The large black hole in the young universe challenges cosmic theory.

Billion mass black holes challenge cosmic theories. Those cosmic monsters were surprisingly large. That means there is some hole in cosmic theories. 

In the "Kugelblitz model", Black holes can form straight from radiation, which is one of the models. That can explain why black holes were so massive in the young universe. In that theory, black holes can form in radiation whirls. 

In that model, the extremely stable systems where entropy is minimal. Those whirls can grow into extremely large proportions. The young universe was thicker than the modern universe. So when that kind of whirl formed, they pulled more material with them than the whirl in the modern universe. So, the black hole mass in the early universe was easily higher than it was in the modern universe.  

And that thing can explain why the black holes in the early universe were surprisingly large. But those "Kugelblitz black holes" require some kind of whirl. When entropy grows in the early universe, it's possible that impacting wave movements or cosmic strings formed the whirls that the black hole requires. 

In some theories, all black holes don't involve singularity. 

In singularity, material, space, and time are in one entirety. That thing forms the black hole. That singularity is a form of material where all energy and material are together. The supernova explosion causes a situation in which the high energy level pushes atoms, their quantum fields, and all particles into one entirety: a singularity. The singularity is virtually slight. 

But if we could use a very big zoom, we could see that there are quantum potholes in that material. Those extremely small potholes make it possible. The fast-spinning singularity can touch the gravity field and turn it into a tornado-shaped form. 

The singularity cannot touch or keep contact with the gravity field if it does not have those potholes. And it starts to spin in a cosmic vacuum. In that case, nothing limits the particle's spin until the quantum field touches it. 

When singularity starts to spin in that vacuum, it sends the relativistic energy pike from its spin axle. And that relativistic flow acts like a drill that travels in the quantum field. 

But supermassive black holes are different. They can form when large material clouds fall into one point. In some other models, supermassive black holes form when in globular clusters. The extremely large blue supergiants start to explode as supernovas. Those short-living blue supergiant stars turn into black holes. And then those black holes start to collide. 

There is a possibility that some extremely large black holes have some kind of vacuum inside them. In that kind of black hole, there is a structure like a radiation stick inside the quantum tornado. That structure conducts energy out from the black holes.  

The theory of the vacuum black hole is not very old. That theorem tries to explain how some black holes are too massive, that their singularity's gravity force couldn't form those monsters. The event horizon seems to be too far from the black holes, and gravity cannot form the event horizon. In that model, there are multiple internal structures in the event horizon. The black hole is like an onion with multiple internal event horizons. 

https://scitechdaily.com/billion-mass-behemoths-surprisingly-massive-early-universe-black-holes-challenge-cosmic-theories/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelblitz_(astrophysics)