There is the possibility that the expansion of the universe is an illusion. And thoughts about dark energy.

Is dark energy regular radiation that gravitation has stretched into an unknown form?

We know that dark energy is wave movement or radiation that travels across the universe. There is a possibility that dark energy is some kind of wave movement whose sender is unknown. There is a possibility that the dark energy is wave motion and that gravitation is modified. Gravitation stretches light waves. And when the gravitational center is back to light, that gravitational effect pulls the wavelength of that light longer.

In the same way, gravitation should affect all other waves or radiation types, gravitation also spreads radiowaves, X- and gamma rays, and quantum fields around the universe. So there is a possibility that dark energy is just some kind of radiation that gravitation transformed to form that source, which is unknown. That means the source of that radiation is a well-known particle. But gravitation changed those waves into a form whose wavelength is unknown.

Gamma

X-ray

All radiation types have different senders. The wavelength of radiation depends on the size of the sending particles.

When we look at the cosmological models, we must realize that we must adjust those models. We are wrong when we think that all particles in the universe have the same energy level. When we are looking at the cosmic gamma- and microwave backgrounds, along with the X-ray and IR backgrounds, we must realize that all those radiation types have different sources. Every particle in the universe emits radiation whose wavelength is the same as its diameter.

That means there are many types of particles in the universe. And in the brightest areas of microwaves or any other radiation type, the size and energy levels of the particles are different. So as an example, in the brightest gamma-ray areas, the energy level of the particles is higher and their size is smaller than particles that are sending radiation in the IR area. The particles that send radiation in the IR area are larger than the particles that send gamma rays.

Microwave 

IR 

The expansion of the universe has been a key element in cosmology. The thing is that there are some very interesting errors in those models. The biggest error is that nobody might ever think about time dilation when we estimate the age of the universe. Time dilation depends on the energy level. And in a young, hot universe, time was at least five times slower than it is now. I don't know the point at which that conclusion is drawn. But time was slower in the universe, where there was only radiation. And in the moment of the Big Bang, time was stopped. So the mistake is that we think that the universe is some kind of black hole or planet. The difference is that the universe was alone in this dimension.

The energy level of the universe must have decreased enough that time started to run out. The aging of particles started when the universe was cold enough that the vaporization of the particles could start. When the energy level of the universe was high enough, there was no room for the energy that traveled out from the particles. And there is one possibility: once energy traveled to particles, If that is true, time traveled backward at some point in the very young universe.

Particles send waves when they face energy stress. That stress raises their energy level. And when energy stress ends, they release extra energy. The other thing that makes particles send waves is the quantum field, whose power is decreasing.

So is red light "tired light"?

But is that thing the result of the expansion of the universe? Or is the quantum field tired? There is a theory. That the redshift, at least over long distances, is caused by gravity that stretches or pulls the waves that particles send longer. In the same way, gravitation must affect quantum fields as it affects light, Gravitation makes the wavelength of light longer. But then to the light: how does gravitation affect it?

The fact is that gravitation affects light. When we think about the shape of the universe, especially the layer where almost all galaxies are, we can say that the visible universe is like a ball. When light comes out from the opposite side of that ball-shaped structure, gravitation pulls photons back. 

That means the gravitational effect of the opposite side of the universe stretches the light when it travels through that ball, where all the material that we know exists. The ability to stretch light or the wavelength of the light means that extreme objects like black holes can have a virtually very high redshift. There is dark matter in the universe. That means dark matter is partially things like passive black holes.

But the thing is that dark energy could be the energy released from the material when it turns to radiation. If we think that there are massive clouds of dark matter outside the visible universe that cause a very high gravitational effect, Those clouds are pulling material through the universe. That cross-pulling makes it possible that there seems to be some kind of dark energy. There is a possibility that material behind the opposite side of the visible universe could be visible. But the stars and galaxies cover that material behind them. Every single galaxy has a black hole in the middle of it. The gravitational effects of a black hole are pulling things like quarks into protons and neutrons into lines.

But then there is the expansion of the universe.

The gravitational effect of the universe turns weaker. The reason for that is that the universe is alone in the dimension. Energy travels out from it, and energy is one thing that affects gravitation. So if energy goes out from the universe. That means the universe loses its mass. And that means the universe's gravitational effect decreases. 

Could expansion be real, but the distance between particles be stable? When the energy level of the universe decreases, energy travels out from particles. The reason for that is that the pressure of quantum fields decreases. That means the difference between the energy levels of particles and their environment increases. So when we think like this, the particle's size increases. In that case, the expansion of the universe also means that particles that travel in space expand.

That means the universe can expand, but the distance between particles will not. So the universe will expand both virtually and physically. So people who claim that the expansion of the universe is virtual are right, as are people who claim that the expansion of the universe is physical.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1361-6382/acdb41

Other sources:

NASA, ESA, Space.com, Wikipedia