About dark energy. And its existence.

"Astronomers say a new analysis has reinforced one of the most important discoveries in modern cosmology, finding that the universe is still expanding at an accelerating rate."(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Confirm Dark Energy After Shock Challenge Rocked Cosmology)

"The result counters a controversial claim made in late 2025 that suggested dark energy, the mysterious phenomenon thought to drive the universe’s accelerating expansion, might be weakening. If true, that claim would have called into question decades of research and a cornerstone of modern astronomy."(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Confirm Dark Energy After Shock Challenge Rocked Cosmology)

Astronomers confirmed dark energy. And that means the universe’s expansion continues to accelerate. So, dark energy will not turn weaker. It’s possible that because the gravitational effect between objects decreases. And the relation between gravity and dark energy changes. This means that the gravitational effect turns weaker. And the dark energy effect turns stronger. The fact is that. Also, visible energy interacts with structures in the universe. And at the beginning of the universe. Objects were closer. But things like plasma and energy were “denser”. 

So, that means that the energy effect in the young universe was stronger than in the modern universe. Dark energy is a wave motion. That originates in the unknown. There is suspicion that dark energy has its origin. In the particles, superstrings. The superstring forms a whisk-shaped structure. 

The expansion of the universe puts that structure to oscillate. Those superstrings´ oscillation. It forms a wave movement that they transmit around the universe. In that model, the dark energy is a wave movement. Its origin is in very small particles. The number of those particles is in this model. A very high. And that explains the effect of dark energy. It is visible only in relation to the large-scale structures. 

So, could those particles that form dark energy be photons? Photons are the ring- or a donut-shaped structure. And that means photons could focus energy. In the middle of it. In that case, the photon could focus energy. Like the Higgs field in the middle of it. That point. It can turn into a quantum-sized quasar. This means that the photon. It can theoretically form. 

The quantum-size Kugelblitz black hole. In the middle of it. There is a possibility that a photon traps a neutrino in the middle of it. And electromagnetic radiation affects that photon. Or the neutrino spins very fast. That thing can turn a neutrino into a quantum-sized black hole. And that could be a source. For dark energy. In some other models, A wave string travels. Through a photon. That string. It can act as the thermal pump that transports energy out from the photon. If that happens fast enough. The photon turns invisible. And it collects energy for that thermal pump. 

This means that dark energy must have an internal source in our universe. But before we see a particle that transmits dark energy. We cannot be sure what that strange force is. That rips the universe in pieces. This means that dark energy is formed when the universe is born in the Big Bang. The problem is this. If. The level of dark energy is always the same. 

And the universe expands. This means that. The dark energy. It does not have a connection. With the Big Bang. The energy level. The amount of dark energy should decrease when the universe expands. If that energy was released from the Big Bang or some ancient particles, send it. Before they turned into some existing elementary particles. If the source of the dark energy is lost. That energy should turn weaker. And that causes an interesting idea. 

The image of a photon. 

What if the source of dark energy is outside the universe? Things like antimatter-matter annihilation outside the universe. It can be the source of dark energy. 

This means that. It’s possible that there are some kind of radiation sources. People tried to explain dark energy. As evidence of a multiverse. In this theory, dark energy has a source. In other universes. In some other model. The dark energy forms when a hypothetical tachyon particle enters our universe. The entropy and scattering effects outside the universe are very low. 

So, these particles can travel faster. Than. They travel in the universe. This means that a tachyon is a particle that travels faster than it should. So when some particle comes from outside the universe. In the universe. That particle can travel faster. Than. It can travel in the universe. This causes an effect. The particle must slow its speed. The particle must release its energy. For slowing. This means that dark energy. It can be some kind of Cherenkov radiation. 

Cherenkov radiation forms when. A neutron comes out of a nuclear reactor. In a short moment, that particle travels faster than light travels in water. The neutron must slow its speed. And it sends a blue light shockwave. The same thing makes the sky blue. When a neutrino or electron hits the atmosphere. It travels faster than light does in the atmosphere. And this means. Those particles release their kinetic energy as the blue light flash. 

But if dark energy is some kind of Cherenkov radiation. That doesn’t mean that the source of those particles is in the other universes. The dark energy is visible only between galaxy superclusters. All galaxies have halos around them. That means that. The galaxies might be surrounded by a similar plasma halo that forms a heliopause around the Sun. The plasma bubble or standing impact wave. Forms when solar wind impacts stellar wind. The stellar wind. It is the particle flow from other stars. 

In the same way, galaxies, galaxy clusters, and superclusters are probably surrounded by impact waves that form. When particle flow from other structures impacts the particle flow. That comes from galaxies in our clusters and superclusters. If those impact waves exist. They would be denser points in the universe. This means that. Scattering effect. It is stronger in that structure. This means that. The speed of light in that plasma wave is a little bit lower. 

The speed of light in and outside those plasma bubbles. So when a particle impacts that plasma bubble. It releases its energy into that plasma wave. This means the energy that the slowing particle sends. Continues as a wave in that plasma halo. This causes an effect. The plasma ball sends energy. Into the middle of it. This means. That this oscillating plasma interacts like a vacuum bomb. The energy that the plasma ball sends inside it. Reflects back. And that can mean that the plasma balls are the source of that mysterious energy. 

Or maybe particles that travel through wormholes. Are. The source of dark energy. The wormhole. It is a hypothetical energy tunnel. Through space and time. The energy level of those particles is higher than it should be. And they should release their energy. In the form of some kind of radiation.If there is no entropy in front of the particle that travels in a wormhole. Nothing limits its speed.  In the same way as when high-energy particles come out from galaxy superclusters, they send energy to space that is at a lower energy level than they are. 

Sometimes it is suggested that the dark matter particles form dark energy. When they evaporate. This would be an interesting idea. But nobody has seen dark matter. 

https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1131610

https://www.msn.com/en-us/science/astronomy/astronomers-debunk-controversial-study-confirm-universe-still-expanding-at-accelerating-rate/ar-AA25tzft

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/06/260612032030.htm

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-confirm-dark-energy-after-shock-challenge-rocked-cosmology/

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-leap-scientists-reveal-the-shape-of-a-single-photon-for-the-first-time/

https://spaceeyenews.com/dark-energy-acceleration-confirmed/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Does dark energy turn weaker?

"In physical cosmology and astronomy, dark energy is a proposed form of energy that affects the universe on the largest scales. Its primary effect is to drive the accelerating expansion of the universe. It also slows the rate of structure formation. Assuming that the lambda-CDM model of cosmology is correct, dark energy dominates the universe, contributing 68% of the total energy in the present-day observable universe while dark matter and ordinary (baryonic) matter contribute 26% and 5%, respectively, and other components such as neutrinos and photons are nearly negligible." (Wikipedia, Dark energy)

Does dark energy turn weaker? New evidence supports that model. What does that mean? That means that dark energy could have formed during the Big Bang. And the second thing is that dark energy can have a source in the material itself. The reason for that is when a particle's distance turns longer the dark energy turns weaker. So what could dark energy be? It could be energy that forms when some subatomic particles turn into wave movement. 

Or, it can be wave movement or radiation. Reflected in some subatomic structures. One suggestion is that dark energy forms in some short-living particles that turn wave movement just after forming. Those particles can be Higgs bosons that can form in a black hole's jets. Or they can be gluons that are released from atoms. Those particles turn into wave movement just after they are released. And it's possible that dark energy forms in those reactions. 

Or, it can be wave movement or radiation. Reflected in some subatomic structures. 

Sometimes its source is introduced as the strings between quarks. 

The dark energy mystery is one of the most important things in the cosmology. Dark energy is like cosmic hum without a visible source. 

That energy rips the universe into pieces. 

But when we think about dark energy and the universe's expansion. We face one very important thing. 

When the universe expands. The distance between the particles and objects grows. 

That means that the gravity effect between objects turns weaker. Some parts of the universe's accelerating expansion formed because the gravitational effect between galaxy superclusters turns weaker. Another thing is that. The interaction between galaxies in local- and superclusters and the interaction between superclusters is not similar. 

(Quanta)

In the universe: 

1) The universe itself expands. Because the distance between galaxy superclusters turns longer. 

2) The galaxy superclusters turn smaller because in those clusters gravity wins. 

3) When those galaxy superclusters turn smaller. That causes the effect. That the galaxy superclusters seem to move further away from each other. 

That causes the gravity effect between those clusters to turn into another type. The gravity field turns stronger. 

That turns the space's curvature steeper. 

And gravity potholes always turn deeper. The material will pack a denser form in the superclusters. And the distance between those material centers turns longer. The material between superclusters turns thinner but superclusters make the material denser. Also, those galaxies pump energy into the material. That is in galaxies. And especially between them.

 When galaxies are closer to each other the energy level in the galaxy supercluster is higher. But the space between superclusters turns colder. 

And that raises energy levels's difference. In and out of the galaxy superclusters and clusters. 

In a cluster. The energy level rises. And outside it, energy level decreases.

Superclusters turn hotter and space between those clusters turns colder. That increases energy flow out from those galaxy clusters. 

Galaxies are in collision course in the local galaxy clusters and sooner or later superclusters also fall into one giant galaxy. The expansion of the universe is the thing. What we see, when we observe interactions between superclusters.

But can some part of the universe's expansion be virtual? Inside galaxy clusters, gravitation wins. That means the galaxy clusters and superclusters turn smaller. That causes an effect where galaxies really move further away from each other. That means that the superclusters seem to be at a longer distance because galaxies inside travel into their gravity center. 

And that gravity center is not always in the middle of the cluster. The giant galaxy in the corner of the cluster can also be the gravitational center. And that means the gravity center is not always in the middle of the cluster. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/is-dark-energy-getting-weaker-new-evidence-strengthens-the-case-20250319/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

Galaxies still collide.

The expansion of the universe doesn't mean that galaxies cannot collide. There are at least two galaxies. That is coming to the Milky Way. The Large Magellanic Cloud will impact the Milky Way in 2,4 billion years. And Andromeda galaxy collides with the Milky Way after 4,4 billion years. 

That thing means that there are two versions of the universe. The thing is that the galaxies in the local clusters turn into one entirety. And then. Galaxies in superclusters turn into one entirety. Because their mutual gravity wins dark energy.

There are two geometries in the universe. Local and global geometry. Local geometry is the thing. That we see in large galaxy clusters. 

Global geometry means. The universe's geometry as an entirety. 

The fact is that in local geometry gravity always wins. But on a global scale, the dark energy wins. The large-scale models show that the universe expands. However, the small-scale model can be different. And in small-scale models the galaxies in local galaxy clusters or groups will come together. In local galaxy clusters, the internal gravity of those clusters wins the expansion and that causes the galaxies will collide. All galaxies pull material from around them. 

That increases their mass. And expands the galaxy's gravity field.  When galaxies collide. That new structure's mass is the same as both galaxies' mass. 

That increases the size of the gravity field or gravity pool. Gravity is interaction and the same way distant galaxies pull the Milky Way and Andromeda galaxies to them, as Milky Way and Andromeda pull those galaxies to our direction. 

Material is not homogenously spread all over the universe. Things like the cosmic web make modeling those kinds of systems very difficult. 

There are interactions between galaxies, galaxy clusters, and globular clusters. And the fields in those cosmic web structures. The gravity effect forms those complicated structures in the universe. Gravity is the strongest interaction at long distances. 

But that is not the only interaction in the universe. There are other interactions like electromagnetism. Those interactions are losing to gravity. But they have effects in short distances.  

That means that things like gravitational effects are not the same everywhere. Galaxies are in clusters. Those clusters are like bubbles. 

In those bubbles, there are local clusters. And superclusters, groups of local clusters. The mutual gravity in those clusters pulls galaxies together. 

Those bubbles form galaxy clusters. In galaxy clusters, the internal gravity of those structures pulls their galaxies together. First, the local clusters melt into large galaxies. And finally, those superclusters melt into single giant galaxies. The thing that the universe's expansion and the decrease of the energy level causes is that. Entropy in the system rises. That causes two effects. 

First, the entropy disturbs information more than in the young universe. But. Otherwise the energy levels in those fields are lower. That means the gravity pools around the galaxies turn larger. The gravitational fields affect a longer distance because there are not so powerful disturbing fields. The gravity centers are larger but the space between those large galaxies will be cold and dark. 

The energy level difference in and outside those galaxies is higher than it is in the modern universe. That causes situations where material in galaxies vaporizes more than in the modern universe. Galaxies send radiation stronger than in the modern universe. But there is less material and radiation between galaxies. 

That tells that there was some kind of turbulence. Or something that was denied. The material spread homogeneously over the universe.  There were some kind of gravity centers. That could be primordial black holes. That started the form of those galactic clusters. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/why-galaxies-still-collide-expanding-universe/

https://www.sci.news/astronomy/large-magellanic-cloud-milky-way-collision-06788.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andromeda%E2%80%93Milky_Way_collision

https://www.sciencealert.com/a-supermassive-black-hole-is-on-a-collision-course-with-the-milky-way