CERN detected the decay of kaon.

"An ultra-rare particle decay process could broaden our understanding of how the building blocks of matter interact. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, CERN’s Game Changer: Rare Decay Observation Hints at New Physics)

"CERN scientists observed a rare kaon decay into a pion and two neutrinos, a significant find confirming predictions of the Standard Model and hinting at possible new physics."(ScitechDaily, CERN’s Game Changer: Rare Decay Observation Hints at New Physics)

The decay of kaon into two neutrinos and one pion is one of the most incredible things in physics. That thing helps to understand particles and their formation. That decay follows the predictions of the Standard model and that is the path of the new era of physics. The kaon decay is one of the rarest things in history. 

Mesons are unstable versions of hadrons. The most well-known stable versions of hadrons called baryons are protons and neutrons. 

Kaon, or K-meson is one hadron. The mesons are another very unstable part of hadrons, and the reason for that is that mesons involve antimatter. Mesonic hadron involves a quark and its anti-quark pair. When particles in that particle-antiparticle pair touch each other. That causes annihilation. And the meson is destroyed. The problem is how to keep those quark-anti-quark pairs away from each other. The electromagnetic force pulls the antiparticle to its particle pair. 

The pions are the lightest mesons. There is only one quark and antiquark in those particles. The pion is the thing, that can be stabilized if the system can put that particle to spin very fast. The idea is that the spinning movement or quantum centripetal force stretches the quantum field around those two particles. That effect should keep them away from each other. The other version is to use magnets to keep those particles away from each other. 

"A hadron is a composite subatomic particle. Every hadron must fall into one of the two fundamental classes of particle, bosons and fermions." (Wikipedia, Hadron)

Dark energy may come from oscillating superstrings. 

That thing can open a route to understanding what makes material. In some models, the elementary particles are hollow from the inside. That means the energy level in those particles' shells could be lower than outside. That means the particles are whisk-shaped structures and the outside electromagnetic- or quantum field keeps that structure in its form.

This explains the effect of annihilation. The opposite quantum fields push those superstrings away. Then the outcoming energy fields fall into the particle and then it pumps energy to those superstrings that collide. That effect makes those particles behave like vacuum bombs. And that thing can also explain part of the mysterious dark energy. In this model, dark energy is the wave movement the source is the oscillating superstrings. 

The shell of the particle is formed of superstrings. Those superstrings are the particle's outer shell. And the energy waves that are leaving into particles reflect from the standing wave in the middle of them.  That energy causes oscillation in the particle's shell. And that oscillation travels through the universe. I dare to say that this thing can be the source of dark energy. 

And that decay can help to understand how particles and electromagnetic fields reached the energy level that made material in the form as we know it. In the young universe could be particles and particle pairs that don't exist anymore. Conditions were different in that very high-energy universe. And the difference between energy levels were not as high as they are today. The extremely high energy particles are things that tell their story about the era at the beginning of the time. 

By the way...

Could there be annihilation in the young universe, where extremely strong outside quantum fields close annihilation radiation and product particles inside it? In the young universe, the energy level was higher than in the modern universe. But differences between energy levels were smaller than in our universe. And maybe that formed a situation in which particles and radiation couldn't escape from annihilation. That could explain where some particles went in the new universe. 

Theoretically is possible to create the particle-antiparticle compound. But that requires situations where the outside energy field is so powerful that it can keep that annihilation radiation inside it. The particle-antiparticle compounds are not similar particle compounds. In that reaction, the annihilation melts those particles into new entirety. 

This reaction is not possible in the modern universe, because quantum fields around those particles are too weak. The idea is that maybe in a very young universe, the energy level was so high, that outside the quantum field was so powerful that it could keep annihilation radiation and the particles that annihilation produced under one field. It's possible that in the young, high-energy universe were different types of reactions than in the modern cold universe. 

https://home.cern/news/press-release/physics/na62-experiment-cern-observes-ultra-rare-particle-decay

https://scitechdaily.com/cerns-game-changer-rare-decay-observation-hints-at-new-physics/

https://futurism.com/the-byte/cern-particle-accelerator-kaon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pion

Drones and algorithms.

"Using artificial intelligence, researchers have advanced the precision in estimating critical cosmological parameters by analyzing galaxy distributions. This new method, SimBIG, could provide clearer insights into the universe’s structure and help address the Hubble tension by refining our understanding of dark matter, dark energy, and the universe’s expansion. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Rewriting Cosmic Calculations: New AI Unlocks the Universe’s Settings) The same algorithms can be used to make models about the forms of large-scale drone swarms. 

Things like the slime mold algorithm along with things like the Boltzmann constant and ideal gas formulas boost AI and its ability to make models of complex systems. The researchers can use mathematical formulas that predict gas movements in meteorology to model the behavior of the gas movements near black holes. When surveillance systems collect data about people's behavior, that system makes it possible to create algorithms that can predict people's behavior and how people react in certain situations. 

These kinds of things are powerful tools in many ways. When we make models of things like the internal interaction inside human brains. We can connect that data to the field models created for gravitational centers and their interactions. 

The idea in this work is to say things in another way, connect data collected from multiple observations, and use multiple mathematical formulas to make systems behave like complicated organisms. This kind of tool can connect multiple actors that might look very different into one entirety. This kind of system singularity would make things like traffic more fluent if autonomous cars cooperate with traffic control cameras and drones that can patrol the streets. 

The AI can detect many things using regular sensors. The AI can detect if there are changes in the people's voice, and those changes can mean that there is some kind of tissue growth in the respiratory canal. That thing can tell about things like cancer. But the problem is privacy. When we use AI we make our life easier. The problem is the way to think about things. 

If AI can make something like finding tumors from images, that doesn't make medical doctor's work unnecessary. That thing should allow more time for being with patients. But the thing is that somebody always seems to think that AI replaces human doctors. If we make things like robot swarms we make weapons. Robot swarms are weapons themselves. They can rise to the route of the incoming attack planes. But the same robot swarms can also search for missing people and fire from areas. The fact is this the same drone swarm can also steal our privacy. 

Many times we have seen people say that drone swarms are easy to jam. The fact is that we can jam some communication frequencies. However, the drone swarm can operate using optical or acoustic communication. The independently operating drone swarms use things called non-centralized computing. The idea is that drones act like cloud computers. They share their information with each other. That makes those drone swarms act like one, large-size drone. 

Privacy is always a respected thing. The thing is that, if we want to make problems, we can get them easily. 

The negative arguments sell the news. Negative things are always top when we discuss things like AI. The drone swarm on the battlefield is one of the top things in modern times. And the paradox is that small countries will get more benefits from those drone swarms than big countries. The AI-based image detectors help to find missing people from the streets. But the same algorithms can also make it possible to create an ultimate surveillance system, that is the wet daydream for Kim Jong Un. 

In those cases, the system's behavior depends on its users. Things like assault rifles are dangerous if their user wants to use them in a dangerous way. The AI is the biggest opportunity in the human history. But it's also the biggest threat. Or other ways we can say that the algorithms are tools like screwdrivers and assault rifles. 

And when we think about things like productive and sustainable advances, that thing means that we face one very interesting model. Making things like dreadnoughts is not a very pretentious action. But the use of them is all the more spectacular thing. The other thing is that we cannot use anything if we don't have the thing, that we want to use. 

https://scitechdaily.com/slime-mold-algorithms-unlock-secrets-of-vast-cosmic-structures/

https://scitechdaily.com/rewriting-cosmic-calculations-new-ai-unlocks-the-universes-settings/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_constant

Biomimetic machines can emulate natural creature behavior.

"A biological model based on slime mold has provided astronomers with new insights into the structure and evolution of the universe. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Slime Mold Algorithms Unlock Secrets of Vast Cosmic Structures)

Biomimetics is the emulation of nature. The drone swarms can emulate slime molds and starling swarms. Another thing is that computer viruses are things that emulate natural viruses. 

Biomimetics is not necessarily a physical thing. Also, virtual systems can emulate living nature. Things like the slime mold algorithm that uses slime mold as a model of the universe's structures emulates nature in the virtual model. The slime mold algorithm can also be used in things like drone swarms. Those systems can use slime mold algorithms to create drone swarms that behave like slime mold. Another way is to create an algorithm that makes drone swarms behave like starling swarms. 

The networked systems make it possible that the drone swarm can act like one large creature. And the AI-driven drone swarms can emulate the starling swarm, which makes it hard to separate them from natural and harmless starlings. The drone swarms can also make it possible to create macro entireties. The drone swarms can cooperate. One of them can act as an eyeball, and some other drone swarms can close targets from opposite directions. In those cases that drone swarm can emulate natural entireties. 

When we think about things like data security the drone swarms can break it. Small autonomous drones can follow people on the streets. They can take images through windows and hear what people say. The AI-controlled drones can also slip data viruses to the computers using the UBG gates. The robot will just fly to the open computer. Then it pushes the data socket to the USB gate and then downloads the virus to the computer. 

If the small drones can slip into the house, and those drones can use wireless electric transfer, that kind of system can see everything that happens on the screens. The system can also eavesdrop on the office. When we think about the most modern data security tools the robots can slip the malware into the system using the USB gates. 

The modern drone swarms can involve the user interface, which allows operators to give orders to those swarms using the spoken language or keyboard. Operators can use the drone swarms for recon, intelligence, and attack missions. The attack drones can make the recon missions until they find the target. 

The recon drone involves a microphone and camera with a laser microphone that can transmit data to the other side of the world if it can use a satellite modem. The other version is that drones make chains that transmit information from drone to drone. 

Or the drone can use voice and video recorders when it stays in passive mode. When the drone's mission is done, it can fly home using the automatized location system. Even small drones can use terrain contour matching TERCOM or they can use stellar navigation. The system emulates birds if it uses stellar maps to navigate. Or there could be the data transmitter that calls the drone. 

Or a drone can connect itself to the internet socket, and transmit data through the network. The system can use the AI-based speech-to-text application. And it can send data in the form of the text. 

The AI is the tool that can be used to create computer viruses and malicious software. The virus and malware creation must be denied in network-based official solutions. However, we know that many nations are developing AI-based large language models, or, LLM chatbots that can create custom spyware and custom malware that make those systems very effective. There are also private workers like organized crime, that can try to create the LLM that can used for custom intruding operations. 

https://www.freethink.com/robots-ai/ai-hacking

https://scitechdaily.com/slime-mold-algorithms-unlock-secrets-of-vast-cosmic-structures/

Black hole jets can detonate stars.

"This is an artist’s concept looking down into the core of the giant elliptical galaxy M87. A supermassive black hole ejects a 3,000-light-year-long jet of plasma, traveling at nearly the speed of light. In the foreground, to the right is a binary star system. The system is far from the black hole, but in the vicinity of the jet. In the system an aging, swelled-up, normal star spills hydrogen onto a burned-out white dwarf companion star. "(ScitechDaily, Astronomers Baffled by Black Hole Jets Igniting Star Explosions)

"As the hydrogen accumulates on the surface of the dwarf, it reaches a tipping point where it explodes like a hydrogen bomb. Novae frequently pop-off throughout the giant galaxy of 1 trillion stars, but those near the jet seem to explode more frequently. So far, it’s anybody’s guess why black hole jets enhance the rate of nova eruptions. Credit: NASA, ESA, Joseph Olmsted (STScI)" (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Baffled by Black Hole Jets Igniting Star Explosions)

"Nova Explosions in Double Star Systems Doubled Near Black Hole Jet" (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Baffled by Black Hole Jets Igniting Star Explosions)

"The supermassive black hole in the core of the giant elliptical galaxy M87 shoots out a blazing bright jet of plasma racing across space at nearly the speed of light. It makes the “Death Star” beam in the Star Wars trilogy look like a wimpy candle flame lighter." (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Baffled by Black Hole Jets Igniting Star Explosions)

Relativistic jets from black holes are one of the most powerful phenomena in the universe. The jet is extremely high-energy plasma and radio, X- and gamma rays. Those jets can raise the star's temperature to a very high level if they hit the stars. That thing can destroy the star immediately if it raises its energy level too high. 

That thing can increase the power of the fusion. Or in the worst case. The energy impulse from the black hole can cause a situation where the volume of fusion reactions increases. That can cause an explosion. The most dangerous of those jets and eruptions are radio- and IR bursts that can. Transfer energy very effectively to plasma that forms the star. Plasma in the stars can absorb that kind of radiation. 

The Cygnus X-1 is the binary system where blue supergiant HDE 226868 orbits black hole Cygnus X-1. The HDE 226868 has a surface temperature of 31 000K and that means the star is O class supergiant. The star is extremely hot because the Cygnus X-1 material disk and its relativistic jet transfer energy into that star. 

Another thing that can cause sudden death is fast radio bursts of FRBs. Neutron stars and their radio jets can transfer very much energy to the other stars. The neutron star's jets can also warm the regular stars and increase their fusion power. But the eruptions from other stars can also have a big effect on stars. Things like supernova explosions can destroy even big stars if they are too close to the detonating stars. 

In some cases, the eruption from some red or blue giant can destroy multiple solar systems. The power of the effect of the eruptions depends on the size of the target star. Large stars have energy impulses better than small stars. 

Even if the energy impulse from some black hole or neutron star causes only some kind of flare in the sun-size stars. A similar phenomenon can be destructive if it hits things like red or brown dwarfs. The FRB can transfer very high power energy impulses to the red dwarf. And there is no space for energy where it can go. So the energy impulse can raise the energy level in the red dwarf. 

Another thing is that the relativistic jet can transmit energy to the plasma cloud around the star. In some visions, a high-power energy impulse can hit the planet's plasma belt. That transfers energy to that plasma, and this thing destroys satellites if it happens on Earth. If the energy level in the plasma belt rises high enough. That thing causes a situation where energy travels into the middle of Earth. This can cause the temperature in Earth's core to rise. 

In some visions, the relativistic jet can raise the temperature in the planet's atmosphere. If the temperature in the planet's atmosphere rises high enough, energy may start to flow to the planet's core. And if that energy cannot escape that energy impulse from some of the most high-energy objects can turn the planet into a black hole. That requires high-power energy impulses, that can come from the black hole's relativistic jets that heat the atmosphere. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-baffled-by-black-hole-jets-igniting-star-explosions/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygnus_X-1

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification

Nuclear reactions don't create energy. They release it from the bonds between particles.

"The strong force plays a crucial role in particle physics by holding quarks together to form protons and neutrons, and these in turn to form nuclei. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Science Made Simple: What Is the Strong Nuclear Force?)

"The strong force is essential in particle physics, binding subatomic particles like quarks into protons and neutrons, and these into nuclei, despite the repulsive electromagnetic force between like-charged protons." (ScitechDaily, Science Made Simple: What Is the Strong Nuclear Force?)

"The strong force is essential in particle physics, binding subatomic particles like quarks into protons and neutrons, and these into nuclei, despite the repulsive electromagnetic force between like-charged protons." (ScitechDaily, Science Made Simple: What Is the Strong Nuclear Force?)

The transportation particle of the strong nuclear force is gluon. Gluon is a smaller particle than W and Z bosons and electrons. When gluon sends wave movement it must travel through entire atoms. Atoms also send another type of radiation that transports weak nuclear interactions and electromagnetism. Those energy types interact with other parts of atoms. That means they can cover radiation or wave movement that transports strong nuclear force below them. 

The source of radiation that a strong nuclear force sends is smaller than a source of electromagnetism or a weak nuclear force. The radiation that a strong nuclear force or its transportation particle sends has a very short wavelength. That weak force and EM radiation cover the radiation or wave movement of strong nuclear force below them. 

When we use nuclear energy, we normally use fission energy. In fission, the heavy atom decays. That decay releases energy that is stored in bonds between protons and neutrons. The force that keeps the atom's nucleus in one part is called weak nuclear force. The weak nuclear force is the interaction between W and Z bosons and baryons. Nuclear fission releases energy from bonds that keep the atom's core in one form. The difference between nuclear and chemical energy is that. Chemical energy releases energy, that is stored in bonds between atoms. 

The weak nuclear force means energy that is stored in bonds between protons and neutrons. In nuclear fusion, two atoms collide and in that process, there is releasing much more energy than in nuclear fission. In fusion the quantum fields around the atoms impact. And that forms the standing wave. The atoms must press themselves through that standing wave. This is why successful fusion requires an asymmetrical atom pair. 

Deuterium-tritium fusion is successful in thermonuclear weapons because those hydrogen isotopes are asymmetrical. If the reactor tries to make the fusion between two deuterium atoms that thing creates a standing wave between symmetrical quantum fields. For making fusion the atom nucleus must travel through that standing wave. And that is impossible if those quantum fields are at the same energy level. 

When we talk about things like nuclear reactions, we normally say that chemical- or nuclear reactions create energy. In that case, we are wrong. Nuclear or chemical reaction reactions do not create energy. Those reactions release energy that is stored in the bonds between or in the particles and subatomic particles. 

Nuclear fusion releases more energy than fission because energy comes from different points. The field that releases the energy in fusion is much more homogenous than the field that releases energy in fission. Also, energy eruption starts from outside the atoms.  That means the electrons and quantum fields don't absorb energy like they do in nuclear fission. 

In nuclear fission, energy is released from the bonds between protons and neutrons. The energy must travel through electron shells that absorb part of it. And part of the energy goes into those electrons and quantum fields around those atoms. 

Annihilation is the ultimate, extreme version of the nuclear reactions. In that reaction, the impact between the particle- and its antiparticle pair releases energy that is stored in the particles themselves. Or it can release energy stored in the bonds between quarks if the annihilation happens between the baryon- and its antibaryon pair. 

What is a strong nuclear force? 

Strong nuclear force is one of the four fundamental interactions. That force keeps the quarks together. The strong nuclear interaction has a boson-transporter called gluon. So, we can say that a strong nuclear force is an interaction between gluon and quarks. But that thing is not as simple as I just wrote. The strong nuclear interaction also affects elementary particles. When as an example electrons and positrons impact that impact also turns those particles into energy. 

In some forms, the gluon is two particles that form a lower energy point that pulls quarks into one entirety. The strong interaction is the thing that keeps baryon or baryonic hadrons like protons and neutrons together.  The strong nuclear interaction effects also in mesons. Mesons are short-living quark-antiquark groups, and they are other hadronic particles. 

When we are looking at the strong interaction we can see that interaction in annihilation. In annihilation, the particle and its mirror-particle called commonly antiparticle turn into the energy or wave movement.  Otherways saying annihilation releases energy that is stored in the bonds between quarks. In other cases where the quark impacts with its antiquark pair, the annihilation releases energy stored in the quark's structure. Electrons behave similar way as quarks. When an electron meets its antiparticle pair called positron that impact releases energy, that is stored in the electron's structure. 

https://scitechdaily.com/science-made-simple-what-is-the-strong-nuclear-force/

https://scitechdaily.com/science-made-simple-what-is-the-weak-nuclear-force/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baryon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadron

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_hydride

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fission

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fusion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weak_interaction

What makes it hard to create a room-temperature superconductor?

"The discovery of wave-like Cooper pairs in Kagome metals introduces a new era in superconductivity research, offering potential for innovative quantum devices and superconducting electronics, driven by theoretical predictions and recent experimental validations. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Kagome Metals Unlocked: A New Dimension of Superconductivity)

"Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in superconductors: materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic fields are expelled from the material. Unlike an ordinary metallic conductor, whose resistance decreases gradually as its temperature is lowered, even down to near absolute zero, a superconductor has a characteristic critical temperature below which the resistance drops abruptly to zero. An electric current through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source" (Wikipedia, Superconductivity)

Theoretically, a superconducting electric circuit or antenna can make the perpetual motion machine possible. The superconducting wires can collect so much energy from electromagnetic fields that the system will not need another energy source. The problem with superconducting computers is that the components are hard to control in superconducting conditions. 

But laser rays can be used to warm those components in critical positions and the laser rays can switch material from superconducting to resistant and back. The temperature in those critical components than in switches, can be kept near the superconducting and resistant border. The lasers can jump that component between superconducting and resistant states. And that can make superconducting computers possible.  

Superconductivity is a key to compact quantum computers. The problem is how to make that thing without great energy use. Room-temperature superconductors are not yet possible. However, the system that includes low-temperature components and lasers that create pressure that stabilizes atoms may make it possible to create a portable quantum computer. 

The laser that raises the temperature in the superconducting wires makes it possible to create the superconducting binary computer. The laser system can adjust the temperature in switches and routers. Lasers can remove superconduction. That denies the uncontrollable electricity jump over the switch.

Above: Hall effect. In diagram A, the flat conductor possesses a negative charge on the top (symbolized by the blue color) and a positive charge on the bottom (red color). In B and C, the direction of the electrical and the magnetic fields are changed respectively which switches the polarity of the charges around. In D, both fields change direction simultaneously which results in the same polarity as in diagram A. electrons flat conductor, which serves as a hall element (hall effect sensor) magnet magnetic field power source" (Wikipedia, Hall effect)

1) electrons

2) flat conductor, which serves as a hall element (hall effect sensor)

3) magnet

4) magnetic field

5) power source

(Wikipedia, Hall effect)

That means electrons in the farthest orbitals are far away from the atom's nucleus. The orbitals of those electrons that orbit a very low energy atom can cross the most out electrons orbitals in the other atom. That melts those atom's quantum fields melt to the one entirety. Electricity is the wave movement between electrons in the wire's shell. The resistance or the Hall effect is the standing wave between the atoms or their quantum fields. If those quantum fields are melted together. 

That allows the wave to travel across a single homogenous quantum field. Resistance forms when electricity jumps from one quantum field into another. When electricity jumps to another quantum field across the hole. That makes the receiving quantum field oscillate. 

"Mid-infrared laser pulses coherently drive atomic modes in YBa2Cu3O6.48 and stabilize superconducting fluctuations at high temperature. This quantum coherence leads to the ultrafast expulsion of a static magnetic field. Credit: S. Fava / J. Harms, MPSD" (ScitechDaily, Light-Induced Superconductivity: A New Frontier in Quantum Physics)

But then we can ask what is superconduction. The electricity that flows without resistance is superconduction. At a very low temperature, there is no oscillation in the wire. And that denies the resistance. But there are also more things than just the low temperatures that make wire superconducting. In a very low temperature. The atoms in wires are Bose-Einstein condensate. 

That oscillation sends waves back to the direction where electricity came. This thing makes the standing waves that we know as resistance. If there are no holes between quantum fields. And those fields melted into one entirety. That makes those things superconducting. 

The standing waves act like Tesla coils and send wave movement to the sides of those wires. Because there are no standing waves, that makes it impossible to eavesdrop from the sides. Radiowaves that travel to the sides of the wire cause energy loss. And standing waves destroy information. 

When we think about light-conducted superconduction. That means the laser light will make a similar situation, as low temperature makes in the wires. A laser beam increases the atom's nucleus energy level, which pushes electrons farther from the atom's nucleus. This system turns atoms into conditions. That we could call the high-temperature version of Bose-Einstein condensate. 

The problem with room-temperature superconductors is that make the atoms that are large enough a room temperature. The large atom means that the farthest orbital of those atoms' electrons must be enough far away from the atom's nucleus. That allows those atoms to make the chains where the electricity can travel through the homogenous quantum field. 

https://scitechdaily.com/kagome-metals-unlocked-a-new-dimension-of-superconductivity/

https://scitechdaily.com/light-induced-superconductivity-a-new-frontier-in-quantum-physics/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductivity

Spacetime and the universe's curvature.

The photon could be the shortcut through spacetime from the past to the future or the present. 

Because the Big Bang event formed all known energy the past is at a higher energy level than the future. The universe's expansion is the thing that decreases the energy level all the time. 

If you cannot reach the speed of light, you cannot reach energy stability. In energy stability, a particle gets as much energy from its environment as it releases. And the only known particle that can reach energy stability is a photon. In the model, the photon is the particle that travels between the energy wave and the energy ditch. 

In some models, the past is the thing that transports energy to the photon. If we think that a photon is an extreme practice that travels with the speed of light. That means that. On a photon's shell, all other phenomena are also extreme. So because the energy level in the past is higher than in the future, the past will pump energy from the past through photons. 

Photon has two forms. Particle and wave movement. In the wave movement form photon looks like some kind of tape. The wave movement form of a photon is like a flat tape of spaghetti. And if we are accurate the back of the photon's wave is in the past. We can think that in the form of wave movement photons travel a little bit faster than in the particle form. And maybe the particle form photon is like a wave or stretch rather than a yarn ball. 

So if the past pumps energy through photons, that thing is one of the most fundamental advances in physics. That means photons are channels or shortcuts through time where energy travels faster from the past to the present than otherwise. 

Above: Universes expansion is the thing. That turns quantum fields weaker. Which causes the material vaporization, or particles turning into wave movement. That means that one version of the time is the universe's expansion.  When energy travels out from a material, the material turns old. 

The time dilation is a much more complicated thing than we can even imagine. The time dilation is the thing. That slows energy transfer out from the particles. Things like the gravitation field's strength, speed, and electromagnetic environment are things. That affects the speed of energy flow out from the particles. The fast energy flow causes more damage than the slow energy flow. 

The thing that depends on the aging of the particle is the difference between the particle's energy level. And its environment energy field's energy level. If that difference is very big, it causes energy to flow out from the particle at a very high speed. If that energy flow is too fast that effect rips particles in pieces. 

The kinetic energy is the thing that connects to the speed. When a particle travels fast in an electromagnetic field. It collects energy into it. The reason why a particle will age slower is this a fast-moving particle collects more energy into it. But all particles turn older. The reason for that is that sometimes. They release photons. When energy moves to the particle its speed increases. And when energy starts to flow away from a particle, its speed decreases. 

The only known particle. That can reach the speed of light in a straight universe is a photon. The gravitation can cause time dilation. In that case. Gravity center packs electromagnetic fields around it thicker. That means. Energy flows out from particles slower than outside the gravity field. The reason why the particle can reach and cross the speed of light in an extremely strong gravity field is this. 

The gravity moves fields to the gravity center. The speed of light depends on the medium. That means the electromagnetic field that travels to the gravity center with the speed that is the speed of light can transport particles faster than the speed of light outside the effect area. In the event horizon, all particles travel at the same speed. So the speed of light depends on the speed of the environment. Same way speed of time depends on the environment. Or, it depends on the differences between energy levels between particles and their environment. 

Do you know that your head lives longer than your feet? Observing this thing requires that we stand in the ultimate gravity field. Or our height must be hundreds or thousands of kilometers.  And if we want to observe that thing without the accurate atom clocks. We must be even billions of kilometers long. 

If we stand on the black hole's event horizon, the event horizon pulls the energy fields through us. The black hole would pull energy out from our feet. And that means we will get more energy to our heads than to our feet. Normally, people say that the gravity field causes time dilation. 

Things like speed and outcome energy cause time dilation. So, time dilation is an energy interaction. Energy flows to the particle or out from it. 

And that opens new types of ideas for time and its relationship with material. When energy travels to the material, it turns older. And when a particle receives energy. It turns younger, or its aging turns slower. We can think of a situation where energy moves out from a particle and forms space or pockets into it. 

And that causes horizontal-, or internal energy waves that cause more energy escape. That thing turns material and particles older. When energy travels back to the particles they get into young again. But for reaching infinity the particle must reach the speed, where it releases as much energy as it gets. 

But how your head can live longer than your feet? The simple answer goes like this. The reason for that is time dilation. Time dilation means that time is slowing near the gravity center. That means time moves slower on the feet. And that causes the effect. That the head lives longer. We can think that our head goes ahead in time. But that is too simple and there is a missing logic. So let's think about time dilation and energy flow in the object where time moves at two speeds. 

The past is at a higher energy level than the future. 

And if we use the model where time is like flow that travels against us, we can see that we are leaning forward in time. The difference between time in our feet and head is purely theoretical, but we can measure time dilation in GPS. The atom clock in GPS satellite works faster than the clock runs on Earth. But why that is not otherwise? Why cannot we say that our feet live longer, even if, time is more dilated on our feet? The fact is that we are standing in the same gravity field on our feet. 

The thing is that the time dilation is the energy flow to the gravity center. The energy flow that takes us with it is the thing that pumps energy to atoms. But then we must realize one thing. The future is at a lower energy level than the past. That means if our feet are in the past energy flows to our heads faster than in the space around us. That thing happens through the atom's bonds. Those bonds are like small wormholes. And they can transport energy faster than the environment. 

 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/head-lives-longer-life-than-feet/

The lack of deep knowledge is the problem with AI.

The problem that slows the development of the large language models, LLM is this. The next-generation system should also have a deep knowledge of what the words mean. When we use the conventional AI or LLM the system selects the keywords, and then it connects data from the different internet pages into the new entirety. 

Deep-learning AI is harder to program, and then we must understand, that even if the AI has a long list of determinators in databases, that are connected with the words we must realize that the AI doesn't still think. It might have many determinators but the problem is that. This thing is only an enhanced version of the LLM. Even if every single word of the language is connected with thousands of words of explanation, the AI will not understand those words. It just connects those things and creates one new layer to the AI. 

(Above) The neural- and KAN network structures. From above those layers would look like normal 2D networks. (Below). The image below is a more precise introduction to KAN networks than the image above. There you can see the layer between those networks. 

The neural networks are the tools that give extremely powerful calculating capacity to the system. There are no limits to the size of neural networks. However traditional neural networks are hard to administrate because of their 3D structure. The answer to the administration problem could be in Kolmogorov-Arnold (KAN) networks. 

When we think about the LLM and the new enhanced LLM the neural network architecture that runs those algorithms. The Kolmogorov-Arnold Networks or KAN networks can also be effective. The 2D structure makes those networks easier to administrate than traditional networks. The researchers can put KAN networks into the pleats, like fabric. 

The KAN network can be a large-scale system. But the pleated structure makes it more compact. The 2D KAN networks can create a hierarchical structure but otherways than traditional networks. In KAN networks each network layer is an independent network. In that case, the KAN networks are like floors of buildings. So we can call this network structure a KAN tower. The KAN looks like the synapse of the neuron. 

The system is more powerful and easier to administrate than traditional neural networks. The upper layer (or floor) of the network can act as the independent network. The system can transport data through each KAN layer and then the user gets output or solution when data travels through the KAN tower. And as I wrote every floor in the tower is independent KAN or it can act as part of the entirety. 

The neural- or KAN networks interconnect users. 

The major problem is: can the AI be intelligent without consciousness? Sometimes is told, that the robot that has consciousness defends itself. This thing is one of the things that don't need very high-level consciousness. The system must only use identify friends of foe IFF system. The wrong IFF signal activates the self-defense algorithm. The AI makes the resistance where it is programmed, using equipment there it has access to use. 

If people say that AI requires the command to begin its operations, we must realize one thing. When a defense system's sensor sees something that requires a reaction that thing acts as a trigger for the AI. The AI can follow screens using surveillance cameras, and if there is the word "alert" the system connects the AI to the database, which name is "alert". There the AI finds systems that it needs to react and effect to the threat. 

If access to the area is not permitted and intruders have the wrong IFF marking, that system can act against intruders. The wrong IFF signal acts as a trigger that connects the system to the database there are instructions for reactions. If we want to make combat androids that follow our orders, a little bit of customized LLM models are enough. 

If we want to make AI-robot systems that can emulate humans, making a robot that says "ouch" when we step on its toes is easy. The system must only have buttons on the toes that activate this reaction. Even analog systems can say "ouch" if we push the right button. 

If we want the robots to be dangerous, they are dangerous. If we want to make an AI that beats humans in air combat, we can make very big trouble with that thing. If we want to maximize this threat. We can put that AI into the most powerful stealth interceptor that we find without testing procedures. 

If we make a robot that defends itself that doesn't require very high-scale consciousness. The robot must shoot everything that does not have the right identification friend- or-foe, IFF code. These kinds of robots are not conscious but they can affect us. 

https://www.freethink.com/robots-ai/model-collapse-synthetic-data

https://www.freethink.com/robots-ai/simple-bench

https://www.quantamagazine.org/novel-architecture-makes-neural-networks-more-understandable-20240911/

How the first stars were born?

"This image of galaxy GS-NDG-9422, captured by the James Webb Space Telescope’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) instrument, is presented with compass arrows, scale bar, and color key for reference."(ScitechDaily, Webb’s Unprecedented Discovery: Potential Missing Link to First Stars in the Universe)

"This image shows near-infrared wavelengths of light that have been translated into visible-light colors. The color key shows which filters were used when collecting the light. The color of each filter name is the visible light color used to represent the infrared light that passes through that filter. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Alex Cameron (Oxford)"(ScitechDaily, Webb’s Unprecedented Discovery: Potential Missing Link to First Stars in the Universe)

The problem with models of how the first star is born is this. The firstborn stars require a gravity center or the quantum dot that can collect material from around them. The gravity centers are things that collect material around them. In some models there formed helium atoms in the hydrogen nebula. 

But helium requires nuclear fusion. And nuclear fusion can happen only in stars or black hole transition disks. In the young universe, there were no stars or radiation sources, except hypothetical black holes, which means there is the possibility that the hydrogen anion pulls hydrogen ions into it. 

And that can form the helium. It's possible. That some helium atoms could form before stars in spontaneous impacts between hydrogen ions and anions. But it's possible. The black hole's transition disks formed the first helium atoms. And then those heavier atoms that sometimes leave out from the transition disk. In that model, the helium started to form the first stars. 

The problem with this model is that the entire material in the universe was hydrogen, protons, and free electrons. Then some electrons impact with protons and form the neutron. Hydrogen was neutral atoms and protons as hydrogen ions. If a homogenous hydrogen cloud starts to turn into stars, it's possible that the entire nebula falls into one point, and forms a black hole. 

There must be mass centers around the universe, or the hydrogen should be as nebulas. If hydrogen were homogenously spread around the universe, that could cause a situation in which the entire material in the universe falls into one point and turns into a black hole. The question is always been, what came first: black holes or stars? If we think that hydrogen was in the form of the giant nebulas in the young universe. That means something broke the structure. 

The formation of the first stars doesn't require black holes. There must be only thicker points in the material. In that case, the Schwinger effect was more powerful in some places than in some other places. 

"This comparison of the data collected by the James Webb Space Telescope with a computer model prediction highlights the same sloping feature that first caught the eye of astronomer Alex Cameron, lead researcher of a new study published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society." (ScitechDaily, Webb’s Unprecedented Discovery: Potential Missing Link to First Stars in the Universe)

"The bottom graphic compares what astronomers would expect to see in a “typical” galaxy, with its light coming predominantly from stars (white line), with a theoretical model of light coming from hot nebular gas, outshining stars (yellow line). The model comes from Cameron’s collaborator, theoretical astronomer Harley Katz, and together they realized the similarities between the model and Cameron’s Webb observations of galaxy GS-NDG-9422 (top). The unusual downturn of the galaxy’s spectrum, leading to an exaggerated spike in neutral hydrogen, is nearly a perfect match to Katz’s model of a spectrum dominated by super-heated gas." (ScitechDaily, Webb’s Unprecedented Discovery: Potential Missing Link to First Stars in the Universe)

"While this is still only one example, Cameron, Katz, and their fellow researchers think the conclusion that galaxy GS-NDG-9422 is dominated by nebular light, rather than starlight, is their strongest jumping-off point for future investigation. They are looking for more galaxies around the same one-billion-year mark in the universe’s history, hoping to find more examples of a new type of galaxy, a missing link in the history of galactic evolution. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Leah Hustak (STScI)"

(ScitechDaily, Webb’s Unprecedented Discovery: Potential Missing Link to First Stars in the Universe)

Did the matter-antimatter annihilation start the interference, that started the black hole or star formation? 

In those theories, the first black holes were some kind of Kugelblitz black holes. Those hypothetical black holes form straight from radiation. There is also the possibility that large hydrogen clouds or nebulas start to fall because of gravity. Then those nebulas formed the first black holes. 

The existence of those primordial nebulas means that the structure of the material in a young universe was not homogenous. There was more hydrogen in some places than in others. Or maybe, there was antimatter, that annihilated with material. That annihilation reaction can form the shockwave, that can start the star formation in a hydrogen cloud. 

Another problem is this: were stars or galaxies first? In some models, galaxies started to form around the large-mass black holes. Then interference in that gas starts the star formation. The question is this: where do the first black holes come from if they are formed stars? Were they Kugelblitz black holes that were possible in the time before material? The other version is that they formed in thicker points of the hydrogen in the early universe. 

Or somewhere between those things. Protons and electrons could also form black holes before the material was formed. In some models, something raises the energy level in quantum dots that send waves around the universe. Then those waves formed the first particles. In the history of the universe was the stage where material was in neutral form. Those were the "dark ages". 

During that time, something put the same number of electrons and protons around each atom. The interesting question is: were there other elements than hydrogen? Those other, heavier elements could form around primordial black holes. In that model, reionization happened because of radiation that comes from those black holes and their material disk. Or maybe that interference happened because of antimatter annihilation in the young universe. 

Maybe the primordial black holes formed in the "dark ages" when the material was not ionized yet. Then reionization formed particles that could form chemical bonds. The fact is that. Without reionization, we would have no chemical compounds. 

https://scitechdaily.com/webbs-unprecedented-discovery-potential-missing-link-to-first-stars-in-the-universe/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelblitz_(astrophysics)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reionization

The new quantum research locks the enhanced security.

"Utilizing quantum mechanics, MIT has developed a protocol that secures data during deep-learning processes on cloud servers, ensuring both privacy and model integrity with a high accuracy rate." (ScitechDaily, MIT’s Quantum Locks Tighten Security on Cloud AI)

The new AI networks require enhanced data protection. Data protection must be very important, or the attackers can see everything that the AI-based network does. Another thing is that data security protects data from the outcoming effects. Physical data security, like denying the outside field interaction with data denies the damages from the data. 

Quantum networking can mean that the system cuts the data flow to multiple frequencies and routes. That thing enhances communication security. The system can also change the order of data bites. Or if the message is not urgent but requires high security. The transmitter can keep long breaks between the data segments. It can connect those data segments or data packages to multiple other messages. 

That means the important message is hard to find. In this case, I mean that all important messages don't require immediate reaction. The system can encode information using quantum binary numbers, which are extremely long binary numbers. The bigger problem is that new things like military drones require ultra-secure data transmissions. The virtual quantum system uses multi-channel data transmission, there the system transmits information using multiple frequencies at the same time. 

"MIT researchers have developed a security protocol that leverages the quantum properties of light to guarantee that data sent to and from a cloud server remain secure during deep learning computations. Credit: Christine Daniloff, MIT; iStock" (ScitechDaily, MIT’s Quantum Locks Tighten Security on Cloud AI)

The two-way Transmission Control Protocol/internet protocol TCP/IP makes sure that the channel is open. However, the one-way protocol called User Datagram Protocol, UDP, makes it possible to hide the drone's or robot's position. The problem is that UDP cannot make sure if the channel is jammed. 

Virtual quantum computers can use microwave amplification by stimulating the emission of radiation, MASER. Radiowave amplification can be achieved by using stimulated emission of radiation, RASER. Or radio-masers to aim at data transmission waves with very high accuracy. The system can use multiple frequencies, and like in some models, each radio or microwave frequency is one state of qubit. 

"Quantum computers use qubits, which can exist in multiple states at once, allowing faster calculations than classical computers. A new modular approach for scaling quantum processors proposes using flexible long-distance links between qubits, offering enhanced scalability and control while reducing the challenges of frequency matching and photon leakage." (ScitechDaily, New Research Unveils a Scalable Path to Quantum Processors)

The other version is that. Each layer in the TCP/IP protocol will turn into one state of the qubit. The system can also send information using all those layers at the same time. The virtual quantum computer can use the system that shares data into those layers or states. 

First, the binary system transfers data to the terminal. Then the system shares those data packages into its layers or states. After that system simultaneously transports those data packages through those quantum layers, quantum channels, or, states or routes. In quantum computers, the qubit can transmit data to those channels state by state. Each radio frequency in ln a long-distance quantum data transmission is one state of qubit. 

The ability to control graphite and carbon oscillations makes it possible to control the nanotubes. In quantum computers, the system pulls superposition and entanglement through the nanotubes. And that's why. It's an important thing to stabilize the nanotube. 

"Umeå University’s study reveals a new type of oscillating reaction where graphite converts to graphite oxide, with intermediate structures that appear and disappear, hinting at broader implications for chemical theory." (ScitechDaily, Scientists Solve a 50-Year Puzzle: The Oscillating Dance of Graphite Explained) The ability to control that process makes it possible to stabilize the nanotube. 

"The figure shows how graphite (left) is transformed into ‘pristine’ graphite oxide by voltage oscillations. Credit: Alexandr Talyzin"  ScitechDaily, Scientists Solve a 50-Year Puzzle: The Oscillating Dance of Graphite Explained)

The quantum computers can use graphene nanotubes to pull quantum entanglement through them. 

The real quantum computers make the quantum networks possible. The quantum networks are the systems where information travels in quantum entanglement. In some models, graphene or fullerene nanotubes are the tools that make quantum networks possible. 

The system must only stabilize the nanotube. Made by using the graphite tube. And new experiments help to solve the graphene or graphite oscillation. If the system is in a vacuum that denies the nanotube oxidation and removes the oscillation in graphite and fullerene or graphite nanotube. The ability to remove the oscillation in the graphene nanotube. 

https://scitechdaily.com/mits-quantum-locks-tighten-security-on-cloud-ai/

https://scitechdaily.com/new-research-unveils-a-scalable-path-to-quantum-processors/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-solve-a-50-year-puzzle-the-oscillating-dance-of-graphite-explained/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol

Spinning cylinders prove a 50-year-old physics problem.

"Scientists at the University of Southampton have experimentally proven the Zel’dovich effect by amplifying electromagnetic waves using a spinning metal cylinder, confirming a theoretical prediction from the 1970s and opening new avenues in technology and quantum physics. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, 50-Year-Old Physics Theory Proven for the First Time With Electromagnetic Waves)

"“Colleagues and I successfully tested this theory in sound waves a few years ago, but until this most recent experiment, it hadn’t been proven with electromagnetic waves. Using relatively simple equipment – a resonant circuit interacting with a spinning metal cylinder – and by creating the specific conditions required, we have now been able to do this.” (ScitechDaily, 50-Year-Old Physics Theory Proven for the First Time With Electromagnetic Waves)

Researchers amplified electromagnetic waves using spinning metal cylinders. That experiment proved the Sunyaev–Zeldovich, SZ effect, is vital for galactic masses and quantum phenomena. The SZ or Zeldovich effect can make many theoretical things possible. The SZ effect can probably help to make the WARP bubble. Even if the WARP drive for the spacecraft is in the distant future, that thing can made for qubits. In that case, the WARP bubble transports electrons through the air. That can make a great revolution for the quantum internet. 

The Zeldovich effect or literary "The Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect (named after Rashid Sunyaev and Yakov B. Zeldovich and often abbreviated as the SZ effect) is the spectral distortion of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) through inverse Compton scattering by high-energy electrons in galaxy clusters, in which the low-energy CMB photons receive an average energy boost during collision with the high-energy cluster electrons. Observed distortions of the cosmic microwave background spectrum are used to detect the disturbance of density in the universe. Using the Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect, dense clusters of galaxies have been observed." (Wikipedia, Sunyaev–Zeldovich effect)

"Equipment used to complete the Zel’dovich experiment. Credit: University of Southampton" (ScitechDaily, 50-Year-Old Physics Theory Proven for the First Time With Electromagnetic Waves)

"The Zel’dovich effect works on the principle that waves with angular momentum, that would usually be absorbed by an object, actually become amplified by that object instead, if it is rotating at a fast enough angular velocity. In this case, the object is an aluminum cylinder and it must rotate faster than the frequency of the incoming radiation,” explains a Research Fellow at the University of Southampton, Dr. Marion Cromb." (ScitechDaily, 50-Year-Old Physics Theory Proven for the First Time With Electromagnetic Waves)

That thing causes interesting ideas for modeling things like black holes and fast-rotating neutron stars' interaction with electromagnetic fields. In some interesting visions, the black hole or neutron star can have a faster than incoming radiation including gravitational radiation. That thing can mean that the incoming radiation that normally reflects turns stronger. 

The idea is that the fast-rotating cylinder moves kinetic energy to the reflecting waves. That can help make models for things like black holes. Because fast-rotating cylinders are making this thing to electromagnetic waves that thing can happen also in gravity waves. The SZ effect can also make it possible to create futuristic engines and other, stealth systems. The SZ effect makes it possible to create very highly accurate counterwaves that can deny the incoming waves from reaching the object. Or energy impulses that make the crafts hover in the air. 

https://scitechdaily.com/50-year-old-physics-theory-proven-for-the-first-time-with-electromagnetic-waves/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_scattering

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunyaev%E2%80%93Zeldovich_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warp_drive

The dark energy seems to be weakening all the time.

 

"The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) at Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona has produced the largest 3D map of our universe to date." (QuantaMagazine, Dark Energy May Be Weakening, Major Astrophysics Study Finds)

The dark energy seems to weaken all the time. That is one of the most remarkable observations in the history of cosmology. That means that the Big Bang has something to do with dark energy. And in that model. The origin of the dark energy is in our universe. The other thing is this: if dark energy gets weaker. That means that gravity wins. The universe ends its life in the Big Crunch. And that thing means that the Phoenix universe is inevitable. When the Big Crunch happens. 

All material falls into the black hole. That kind of black hole cannot exist in our universe. All material and energy fall into it. If a black hole is in total void, energy starts to travel out from the black hole. Which means it starts to vaporize. And that vaporization causes a new Big Bang. 

Can the origin of dark energy be in the hypothetical white hole?

Dark energy is wave movement with an unknown origin. There are many theories about its origin. In one theory dark energy is energy that a photon releases when it turns into the wave movement. In some other models, the dark energy source is in the hypothetical white holes. 

In that model, the cosmic void is the thing that forms when a white hole releases energy that travels through the wormhole. In a wormhole, the maser effect from surrounding EM fields pumps energy into that radiation and particles. When that material and wave movement comes out from the white hole, that doesn't mean that we see that white hole using human eyes. 

The white hole can release energy in the form of X- or gamma-rays. Or even in gravity waves or dark energy waves. That still hypothetical thing can blow all material away from areas around them. And that means that also cosmic voids can be the reason for the white hole. 

"Earth is at the center of this thin slice of DESI’s 3D map of the universe. Magnification reveals the distribution of galaxies and voids." (QuantaMagazine, Dark Energy May Be Weakening, Major Astrophysics Study Finds)

Or maybe the dark energy is the antigravity. 

The still hypothetical, but almost confirmed graviton particle is the origin of the dark energy. That means those particles are the quantum dots that distance from each other depending on the cosmic expansion.

There is one very interesting vision about dark energy. That vision is that dark energy could be antigravity. In modern models, antigravity is the effect that forms when gravitational waves from gravitons impact each other. That forms a standing gravity wave. And other gravity waves reflect from that wave. In the case of the universe's expansion the distance between gravitons also increases. The antigravity models are based on the models that researchers made for other fundamental interactions. 

The reason why the gravitational interaction is so special is that it doesn't have polarity. That thing can be explained by that the gravitation interacts through the field. But how does graviton make that field move? In some models, graviton is a very high energy but small particle. And then when graviton releases its energy to the field around it. The thing is that energy release is interaction. 

If we think that graviton is like on the stick above the water that is the base energy field in the universe we could understand this thing a little bit better. Same time when the graviton falls its energy, and energy level on the layer also rise. If we think that energy level is like water. And graviton is like a droplet, we could see that there is a water wire that is energy flow falls from the droplet. And the same time there is a water wire or string that rises to to the droplet. Sooner or later the rising and falling statues impact. 

When the energy level of the particle falls that particle transfers it into somewhere. That place is the quantum field around it. The energy level at the quantum field or another particle starts to rise. That forms the energy hill. And sooner or later falling energy reaches the same energy level as rising energy hill. That causes the electric arc in electromagnetic fields. Another name for that phenomenon is the standing wave. 

In visions also gravity fields can make standing waves. The reason for that is that gravity waves are wave movement. And all other wave movements can make standing waves. The standing wave causes gravity wave reflection from it. 

https://www.space.com/desi-cosmological-constant-dark-energy-history

https://www.quantamagazine.org/dark-energy-may-be-weakening-major-astrophysics-study-finds-20240404/

https://scitechdaily.com/from-theory-to-reality-graviton-like-particles-found-in-quantum-experiments/

https://scitechdaily.com/thought-to-be-impossible-scientists-propose-groundbreaking-method-to-detect-single-gravitons/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_hole

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

Schrödinger's cat: and the limits of that idea.

"In quantum mechanics, Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment concerning quantum superposition". (Wikipedia, Schrödinger's cat). But the same thing can use as model for many other thought experiments. 

Sooner or later, or at least in the ultimate end of the universe, the Schrödinger's cat will turn into wave movement. The information that this cat involved exists but the cat does not exist in its material form. The information doesn't ever vanish. It just turns its shape.  We are all trapped in the universe and time. The universe is the space that is entirety to us. There are no confirmed other universities. But the multiverse is a logical continuum for the expanding galactic megastructures. 

The problem with natural things is this. They are black and white. They exist or do not exist. Could there be something, that exists and not exists at the same time? 

Scrödinger's cat is thinking experiment about case their cat is not dead or not alive. But in this case, the cat is either alive or dead. The limit is this the cat must be either or not. There is the possibility that our cat is alive and dead at the same time. In this case, the Schrödinger's cat turns into a vampire. Or maybe we can use some more philosophical methodology to introduce this strange third state between dead or live or between existing and not existing. 

"Schrödinger's cat: a cat, a flask of poison, and a radioactive source connected to a Geiger counter are placed in a sealed box. As illustrated, the quantum description uses a superposition of an alive cat and one that has died." (Wikipedia, Schrödinger's cat) 

There is a possibility that some very highly advanced technical method removes mitochondria or energy sources from the cat's cells and replaces them with nanotechnical nuclear batteries or some other thermal source that creates energy like natural mitochondria. Those new energy sources would be in every cell in that cat's body. The idea is that the original Schrödinger's cat lives in the box, that we cannot open. But in this new case, the cat can live and interact. But that cat is dead and alive at the same time. 

We can say that our limits of thinking have focused on the third arrow problem. The thing cannot be dead and alive at the same time. Normally, we have two arrows that mean something exists, or something does not exist. The thing is that existence is living in nature. The idea is that the creature that interacts is alive and the creature that doesn't interact is dead. But then we can say that the stone is alive if we kick toe to it. 

 In the two-arrows traditional model. There are only two states for creatures.

In the three arrows model. There is a medium in the third state between extremes.

In Scrödinger's cat model, the cat is alive when it carries information. Or cat is alive when it makes something that means something to us. The cat is alive, if it carries USB sticks between two houses.  The cat is dead when it doesn't carry information or doesn't mean anything to us. So, only living cats can carry USB sticks is the thing, that we normally think. But then we can think of the possibility that the cat is physically dead and there is still hiding information surgically implanted USB stick in its body. But there is the possibility that a dead cat can carry information. So the dead cat involves thing that interests us. That makes a dead cat alive to us. 

In the arrow model, there is one arrow for alive and another arrow for dead. Normally we have only two arrows and the creature is dead or alive. But maybe we need the third arrow. That is being alive and dead at the same time. Or existent and nonexistent at the same time. In the case of Scrödinger's cat, the object is in the box without the ability to transfer information. We can take that box with us. That means the cat is the information that this thing involves. Another way is that the system replaces mitochondria using nanotechnical nuclear batteries. The cat is dead, but it can still carry information. 

That thing means that the pain makes that stone alive. Sometimes we think that the ability to make descendants makes something alive. But then we can think again, that the particle or radioactive element that decays into some other element is alive because it produces two other descendant particles. 

And that means if the interaction between the creature and its environment is required to turn the cat alive, Schrödinger's cat is dead, because it's in the box, there it cannot interact with its environment. Then somebody says that the cat is alive because it can interact with its environment in the box. Then we can ask again would the cat is alive, when it walks around and introduces its nanotechnical nuclear batteries that pump energy into its cells. 

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-paradoxes-unraveled-by-new-x-ray-techniques/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_cat

The new systems can detect single gravitons.

"A team led by Stevens professor Igor Pikovski has proposed a way to detect single gravitons, the quantum particles of gravity, using advanced quantum sensing technology. Their research suggests this long-thought-impossible experiment may soon become feasible with future technological advancements. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" ScitechDaily, Thought To Be Impossible: Scientists Propose Groundbreaking Method To Detect Single Gravitons)

Researchers detected the graviton-looking particles in quantum experiments. In those experiments, they measured EM interactions with semiconducting materials. Researchers took those tests at three universities. "A team of scientists from Columbia, Nanjing University, Princeton, and the University of Munster, writing in the journal Nature, have presented the first experimental evidence of collective excitations with spin called chiral graviton modes (CGMs) in a semiconducting material." (ScitechDaily, From Theory to Reality: Graviton-like Particles Found in Quantum Experiments)

The graviton is the particle that should exist if gravity is an independent force like strong and weak nuclear interactions and electromagnetism. Each of those interactions has an individual transmitter particle called a boson. Fermions are particles that form material. Quarks and leptons are fermions. That means graviton should be boson too. The biggest difference between bosons and fermions is that boson's spin is 1 and fermion's spin is 1/2.  

"Light probing a chiral graviton mode in a fractional quantum Hall effect liquid. Credit: Lingjie Du, Nanjing University" (ScitechDaily, From Theory to Reality: Graviton-like Particles Found in Quantum Experiments)

But what is the transmitter particle, or what does that particle do when it transmits interaction?

Each of the four fundamental forces is interaction. That means the smaller part of the fundamental interactions also pulls the objects together. And because all other than fundamental interactions gravity has a repel effect the same force also pushes objects away from each other. Fundamental interactions are also wave movement or radiation. 

So, when the boson or transmitter particle transmits fundamental force, that particle sends the wave movement. The wavelength of the wave movement determines which is the case of the force. In simpler saying, each fundamental interaction has its individual wavelength. That means gravity has a different wavelength than electromagnetism. So the graviton should just send the gravitational radiation. 

When we talk about repel interactions and things like antigravity, we should look at other well-known interactions like electromagnetism. The idea is that the magnetic and electric fields are orbiting magnets. The EM field just surrounds the magnet, and then if we put the N pole against the S pole, that thing pulls magnets together. The thing is that. The magnetic field orbits the magnet and the field returns to the magnet into its poles. Or it comes out from another pole and returns from another pole. 

When we put the N pole against another magnet's N pole (or S-pole against S-pole) we see that magnets push each other away. When magnets pull each other there forms a small EM, or quantum low pressure between those opposite poles. And the surrounding field pushes magnets together. When the same like poles(like S-pole against S pole) are against each other there forms standing waves between those magnets. That standing wave pushes those magnets away from each other. 

In weak nuclear interaction, the Z, and W (W+ and W-) bosons act like magnet poles. If the W boson is against the W boson the weak nuclear interaction repels the protons and neutrons. 

Normally W and Z bosons form the string or channel that pulls the protons and neutrons together. That thing is a similar reaction to the electromagnetic interaction, opposite bosons will pull particles together and the same bosons push them away. Two W bosons make the standing wave between the protons and neutrons. And then that pushes them away. 

So theoretical antigravity is the standing wave between gravitons. The graviton sends the gravitational waves that make similar standing waves as the W and Z bosons and the N/S poles in EM interaction. The transmitter particle in electromagnetism is a photon.

Photons are things that push electrons away from each other. The quantum magnetic field that travels through the atom's nucleus keeps the electrons at their orbiters. The outcoming energy field keeps that energy field at a certain distance from the atom's nucleus. 

The electron sends a photon when it changes its orbiter. The photon is the particle itself and when it turns itself into waveforms, that releases energy. In some models, dark energy is the energy, or wave that a photon transmits when it turns into wave movement. 

https://www.sciencefacts.net/atomic-nucleus.html

https://scitechdaily.com/from-theory-to-reality-graviton-like-particles-found-in-quantum-experiments/

https://scitechdaily.com/thought-to-be-impossible-scientists-propose-groundbreaking-method-to-detect-single-gravitons/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model