The discovery: exoplanet SPECULOOS 3 orbits the late M-type star.

" An international team discovered an Earth-sized planet orbiting a long-lived red dwarf, providing unique insights into potentially habitable worlds. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, New Earth-Sized Planet Discovered Orbiting a Star That Will Live 100 Billion Years)

A small red dwarf called SPECULOOS 3 is a so-called late M star. The spectral class of that star is M 6,5. For comparison, the Proxima Centauri spectral class is M 5,5. The surface temperature of Proxima Centauri is about 3000 degrees Kelvin. The SPECULOOS 3 surface temperature is about 553 Kelvin (280 C).

In those cold stars, the magnetic flow creates conditions that maintain fusion. The magnetic flow moves plasma in the star, and that causes friction. The interaction also separates ions and anions. Then those particles smash together forming a fusion. The surface temperature of those M-type stars variables. When a star turns smaller fusion in it accelerates. 

"An artist’s concept of the exoplanet SPECULOOS-3 b orbiting its red dwarf star. The planet is as big around as Earth, while its star is slightly bigger than Jupiter – but much more massive. Credit: Lionel Garcia" (ScitechDaily, New Earth-Sized Planet Discovered Orbiting a Star That Will Live 100 Billion Years)

That pushes the star's outer layer outside, and that decreases the fusion power. An interesting detail is this: when plasma flows away from the star, its radiation breaks those atoms. This reaction turns fusion products back to hydrogen. The ability to recycle hydrogen makes it possible, for M-type stars can exist for over 100 billion years. The SPECULOOS 3-type stars cause discussions about lifeforms that can live in the late-M dwarf stars' atmosphere.  

The SPECULOOS 3b is an Earth-size exoplanet orbiting the SPECULOOS 3. The SPECULOOS 3b is a strange world where day and night never end. In some visions, the late M and small brown dwarfs could be more suitable places for lifeforms than hotter early M spectral class red dwarfs. 

The M-type stars erupt violently. But very cold M-type stars, whose surface temperature is lower than 1000 degrees. And that means. They are not so hot that those eruptions can increase their planet's surface temperature very much. 

The thing is that the star with a surface temperature is about 600 degrees is very cold. But the planets that orbit those stars are locked. And that means those stars have time to warm those planet's daytime. And if they have an atmosphere the night side stabilizes their surface temperature. Same way clouds can decrease the temperature in those strange worlds. 

https://scitechdaily.com/new-earth-sized-planet-discovered-orbiting-a-star-that-will-live-100-billion-years/

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/301107

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_dwarf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proxima_Centauri

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPECULOOS-3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPECULOOS-3_b