ScitechDaily, Laser Holograms Could Revolutionize 3D Chip Manufacturing)

"Simulated and measured results of different sizes of lateral misalignment, from 150 nm to 1 micrometer (or 1,000 nm). Credit: Amir Arbabi"  (ScitechDaily, Laser Holograms Could Revolutionize 3D Chip Manufacturing)

"[Left] Semiconductor layers are stacked using concentric metalenses as alignment marks. [Right] Light shines through these marks to project a hologram. The alignment or misalignment of the lenses dictates the hologram’s appearance. Credit: Amir Arbabi"  (ScitechDaily, Laser Holograms Could Revolutionize 3D Chip Manufacturing)

Simulated and measured results of different sizes of misalignment in the gap between two layers, from 1 micrometer (or 1,000 nm) to 3 µm. Credit: Amir Arbabi  (ScitechDaily, Laser Holograms Could Revolutionize 3D Chip Manufacturing)

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That makes it possible to create mass memory where the computer can put the data. And when those memories are not needed the system can remove pressure and that removes the superconductor. This makes electronics safe. The diamond can also be used as SONAR. Which can search for non-wanted potholes and scratches from microchips' surfaces.  

The diamond can also clean the layers by sending acoustic waves to it. That kind of system can be used to create ultra-clean layers. 

Another interesting thing that can revolutionize microchip production is holograms. Holograms can test does the microchip fits its position on the microcircuit. Holograms can also test the non-wanted anomalies from the layers. The reflection of the holograms uncovers if there is some kind of error in the structure. That thing makes it possible to create more advanced and more effective microchips. 

Those holograms can also be used to illuminate the film where the system makes a route for electricity. That kind of microchip manufacturing systems are more advanced and effective than traditional systems. 

https://scitechdaily.com/diamond-devices-break-limits-scientists-unveil-new-high-performance-nuclear-grade-transistor/ 

https://scitechdaily.com/laser-holograms-could-revolutionize-3d-chip-manufacturing/

Measuring the position of the particle and its motion or speed.

"The uncertainty principle, also known as Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle, is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics. It states that there is a limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, can be simultaneously known. In other words, the more accurately one property is measured, the less accurately the other property can be known." (Wikipedia, Uncertainty principle) 

That means when the position determination rises. That decreases accuracy in momentum measurement. 

There is the possibility. To use two independent operating systems for complete position and motion measurements. 

The uncertainty principle means that researchers cannot determine the particle's position and motion at the same time. That thing is impossible for one single system.

 But two independently operating systems can make that thing for a certain moment. So we can determine the position or place and motion or speed in certain moments. By using two systems. That can combine their data. 

If a researcher wants to determine the precise point of the particle and the speed at the same time. That person needs two separate systems. Another measures speed and another measures the position of the particle. 

The researcher can determine the precise point of the particle at a certain moment. And that particle's speed in the same moment using two separate measurement systems. 

Those two measurement systems that operate at a certain time can determine the precise point and speed of the particle at a certain moment. But there is also very much uncertainty outside that measurement point. The system can create a series of measurements that combine those quantities. 

But that determination cannot happen in the same moment when those observe the place and speed of the particle. The system can involve things like a vapor or wire chamber where the particle leaves a track and that track is the thing that the system can use in the point and speed determination. That can make the quantum technology more accurate. 

https://phys.org/news/2025-01-mathematical-methods-possibility-particles-thought.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle