Turbulent bubbles and cosmological ideas.

"High-speed cameras capture swarms of bubbles rising through an LED-illuminated water column, revealing the chaotic flow patterns of bubble-induced turbulence. Credit: B. Schröder/HZDR" (ScitechDaily, Turbulent Bubbles Confirm a Century-Old Physics Theory)

"An international team of scientists from the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Johns Hopkins University, and Duke University has found that a classic theory describing turbulence in fluids also explains how bubbles rising through water create chaotic motion. Their study, which tracked both bubbles and surrounding fluid particles in three dimensions, offers the first direct experimental confirmation that “Kolmogorov scaling” can appear in turbulence driven by bubbles. " (ScitechDaily, Turbulent Bubbles Confirm a Century-Old Physics Theory)

The new observations confirm a 100-year-old physics theory. When bubbles rise in the liquid, they form turbulence behind them. That thing is not very dramatic. But those bubbles that rise and form turbulence can play an unexpected role in things. Like amino acid molecule formation. That turbulence can shake the water or any other liquid. And that thing can destroy the molecule. In the same way, bubbles or ball-shaped things that fall in liquid can form turbulence between them. 

But can we turn that model into a cosmological idea? 

The turbulence behind those bubbles can create an interesting model about the dark energy. When we think that the matter or particle lose their energy when the universe expands, we can think that those particles act like some bubbles. There should be. Some kind of lower-energy space in particles. The particle acts like a bubble in the quantum fields. 

The outside quantum pressure keeps them in form. Without that outside quantum field that presses the superstring structure against that lower energy bubble, the particle turns into energy or wave movement. And its existence as a particle ends. 

So it’s possible. Those particles, when they release their energy. It will form the turbulence in those quantum fields. In modern models. The universe is a four- or five-dimensional space. And the time combination. There are three dimensions in space. And one or two dimensions in time. The number of time dimensions depends on. 

Are we separate time that moves forward from time that moves backward? In models, time moves backward only in the black holes, the places where escape velocity is higher than the speed of light. This means those fields. And space, and time act like water. Material with cosmic voids acts like bubbles. All of those particles and bubbles are moving somewhere. Because time moves forward. Or the energy level in the universe changes. All particles should form similar turbulence as bubbles form in water. In the universe’s quantum fields. 

https://scitechdaily.com/turbulent-bubbles-confirm-a-century-old-physics-theory/

Spectroscopy tells new things about asteroids.

 Spectroscopy tells new things about asteroids. 

"Two very different asteroid families may share the same ancient roots, linked by a rare mineral fingerprint and revealed through cutting-edge polarization studies. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Rare Space Dust Reveals a Shocking Link Between Very Different Asteroids)

Those asteroids that seem different might have their origins in the same body. 

New spectroscopic tools offer a window to asteroid chemistry. And that brings big surprises to researchers. The new observations tell. That asteroids might have an origin in the same body, even if they have different chemical compounds. And if those asteroids have chemical backgrounds that are far different from each other, that tells us that the bodies where those things are separated are very big. That opens a new way to see the solar system’s chaotic past. 

"This animation shows how an asteroid would appear during different phases depending on its location relative to the Sun, similar to how the Moon has phases. Credit: Caltech/IPAC/K. Miller" (ScitechDaily, Rare Space Dust Reveals a Shocking Link Between Very Different Asteroids)

"This image shows how an asteroid would appear during different phases depending on its location relative to the Sun, similar to how the Moon has phases. Credit: Caltech/IPAC/K. Miller (ScitechDaily, Rare Space Dust Reveals a Shocking Link Between Very Different Asteroids)

There might be many other planets than the planets that we know in the young solar system. Some of those planets were destroyed in cosmic collisions. An interesting question is, how far those planets turned into solid form. When they faced their fate in the cosmic collisions. The asteroid’s rocky form suggests that its origin was in rocky planets or dwarf planets. 

The shape of those asteroids is sharp, and they seem like stones. That we see in quarries. Those signs indicate that the point where these stones separated during impact was in solid form. If the object were liquid, those asteroids should look smoother. And their shape would be more like a ball.  There is a theory that some asteroids in the asteroid belt and Kuiper Belt formed when some rocky planets collided. A recently mentioned theory tells that. The asteroid belt formed when a rocky planet was destroyed in cosmic collisions. 

Researchers said that those asteroids’ mass is not high enough. That they have formed a planet in the past. The fact is that most asteroids are quite small. And if we count the dust from the asteroid belt into the asteroid belt’s asteroid mass, that can be enough for quite a large planet, or protoplanet. And gas giants, Neptune, Uranus, Saturn, and Jupiter, clean their trajectories from smaller objects. Some of those large planets’ moons were asteroids before those gas giants captured them. And those giant planets can also drive asteroids a long distance from their original position. The chaotic past in our solar system is a very interesting period. Meteorite bombing was very intense, and Earth also faced the cosmic impact that separated our Moon from our planet. 

https://scitechdaily.com/rare-space-dust-reveals-a-shocking-link-between-very-different-asteroids/

Why is turbulence so important?

"The sky depicted in Vincent van Gogh's 1889 painting, The Starry Night has been studied for its turbulent flow"(Wikipedia, Turbulence)

“In fluid dynamics, turbulence or turbulent flow is fluid motion characterized by chaotic changes in pressure and flow velocity. It is in contrast to laminar flow, which occurs when a fluid flows in parallel layers with no disruption between those layers”. (Wikipedia, Turbulence)

When aircraft or laser beams travel through the gas it pushes particles away from it. Turbulence forms in the border between energy or two materials that have different densities. Turbulence forms on the aircraft wings when some air molecules touch the wing. That forms the whirl and when the aircraft moves ahead it pumps kinetic energy to those whirls. There are vertical and horizontal whirls and when they cross that causes oscillation. When crossing whirls pump energy into each other they start to oscillate the aircraft’s material. 

The whirl can form only in cases where there is a higher energy wall between low-energy or low-pressure fields. The idea is that the outcoming gas cannot break the whirl. The whirl can start to grow until the outcoming gas or energy breaks it. If things like laser beams travel through the gas that forms two whirls around that beam. The whirl also delivers energy inside it. And it can remain until incoming energy breaks it. Or outcoming energy destroys that structure. We call that thing turbulence. If some algorithms that can calculate turbulence are possible that thing can make a big advance for hypersonic aviation and plasma research. 

Turbulence is one of the most important things that we must control and predict. Turbulence, or chaotic whirling is the thing that makes it hard to create hypersonic jet engines. Turbulence is the thing that breaks plasma entirely in fusion systems. When We think about things like ramjet and scramjet engines the whirl that comes behind the dam makes the pressure wave that makes the pressure and heat barrier that ignites fuel breaks the fuel-air mixture shape. The dam is the cone-shaped structure in the ramjet engine. 

And that limits the use of the ramjet engine between Mach 1 and Mach 6. It is not possible to create the structure that connects the ramjet and scramjet engines using conventional methods. (Maybe) There is a test of thin wires at the front of the scramjet. The problem is that those things make the low-pressure area behind them. They look a little bit like fish. And when those pressure waves impact that causes whirls in the engine. 

Ramjet

Scramjet

The thing that limits ramjet speed is the turbulence behind the ramjet’s compression cone. The scramjet engine uses a different shape in the cone. Researchers tried to connect those shapes. But that is very hard to make. So in some ideas, the aircraft uses different turbojets, ramjets, and scramjets. The aircraft will accelerate to Mach 1 using regular turbojets. Then the ramjet system ignites. When the aircraft’s speed is high enough the scramjet engine starts. That allows the plane to operate from regular runways. And it gives it an extremely high speed. 

There is a possibility to create a cone that pulls itself away from the front of the engine. The system can share that cone structure into four bites that the system pulls away from the ramjet, and then the scramjet acts as the afterburner for that system. If the system can remove ramjet's cone it makes it possible to connect the scramjet behind the ramjet. That system can make it possible to create aircraft that can travel with speed Mach 12 and higher. The rocket ramjet means the rocket engine that uses atmospheric air while the aircraft travels in the air, and when it jumps out from the atmosphere that system can close the iris at the front of the ramjet. Then the oxygen-fuel mixture will burn in the engine. That turns to using the internal oxygen source. 

However, we can also consider turbulence and nuclear fusion. The problem in the plasma is that there is forming empty space or a difference between energy levels. The problem is that the lasers cannot push plasma using the same force at all points. If somebody creates a laser that inputs energy to the plasma by using a beam that covers the entire plasma ring that would be a big advance. It is also possible to create anion plasma in the fusion system. And then the ions will inject that plasma ring homogeneously from the entire length of the plasma. 

If the ignition happens homogeneously in the entire plasma that could make the system more stable. The problem with that system is with magnets. The same system that presses anions to the ring pulls ions away. If the system uses laser points, it creates energy hills within the system, which form a situation where the laser beams make whirls inside the plasma. The problem is in the one or mono-polar plasma. 

Particles in ion plasma repel each other. And there are small points where the magnetic system cannot press that plasma with the same power. That point is the connection point of magnets. Those points cause waves in the plasma where those particles will jump away from each other because of electromagnetic repel. That makes space in the plasma ring. And that space allows the form of the whirls. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/new-superdiffusion-proof-probes-the-mysterious-math-of-turbulence-20250516/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet

Chaos and computer security.

 The most conventional way to use holograms in data security is to take a picture of the hologram and use it as the key to access the system. The hologram can make those access photos individuals if they change their shape and color all the time.

Holograms are new tools for data security and computing. In the latest technological advances, a high-energy laser that shoots beams through a whirling liquid will encrypt data. Those systems are expensive, but maybe "chaos encryption" is the tool for future encryption. The whirling liquids can help create complete chaos. That makes it impossible to calculate the process backward. The chaos means that there are some particles in the chamber.

The system will make them move and then transmit the information through that chamber. The encryption system takes an image of the position of the particles and sends it to receivers. Then the receiver can use that image or information to calculate changes that happened in the laser beam. The system is unbreakable because the decoding process requires information about the particle's position precise in the moment when information travels through the chamber.

 

"Researchers created an optical system that encrypts information as a hologram that is scrambled when sent through a small container of liquid and then uses a neural network for decryption. Credit: Stelios Tzortzakis, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas" (ScitechDaily, Hack-Proof Encryption: How AI and Holograms Are Making Data Unbreakable)

"Researchers have designed a cutting-edge optical security system that uses holograms to encode information, rendering it unreadable without an AI-driven decryption key. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Hack-Proof Encryption: How AI and Holograms Are Making Data Unbreakable)

 

" The researchers tested the new approach on handwritten digits and other shapes like stars. Credit: Stelios Tzortzakis, Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas" (ScitechDaily, Hack-Proof Encryption: How AI and Holograms Are Making Data Unbreakable)

 

 

Holograms can also transmit information in normal networks. The hologram can be like a light bulb. And it can blink sending information to receivers. That receiver can be a standard web camera. The hologram can change its shape and that makes it impossible to fake the massages. When a hologram transmits binary data it can change its shape, color, or blink. The hologram that the outsider cannot see makes information transmission safe.

The problem with optical systems is that they are not visible through the walls. The X- or gamma-rays and acoustic systems can make data transmission more secure. Things like coherent acoustic waves don't disturb people if they are not at the route of acoustic waves. Same way X-ray and gamma-ray systems are not dangerous if people are not in the line of their radiation.

Things like scattering effects make the lasers vulnerable. If somebody delivers particles to the laser ray's route that makes the laser ray visible to outsiders.

Things like lidar-based technologies that involve the lenses that expand the laser rays make it possible that those systems must not aimed so precisely as regular lasers. The system can send call-signal using a large spotlight. When receivers tell where they are the system can start to use precisely aimed lasers. Things like UV lamps are things that are invisible to IR sensors.  

But the problem is that holograms must be visible to receivers. The hologram can also act as an optical router. The sensors are around that thing. The shape or color can determine which route the system uses to transport information. The optical systems are safe because laser rays are harder to eavesdrop.

If somebody tries to steal data from a laser ray, that leaves a mark on that laser ray. Things like the scattering effect make it possible to break some laser systems. The dust that the eavesdropper delivers to the laser beam can cause a situation where the outsider can see the laser ray.

https://scitechdaily.com/hack-proof-encryption-how-ai-and-holograms-are-making-data-unbreakable/