The supersonic flight turns metal bonds weaker.

Above: North American X-15 in wind tunnel test. 

We know that friction weakens materials. Things like metal structures are vulnerable to heat. The reason for that is that metal structures are not solid and homogenous structures. The friction forms heat that destroys the metal structures. In the second image (Image 2),  we can see the aluminum crystalline structure. We can see that those are not in perfect symmetry. But the structure looks a little bit like a diamond (Image 4). That atomic structure makes aluminum very suitable for aviation. The problem is that the real bonds that are marked as grey tubes don't follow the route of the theoretical bonds that are marked by a black dash. If aluminum atoms form the boxes or structures like carbon in a diamond. That makes it stronger. 

Image 2. Crystalline structure of aluminum. 

However the structure can be more effective if those aluminum atoms can form a perfect box structure that continues homogenously over the entire trunk. Things like nanotubes can transport energy out of the structure. The best solution for nanotubes is that they are horizontally through the metal structure. If there are no connection points. That makes energy travel better through those tubes. 

The image 3 shows the problem of energy in the 3D surfaces. We can see that there are potholes in that structure. And that causes energy asymmetry in this lattice. 

The potholes and hills in structure cause differences in energy levels. Make energy travel to the lower energy points. And that forms standing waves that push atoms away. 

There are two ways to make the material strong. One is nanotubes and one is to make metal extremely pure. 

The structure is like boxes. And that allows the metal to dump energy into those boxes. That energy forms a standing wave that breaks the structure sooner or later. The thing that breaks the structure is the reflecting wave from the metal crystal. When we compare that structure with the diamond's carbon structure.

(Image 3) The polarization in lattice. The polarization under laser ray. Tells about the energy levels in the lattice. 

 We can see that the diamond's dodecahedron structure (Image 3)allows energy to travel out from the structure more easily than from the metal. If the energy level in the top carbon is lower than the bottom carbon. That increases the energy flow through a diamond. 

There are small metal crystals and bites of dross in the metal structure. When heat transfers to those structures. It causes standing waves into the layers. When energy travels into those small crystals. They store that energy inside them. Sooner or later. Energy levels in those metal structures turn higher than in the environment. That energy destroys the material structures. 

(Image 4) Diamond crystalline structure. 

We know that. To keep material in its form. There must be someplace. There the material can put that energy. The reason why carbon fiber stands better at supersonic speed is that it is fiber. In supersonic speed the air pressure pushes carbon fiber against the wing. If that fiber goes over the wing it can transport more energy to air. 

The next question is where that energy dump can put that energy. One answer can be the nanodiamonds. That can transport energy out from the metal. Another answer to the heat problem can be nanotubes that can conduct energy out of the structure. The system works that way so that there is a lower energy area behind the aircraft. 

The nanotubes can transport energy out from metal structures if they continue over the entire airplane's body. Things like electron beams can also operate as the thermal pump that transports energy out from the structure. 

 https://interestingengineering.com/innovation/supersonic-speed-weakens-metal-bonds-strength-peaks-at-1060-m-s-study-finds?group=test_b

The new fundamental technology can change aviation forever.

Above: NASA: X-59

The NASA X-59 Quiet Supersonic Transportation, Qesst. Is an example of a fast and quiet supersonic aircraft. The idea is that the smooth shapes of the plane make the sonic cone. That is gently sloping relative to the ground. That means. The supersonic cone is used for as long a time as possible. To travel to the ground. 

X-59

That makes the craft quieter than ever before. Another thing is that fundamental aviation systems like the narrow grooves above the wing or the front spoilers that can lay against the wing can also make the pressure difference between over and below the wing deeper. That thing makes it possible to create an aircraft with shorter wings. 

"A close-up of NASA’s shock-sensing probe highlights its pressure ports, designed to measure air pressure changes during supersonic flight. The probe will be mounted on NASA’s F-15B Aeronautics Research Test Bed for calibration flights, validating its ability to measure shock waves generated by the X-59 as part of NASA’s Quesst mission to provide data on quiet supersonic flight. Credit: NASA/Lauren Hughes" (ScitechDaily, NASA Unveils Cutting-Edge Tech To Make Supersonic Flights Quieter)

"NASA’s F-15B Aeronautics Research Test Bed performs a calibration flight of the shock-sensing probe over Edwards, California, on August 6, 2024. The probe will measure shock waves from NASA’s X-59, providing data that may change limits for overland supersonic flight from being speed-based to sound-based. This work is part of NASA’s Quesst mission, with the X-59 as its flagship aircraft. Credit: NASA/Steve Freeman. " (ScitechDaily, NASA Unveils Cutting-Edge Tech To Make Supersonic Flights Quieter)

"During a test flight over Edwards, California, NASA’s F-15B Aeronautics Research Test Bed evaluates a shock-sensing probe. The probe will capture detailed shock wave data from the X-59, advancing research in quiet supersonic travel. Credit: NASA/Steve Freeman" (ScitechDaily, NASA Unveils Cutting-Edge Tech To Make Supersonic Flights Quieter)

"NASA’s F-15B Aeronautics Research Test Bed, equipped with a shock-sensing probe, soars over Edwards, California. The probe’s data will help refine supersonic flight models and support NASA’s mission to reduce sonic booms to quieter “sonic thumps.” Credit: NASA/Steve Freeman" (ScitechDaily, NASA Unveils Cutting-Edge Tech To Make Supersonic Flights Quieter)

"NASA’s F-15B Aeronautics Research Test Bed flies over Edwards, California, carrying a shock-sensing probe designed to measure supersonic shock waves from the X-59. This crucial data supports NASA’s Quesst mission to enable quieter supersonic flight over land. Credit: NASA/Steve Freeman" (ScitechDaily, NASA Unveils Cutting-Edge Tech To Make Supersonic Flights Quieter)

That makes it possible to create new types of supersonic and hypersonic solutions. The X-59 is the system that should make the new type of solution that allows the aircraft to transport things between two points at low noise and supersonic speed. But then we must remember that supersonic speed is medium between subsonic and hypersonic speeds. Before the aircraft reaches hypersonic speed it must accelerate through the supersonic speed area. 

There is also another thing that makes those systems more effective. Things like acoustic tornadoes at the front of the aircraft can push air away from ahead of that plane. Those systems can make the air thinner decrease friction and make it possible to travel faster in low-level flight. 

Focke-Wulff Triebeflüge: the forgotten concept. 

Above: Focke-Wulff Triebflüge in model. 

Rotating wings that can raise aircraft up from the ground. 

The old aircraft can offer the possibility of creating old-new types of VTOL aircraft. Normally the VTOL aircraft turns its nozzle down or uses different lifting motors to rise from the ground. There is the possibility to make the aircraft rise up from the ground using the rotating wing. In late WW2 German researchers created the Focke-Wulf Triebflügel concept. The idea was that the aircraft used one large propeller there were jet engines on their edges. That thing made that propeller rotate. The wing was twisted like in regular propeller aircraft. 

There are flying models of Triebflüger and they show that the system can really work. It could be possible to create a better version of the Triebflüger. The system uses the straight wings that it puts to rotate. Those wings will give the lift force. And then the aircraft can rise up from the ground. When the pilot pushes the stick forward the system turns and locks those wings to the horizontal flight positions. And the engines turn to ahead. That kind of system can also give a high-speed VTOL system the ability to operate. This version just locks those rotating wings to the horizontal flight position when it turns to horizontal flight. 

Tiebflüge was only the model. The aircraft probably flew under Allied control after 1945. But there are flying models of that fundamental, unique aircraft solution. That aircraft remains a concept. But it's an interesting part of the history of aviation. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Triebflügel

Space X will launch a Dragonfly probe to Titan.

"Artist’s impression of Dragonfly soaring over the dunes of Saturn’s moon Titan. NASA has authorized the mission team to proceed on development toward a July 2028 launch date. Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins APL/Steve Gribben" (ScitechDaily, NASA’s Dragonfly: SpaceX To Launch Daring Mission to Saturn’s Moon Titan)

The Dragonfly is one of the most daring missions in history. The AI-controlled quadcopter will be launched to Saturn's moon Titan, and there. That probe will research the distant moon. Its atmosphere. And its hydrocarbon lakes. The Dragonfly itself is an interesting concept. If the image above really portrays a Dragonfly. That probe is like a quadcopter. And it seems to have four Kamov-type propellers that give it higher speed than traditional propellers. 

In those propellers, the system tilts the rotor's edge against each other. And that makes it possible to aim the thrust. Those propellers give that system extremely good maneuverability. 

Those propellers are seen in Kamov helicopters. The engine system gets its energy from nuclear batteries or isotope generators (RTG). The thing is that the Titan atmosphere makes it possible to use wind energy on that strange word. 

The Dragonfly concept is suitable for next-generation manned helicopters. The high-speed quadcopter designs can be useful in many missions. Electric engine-operating quadcopters can be a low-noise application. The turbine-based hybrid system allows this system can travel fast between targets, and near the destination, the system can turn to use electric engines. 

If those electric systems and cabins are protected against pressure the quadcopter can also operate underwater. And those systems can give new abilities. For civil and military operations. The underwater-capable quadcopter can fix undersea cables and check structures above and below the surface. The same system can transport military operators to the coastline underwater and then fly them to the building's roofs.

The main difference. Between the FVR-90 hybrid drone that you can see above. And supersonic versions are that. The supersonic versions can pull those quadrotors in the structure. That means the side bodies are a bit longer and the craft's shape is tuned to fit supersonic flight with possible stealth capacities. 

In some visions, the next-generation high-speed jet fighters are quadcopters that can have high-power jet engines. Or, quadcopters can raise those jet aircraft up from the ground. At the right altitude, they can drop the aircraft which can accelerate its speed. But those systems can have internal quadcopter structures. 

The system in the lower image might look a little bit like the jet-engined version. But in that jet-engined version, the main propeller is replaced by a jet engine and high-speed abilities are better. 

Those high-speed systems can use the quadcopter mode in low-speed, low-noise flight. Those quadrotors can be systems that the aircraft can pull while it travels fast. Or they can be small independent operating helicopters that can rise and transport aircraft away from city areas. Then those systems can be separated. And then. Those systems can travel away from the city area and start their jet engines. Those radical concepts will lower the flight noise. 

https://fi.pinterest.com/pin/290622982200791695/

https://scitechdaily.com/nasas-dragonfly-spacex-to-launch-daring-mission-to-saturns-moon-titan/