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The universe might never run out of hydrogen.



Hydrogen is the simplest atom in the universe. It's the lightest element. And the thing is that the hydrogen will not decay. That process requires proton's decay and this is not confirmed. The red dwarfs brought the situation in front of researchers' eyes that those M (and K)-spectral class dwarfs are the oldest stars in the universe. Those quite cold stars are recycling hydrogen. When nuclear fusion in their core turns hydrogen to helium, those helium (or alpha) ions travel to the red dwarf's poles. 

The magnetic field will transfer them to travel in the red dwarf radiation. That intensive infrared radiation destroys helium and releases protons from the nucleus. Then those protons trap electrons around them and this turns them into atomic hydrogen. This reaction is unique, and it happens only near M-spectral class stars. The radiation pressure or star wind from M-spectral class stars is so weak, that it cannot blow those helium atoms away. The tiny red dwarfs can have a strong magnetic field, several hundreds of times stronger than the Sun. 




So why does the star formation in the old universe end? 


Hydrogen is the lightest element in the universe. There are no neutrons, but electrons that orbit protons get energy from electrons. When the universe expands the quantum fields turn weaker. That thing rips heavier atoms into pieces. The electromagnetic interaction keeps the hydrogen atoms in one piece. An electron is an elementary particle that can turn into wave movement. 

When an electron orbits a proton in the hydrogen atom. The electron transports its kinetic energy into the proton. When an electron orbits a proton it sends a quantum pressure wave to a proton, when it travels across the quantum field around that atom. The quantum fields are like water. And when a particle travels through it, it forms pressure waves. When that pressure wave hits the proton, the proton will send its extra energy back to the electron. 

When the energy level is low enough the electron can turn into a string, which orbits the proton. That string makes the proton look like the planet Saturn.

In some models, wave movement will turn to a string, that will start to orbit the proton as the quantum ring. So in that moment, the proton looks like a planet Saturn. The string that orbits a proton is a far different type of material than we can imagine. 

Those strings will harvest energy to proton. That energy locks the proton in its form. And finally, in a very cold and old universe, the protons decay into three quarks. But before that, the distance between hydrogen atoms turns so long, that they will not form stars. 


https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/universe-run-out-of-hydrogen/


https://scitechdaily.com/tiny-red-dwarf-star-has-a-magnetic-field-several-hundred-times-stronger-than-our-sun/


https://www.space.com/23772-red-dwarf-stars.html


https://www.universetoday.com/145094/detecting-exoplanets-through-their-exoauroras/


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification

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