The polaritons are the tools for nano-size photonics.

"Schematic illustration of the electrical spectroscopy on the polaritonic-based graphene photodetector. Credit: ICFO/ David Alcaraz Iranzo" (ScitechDaily, Tiny Polaritons Unleash a New Era in Nanophotonics)

"Photonics is a branch of optics that involves the application of generation, detection, and manipulation of light in the form of photons through emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, switching, amplification, and sensing. Photonics is closely related to quantum electronics, where quantum electronics deals with the theoretical part of it while photonics deal with its engineering applications. " (Wikipedia, Photonics) 

Though covering all light's technical applications over the whole spectrum, most photonic applications are in the range of visible and near-infrared light. The term photonics developed as an outgrowth of the first practical semiconductor light emitters invented in the early 1960s and optical fibers developed in the 1970s." (Wikipedia, Photonics) 

The first solution that used photonics was an optical data cable. Those cables are still one of the most secure data transmission systems. It's possible that the system can use outside optical fibers to send so-called empty signals. If somebody changes the form fiber or cuts it the system detects it. Then it can report that anomaly in wavelength to the system supervisors. 

In that system, data travels in an inner optical fiber. That makes outsiders hard to see the data flow.  If somebody wants to eavesdrop on that data. The spy must damage or turn the outside optical fibers. 

And the system notices that. Similar systems can detect things like earthquakes. The movements on the ground stretch and change the route of the light. And that allows observers to see if something or somebody moves the optical cable.

Modern photonics is the tool that makes much more than just transport data.  The high-power computers make it possible to manipulate nano-optical layers. Those layers can transfer photons into wanted directions. The ability to remove reflection from layers is the ultimate tool for stealth technology. And the same thing can make quantum computers more effective. Without reflection, there are not-so-strong artifact effects that disturb the quantum entanglement. 

The ability to create quasiparticles is a great advance in photonics. The quasiparticles can create energy potholes or energy dumps that allow energy and photons to travel in them. The energy potholes in material pull it in together. The quasiparticle can aim photons in the desired direction. And that can make it possible to create the switches and routers for the photonic microchips. 

"In physics, polaritons are bosonic quasiparticles resulting from strong coupling of electromagnetic waves (photon) with an electric or magnetic dipole-carrying excitation (state) of solid or liquid matter (such as a phonon, plasmon, or an exciton).[example needed] Polaritons describe the crossing of the dispersion of light with any interacting resonance." (Wikipedia, polariton) 

https://scitechdaily.com/tiny-polaritons-unleash-a-new-era-in-nanophotonics/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photonics

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polariton

The three-body problem has no universal solution.

"This artist's depiction shows what the sky might look like around the moon of a giant planet in a trinary system. Although numerous planets in trinary systems have been discovered, the characterization of GW Orionis indicates that it may be the first known system where planets orbit around all three members of a trinary system." (Big Think, Meet the first star system to “solve” the 3-body problem)

Today we can say that the three-body problem has no universal solution. The solution can be local. The system can make a simulation by following certain objects. 

Data that the operators collect from the solar system makes it possible to create a simulation. That is suitable for that certain three-body system. 

There are always more than three actors in all systems. Also things like electromagnetic fields, and gravitational waves. And other kinds of artifacts can cause errors in solutions. The gravitational waves can cause immediate error in three-body systems if those actors are small. In other cases, the long-term gravitational effect can cause anomalies even in quite heavy objects. 

The thing is that there are not many identical three-body systems. Things like the mass of those objects. But, things like outcoming and outgoing energy affect those systems. This is to make a solution that is suitable for simulation and can be transferred to the real world. The problem with the simulation is that there are only three bodies. In the real world things like distance between those objects determine some values of those three bodies. 

In the real world, there are many other energy effects. That makes it hard to compile simulations in the real world. Some of those effects are very easy to predict. They happen simultaneously. But then there are sudden effects like red dwarf flare eruptions that can suddenly change the trajectories of the objects. Also, things like plasma eruptions from some black holes can cause changes in the system. 

The thing is that there must be a similar three-body system that is used for measurements. If the conditions in those systems are identical to the solution that researchers made for the first system, The solution is suitable for all similar systems. However, the problem with simulations that should prove the solution is that they are made using calculations where those bodies are similar. There is no outcoming suddenly starting energy bursts asteroids and other surprises. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/planet-orbiting-3-stars/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-body_problem

In the world of computers, we should trust no one.

If hackers break into the system and steal data that data can be sold in many places. So even if officials can track hackers and put them in jail, that information is gone forever. Or it turns meaningless. If some secretive information about things like stealth materials is delivered to the Internet that material can turn useless. 

The thing that we should worry about is a cyber war that the Russian, Chinese, and North Korean governments are making against Western allies that those countries see as their enemies. The hacking- or cyber espionage, controlled by governments is a real threat. Because governments protect those hackers that means they never go to jail. And then. Another thing is that this kind of hacking can continue even for years, and there is a lot of data that can disappear to the net. 

The problem and threat is that those countries are on a list that denies them to use of things like social media freely. If some North Korean citizen opens a social media account in Europe or the USA, that account is under surveillance immediately. So the Russians and North Koreans can also make contacts with local criminals that they deliver SIM cards and other important things to those countries. That allows them to open social media accounts and other important things that defenders cannot connect with those countries. 

Even if we believe that nothing is interesting in our life we must make sure that our data security is high enough. We might have Facebook friends whose family members or themselves are working in confidential positions. Those people are primary targets for intelligence operators. The banking clerks are also good targets because they might see who pays people's salaries. Sometimes that data reveals that the person works in high-class military-intensive areas. And even access to some Lockheed-Martin buildings makes people interested. 

The access to buildings allows spies to put spy cameras into those houses. And that makes it possible to see highly secured data. So we must also worry about physical security. The firewall will not protect anybody if hackers can walk into the house. 

And then, see passwords from some notebooks that people left on the table. Organized crime members can also search for people who can offer them things like weapon licenses or access to things like narcotic medicines. 

Reseachers make many new things all the time. Most of the systems are not secured. Because the systems themselves are secretive. And they are protected for one reason.  They involve classified or confidential information. And when we think about the modern world hackers can use all information that we share. Even our own identities and things like SIM cards are useful tools in the hands of cyber or data soldiers. 

Those people can open social media accounts in the name of Western people. And that makes it possible to deliver disinformation to Western societies. The trusted application allows data spies to ask people about their relationships with the government authorities. And also people who have keys to things like water supply systems or network-sharing rooms are interesting targets. Those places play a vital role in the society. And making damage to those systems the attacker can try to make people's lives uncomfortable. 

This is why all organizations should do vulnerability testing. All organizations must have zero-trust principles. There should not be people or parts of the systems that are trusted. All information interests some criminal actors or intelligence service. Vulnerability testing means that the system is tested in both levels. People and computers are at different levels. But people operate every system. So, even if there are some kind of written data security orders, organizations must follow that people read and follow those instructions and orders. 

The problem with old-fashioned data protection tools is that they are passive. Those systems didn't make a report if somebody made the login attempts in the middle of the night. 

All instructions are useless if people don't follow them. The AI makes it easier to write things like malicious code. But deny AI doesn't remove malware from the net. The malware like spying tools are not connected to the AI. And the worst thing that people can do is leave the workstations open and automatically log in to those stations. In those cases even the best network sniffers are useless. Maybe hackers try to slip into the offices playing cleaner. 

Then hackers might look for a workstation that is left open and settings allow automatic login. That kind of thing is one of the worst things that can happen. This is why the company should shut down those computers automatically and log them off. There should also be systems. That reports if somebody opens and tries to log into the network outside working time. 

That means that if a person does not have permission for overtime work the system should log that person out when working time is full. Company leaders should know who uses their computers and when they use those computers. The work computers are for work. And own computers are for private use. 

It's possible. That hackers can bypass the generative AI's security.

When man meets AI, the man is more intelligent. That means that the creative AI is not creative at all. The man who uses the AI is creative. The thing that we should understand is this: what we see as an example of "fuzzy logic" is a large number of precise reactions or precise logical points. 

That means that there are multiple words. Or otherways saying:  multiple triggers. That is connected with a certain operation. This allows users to use dialect words or literally while using the AI.  

The dialect words and literary words are both connected to certain operatios. That gives the user freedom in the form of language. What the person uses to command the system. 

In this model, users can use both, dialects and literary words. That makes the AI more flexible than if the user must use precise literal words. 

We can say many ways something that launches the action. The words, connected with certain operations are called logical points. Developers can connect each action with multiple logic points. Which makes the system seem like it uses fuzzy logic. 

That means that when we give a code or order encoded into hex-decimal or ASCII mode is not precise same as the orders that we write in regular text mode. This is the thing that might bypass the protection of generative AI. If somebody wants to use the generative AI as the tool, that makes it possible to write malicious code very effectively the person must just bypass the safety mechanisms of those generative AI. One version can be that the commands are given in the form of Hex or ASCII mode. 

Another thing that can cause the ability to bypass the security of artificial intelligence is to give orders as small pieces. The hacker- or otherwise the malware developer can use multiple AIs to create the code. And then that person can connect the results. The problem is this. The code writer must have deep knowledge of coding. And the other thing is this. Hackers can use AI to develop the base code as legal developers. 

They can freely use AI to develop legal software like chat programs and firewall software. The spyware that hackers use to steal information is the chat program or firewall that is modified to send data without the user's permission. So hackers can make legal applications, and then change the code so that it runs backward and steals information. One version is to create a tool that allows as an example teachers to follow what students do with computers. 

Normally those programs tell the user. That they are operating. Their use is limited to classrooms while teachers teach things like programming.  There can be some red frames and text. That tells the observation program is in use. Or the program requires user acceptance. Hackers can remove those manifests and then they can observe the targeted computers. 

https://cybersecuritynews.com/encoding-technique-jailbreaks-chatgpt-4o/

There could be axion clouds around neutron stars.

"An axion cloud around a neutron star. While some axions escape the star’s gravitational pull, many remain bound to the star and over a long period of time form a cloud surrounding it. The interaction with the neutron star’s strong magnetic field causes some axions to convert into photons – light that we can eventually detect with our telescopes on Earth. Credit: University of Amsterdam" (Physics.org, Physicists show that neutron stars may be shrouded in clouds of axions)

The neutron stars can be the key to the axions. Those still hypothetical,  mysterious dark matter particles should shroud neutron stars. They should also trapped in the neutron star's structure. The idea is that the heavy gravitation in neutron stars can pull axion particles near them. That allows researchers to observe hypothetical axion clouds' interaction with neutron stars' gravity and other energy fields. 

The hypothetical axions or dark matter particles can interact with gravity. Because all galaxies have no dark matter, that causes models that the dark matter can form similar structures as visible material. There are theorems that axions are similar to virtual, or quasiparticles as excitons. The idea is that the quarks or maybe some bosons can form similar holes as electrons.  In exciton electron jumps out from its orbital and starts to orbit its hole. So could things like quarks have that kind of effect? 

Radiation near neutron stars is very strong. That means there are electromagnetic shadows on the other side of the particles. Those electromagnetic shadows can act like material. And it's possible. That some electrons or some other particles start to orbit those shadows. 

And that is the only confirmed interaction between dark and visible material. In some simulations those particles send reflection. But that reflection is too weak to observe. There are theories that axions are particles that the wave-particle duality formed from gravitational waves. Or maybe axions are particles that spin very fast. In some models, axions are stretched to the needle-looking particles. 

The fast rotation or spin makes the electromagnetic field travel past the quantum field around the axion. That means the axion can act like a stealth bomber and aim the radion over it without reflection. Or in the alternative model, the axion is like a drill or screw that rolls the quantum field. Then that quantum field can travel out from the axion at the point of the spin axle. That forms the energy pike that is hard to notice. Because its diameter is too small. 

https://phys.org/news/2024-10-physicists-neutron-stars-shrouded-clouds.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

Living fossils challenge Darwin's evolution theory.

Above: Cretaceous Loricera beetles with specialized morphology for collembolan predation (Cell.com)

The beetle that challenges Darwin's evolution theory has been unchanged for 100 million years. This beetle is one of the things. That we can call "living fossils". When Charles Darwin created his evolution theory, he involved the term "living fossils" in that model. The idea in evolution theory is that species must adapt to their environment. But sometimes evolution creates the "perfect shape" or "perfect construction". That construction can survive in fast changes in the environment. We know a couple of living fossils like Ginkgos, coelacanths, and some other creatures like a beetle named: Loriceda. 

That thing means that sometimes evolution forms creatures with versatile abilities to survive in fast, and large-scale changes in their environment. The Loriceda beetles might form in certain conditions. Where that creature had no competitors. That thing creates the idea that maybe those beetles formed in the conditions after some mass extinction. After those extinctions larger animals whipped out and that left space for the things like bugs. The thing is that living fossils are fascinating things. 

Above: Coelacanth

Above: Ginkgo

They offer a window to the past time. When we think about the need to change, we think that the environment is the thing that sets this need. In the case of other living fossil coelacanths, the reason why that strange-looking creature survived is that those, little bit pike fish-looking creatures lived and still live in very deep sea. In that deep sea, the meteorite that destroyed dinosaurs had no big effect. 

And that left those strange fishes alive. The living vegetable fossils like Ginkgo might survived because some of them were in a position where the asteroid impact didn't affect them straight. The nuclear winter after that impact freezes those seeds very fast. Before meteorites that destroyed dinosaurs, there were no competitors for those species in the group gymnosperm. 

Those species made their seeds much faster than angiosperms. The angiosperms formed the protective layer around the seeds and that made them more resistant to climate change and heat waves. The meteorite made space for those more advanced vegetables that created the protective layer to protect their seeds. The meteorite formed a situation where evolution started to favor complicated structures in seeds. That means evolution must have a reason or fast change to start favoring quality and deny large numbers of descendants. 

https://www.cell.com/the-innovation/fulltext/S2666-6758(24)00039-0

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelacanth

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginkgo_biloba

Networks make AI real.

Linux enthusiast Linus Thorwalds said that 80% of AI is marketing, and 20% is true. That is the normal relation in computer applications. The news about "doomsday AI": or, AI that destroys the world, makes AI look alike more fascinating than it is. But the fact is that the AI and its ability to generate the code should cause re-estimation in data security. 

The neural network can attack systems with powerful methods. In neural networks. The AI can change the attacking computers. And their IP's all the time. The AI-based systems also make it possible to use dynamic IPs that make it harder to track those computers. The large-scale neural networks can also operate as the artificial general intelligence, AGI. 

The news about the AI's ability to make code and even essays brings new users to those systems. Also, things like weapons and other kinds of stuff make the AI news interesting. Networks are things that make the AI real. They allow the AI to search data from the net.  Without them, the developers must program everything to the computer's memories. 

Or it makes it possible to generate a language model that can search data from the network. The data that the AI can use limits its abilities. Another thing that determines AI and its skills is the ability to operate in the physical world. The robot is the tool that turns the real actor who can clean the house and make food. 

Above:) Neural network. 

The fact is this. If we talk about things like AI doctors or AIs that make doctoral theses, we are far away from those things. There have always been people who cheat in universities. And the AI is only one tool for that thing. AI is the tool that makes many things more effective. But it requires that the user knows about the topics. The AI is an ultimate tool for people, who know what they do. 

The AI is a tool that can make many things easier. It can handle well-sorted and well-presented information like numeric calculations with very high accuracy. In a neural network, the AI can swap the calculation to another computer if that computer is required for some other mission. When a user takes the workstation in use, the system can swap the ghost or background process to another workstation. 

In that kind of network-based system, the system is based on the network of workstations. In the network-based solution, the single workstation can try to solve problems in a certain time. If the problem is not solved the system calls other computers to help. In this case, the system can scale the job theoretically unlimitedly. The only thing that limits the number of computers that the AI can use is the number of workstations and supercomputers in that network. 

But the AI cannot make things spontaneously. It always requires humans to begin the operation. 

Social media makes the AI more well-known. But AI is also a tool that requires social media. The AI companies use data from internet services like X, and Facebook to develop and train the AI. When R&D people make some new solutions for AI they require words that activate the process. In cases of the AI the word that people say or write causes a process where the AI searches for match. The word that the AI gets is the trigger that activates the process. 

The AI is still a regular computer program. Or, actually, it's a group of computer programs and applications. The marketing people call a language model that can connect itself to datasets as AI. Each dataset gives some "skill" to AI. The artificial general intelligence AGI is a large number of datasets that it can use to control things like robot taxis and microwave ovens. Otherwise, we can see a large group of dataset modules as one entirety. 

Mesh protocol. 

That means when the LLM calls the robot taxi, it just makes a "phone call" to the LLM that operates the taxi. Then the customer's LLM fills the form. And then it delivers responsibility to the AI that controls the taxi. The appearance of the AGI is formed when the cab transforms the voice it uses with the customer similar to the customer's LLM. There are two independently-operating AI-based systems run on two servers. The network-based structure that swaps missions between systems makes it possible to create a system that seems to be one entirety. 

In this case, the AGI is the network of independent operating systems that humans can control through the LLM. The network-based systems that use open architecture, or partially connected mesh protocols allow to connection unlimited number of modules to that entirety. And that brings AGI closer than we think. 

These kinds of network-based systems can have billions of full mesh networks and in the middle of those systems is the LLM. So each ball in the neural network involves LLM and the mesh network. Those systems can also have independent operating supercomputers. 

The thing is that the network of AI-based systems that connect robots with AI and LLM are impressive tools. The fact is that those robots are good marketing tools. People want to see robots in action. And that brings a new audience to the AI. 

Are we ready for AGI, and robot combination?

Artificial general intelligence AGI is one of the things that cause discussions. Somebody says that it releases low price people. But somebody says that the AGI causes very big problems. The fact is that all changes cause problems. If we want to use some new things, we must learn how to use them right. 

The AGI is a tool that can make many things. Or it should be that tool. 

We can say that AGI is a group of action modules around the LLM. And that makes it one of the most powerful things. 

The thing is that. Nobody knows the limits of modern LLM-based AIs. 

And that causes another thing, that we should think about.

Do we already have the AGI? We can collect almost every kind of action package around the LLMs. And the limit is that there should be a tool that can interact with the LLM. In the AGI model, the LLM takes the order. And then it transfers the mission to the module responsible for that action. 

If we want AI to cook food for us that tool requires an actor that operates in the physical world. The medium between computers and humans is robots. The man-shaped robot is one of the most interesting tools that we can imagine. That tool can affect society stronger than ever before. The LLM-based AI is not even five years old. And it started a revolution, especially in the ICT industry. So, what kind of revolution can the AI that controls robots in independent actions like cleaning? 

That means the requirement for calling things like robot vehicles to the door requires that the LLM has the socket that allows it to call robot vehicles. Or it must have a robot that takes the car. The human-looking robots are tools that can download any type of action package. And that makes those things act as chefs, cleaners, drivers, or anything that the user wants. 

But are we ready for those tools? The AGI is impressive. It learns faster than any human. The thing is that. This kind of system can revolutionize the world. The same robot that can act as a chef or cut our grass and drive our children home can operate as a merciless weapons. Those systems are dangerous in the wrong hands. The problem is that even if there are some kind of laws and other things that limit the AI use as a weapon controller those systems require very high-level data security. Things like organized crime can also use robots for their purposes. 

The thing that makes robots a powerful tool for the underworld is that those people can erase their memories. If we think the man-shaped robots that look some certain people, we face one problem. The problem is that some people can make full-size copies of bank managers. Those robots can walk in the banks. And then make money transactions for hackers. 

When we think about the first-person view robot, that looks like a human, we are facing one of the most interesting things. The hacker can operate that kind of robot using VR glasses and other input tools like data gloves. Then hackers can put that robot play things like cleaner. And when that robot slips in the office hackers can use it as a remote tool to control the computer. That is one of the illegal activities that this kind of robot can make. And those robots can also operate on the battlefield and cover operations. 

Quantum squeezing is the new tool for precise particle manipulation.

"Quantum squeezing is a breakthrough concept that refines our ability to measure with high precision by adjusting uncertainty within quantum systems. By “squeezing” one part of a measurement to reduce uncertainty, scientists can capture more accurate data on specific variables, although it means uncertainty rises in other areas. Credit: SciTechDaily.com. " (ScitechDaily, Quantum Squeezing: The Key to Next-Gen Precision Technologies)

The quantum squeezer can measure things. Like electron movements around atoms. The idea is that the system searches for changes that those electrons or smaller particles cause in the quantum field. But a quantum squeezer can also move and manipulate particles with a very high accuracy. 

The quantum squeezer is a tool that can be fundamental advances in chemistry and nanotechnology. That tool can be used to move particles without touching them. 

Quantum squeezing is a method where a power field traps an atom or some other particle in the middle of it. Then the system can squeeze that particle.

 Or, it can use that quantum field to move particles to a certain point. The quantum squeezer can also position particles with very high accuracy, keeping them in the right position. 

Researchers can use the quantum squeezers. In particle accelerators, and reaction chambers. There are some particle beams or laser beams, that stress trapped particles in the quantum field. 

The system can use quantum squeezers as a monkey wrench that it can use to put the atom or piece of molecules into a certain point in the other molecules. 

That thing gives the possibility to manipulate the molecular structures with a very high accuracy. That makes it a powerful tool for things. Like nanotechnology. 

The difference between this new tool and the laser tweezers is that this new system can be used for a symmetrical power field. 

The laser tweezers are effective, but because their energy pumping is not symmetrical. They can destroy the chemical bonds. The new tool doesn't break chemical bonds as easily as before. And that allows it to transport heavier particles. 

The quantum squeezers can offer big advances to quantum computers. The system can trap electrons or photons in that kind of thing. Then it can transport energy and information into those photons. That it will be put into the superposition. 

The problem with the quantum squeezers is that the particle that it trap in its energy field must not be too smooth. There must be something that the field can touch. If the field can fall in the particle. That thing can make the quantum whirl. 

But anyway, quantum squeezers are the fundamental tools. That can adjust things like reactive spots in molecules. Those abilities are important in next-generation chemistry. 

https://scitechdaily.com/quantum-squeezing-the-key-to-next-gen-precision-technologies/

Researchers found a miniature black hole.

"Astronomers using Gaia data have just found a low-mass black hole orbiting a companion star. Credit: WANG Song" (Astronomy.com, Astronomers find a mini black hole)

Today the minimum mass of the black hole is about 2,2 times of the sun. But if the lighter object orbits a high-energy object that energy can transform almost any object in the universe into a black hole. 

"Astronomers have discovered a lightweight black hole that’s a bit of a cosmic conundrum. Hypothetically, black hole masses can range all the way from far less than a paperclip to at least tens of billions of times more than the Sun. But observations have revealed a strange scarcity of black holes between about two and five times the Sun’s mass. Right now, it’s unclear whether these mini black holes are just hard to detect or actually as rare as they seem to be." (Astronomy.com, Astronomers find a mini black hole)

"The newfound black hole could offer clues. It falls right in the middle of the gap, weighing in at about 3.6 solar masses. A team of scientists found it thanks to a bloated companion, a red giant star located about 5,800 light-years from Earth. Though the star is only about 2.7 times as massive as the Sun, it’s around 13 times larger and 100 times brighter. " (Astronomy.com, Astronomers find a mini black hole)

It's possible. That all low-mass black holes are not stable. That means they can vaporize very fast. And that can cause an effect that looks like a supernova, that comes from nowhere. 

Theoretically, a black hole's mass can be anything from an electron to the tens of billions of suns. That theory is almost proven. There are supermassive- medium-mass and stellar-mass black holes.  But the miniature-, or-low mass, and planet mass black holes are missing. The miniature black hole supports the black hole theory. 

Things, like low-mass black holes make things like superstring theory more suitable. In some models, elementary particles are whisk-shaped structures that superstrings are forming. And in some versions of that theory, those superstrings are a series of quantum-size black holes. Those quantum-size black holes are like pearls in necklaces. That thing explains the power of the annihilation reaction. 

The mini black hole is also introduced behind the mysterious gravity effect in our solar system. That makes some researchers believe that there is still an unknown planet lurking in the Kuiper belt. It's possible. Earth-size planets can turn into black holes if they travel through the black hole's relativistic jet. That thing can form the symmetrical energy impulse that presses the planet into the black hole. 

Another suspected place for the black hole is the star system of Epsilon Indi. That star travels very fast around the universe, and it is also a bright X-ray object. That thing makes some people believe, that there is some, maybe a grapefruit-size black hole near that star. 

https://www.astronomy.com/science/astronomers-find-a-mini-black-hole/

Gravity, centripetal force, and antigravity.

Image by AI

One of the things that makes some people believe in antigravity is centripetal force. Centripetal force is the thing that keeps the objects at orbiting trajectory and that force or virtual force is the thing that we feel when the car turns into some direction and we will fall into another direction. The centripetal force means that when an object changes its direction. It tends to continue straight. When we think about the centripetal force we can say that this virtual force is one of the most interesting things in the world. 

In gravity, the gravity center pulls the field around it inside it. That thing forms the shadow at the front of the particle. That shadow pulls particles to the gravity center. The antigravity means that something forms a deeper shadow at the opposite side of the particle. The question is about the balance. If something forms the energy shadow or lower energy area at the opposite side of the particle that thing pulls the particle back. 

It's possible that the field around that shadow turns into the channel and some kind of skyrmion can travel to the particle. 

When we think about gravity as the field the gravity center rolls like some roll. That effect forms electromagnetic shadow at the front of the particles. The electromagnetic shadow at the front of the particles makes them travel to the gravity center. There is the possibility that if the energy level around that shadow is high enough that shadow forms the situation that from the gravity center travels some kind of skyrmion to the particle that travels to the gravity center. 

That thing can form an energy shadow on the opposite side of the particle. If that shadow is deeper than the shadow at the front of the particle, that thing means that the shadow behind the particle pulls it back. 

Another thing that might cause an effect that we can call antigravity is the nose that forms when the particle moves very fast. The electromagnetic shadow can pull the nose to the energy shadow.  It's possible. The nose aims energy from the back of the particle to the middle of the electromagnetic shadow. That thing can fill that shadow or channel and then it pushes the object backward. The idea is that the energy shadow that pulls particles to the channel turns into the energy pillar that pushes particles backward. 

Skyrmions and quantum entanglements can be the new tools for quantum technology.

"Researchers at Berkeley Lab have advanced the understanding of magnetic skyrmions by developing techniques to image their 3D structures."  (ScitechDaily, Unlocking the 3D Spin Secrets of Magnetic Skyrmions To Power Future Electronics)

"These nanoscale objects show promise for revolutionizing microelectronics through enhanced data storage capabilities and reduced energy consumption" (ScitechDaily, Unlocking the 3D Spin Secrets of Magnetic Skyrmions To Power Future Electronics)

The ability to store data means the ability to transport data. 

Skyrmions are interesting things. Some people believe that the skyrmion or the donut-shaped electromagnetic fields are behind the event, called ball-lightning. The idea is that the strong skyrmion starts to rotate around the axle. That causes a similar effect as the coin that rotates very fast around its axle. The fast movement makes the skyrmion look like the ball. 

In some ideas, the skyrmion, or skyrmion row can form the tractor beam. The idea is that the system aims laser ray in the middle of the energy tornado. That thing makes the object higher energy. The outside energy channel closes the object inside it. 

"A 3D reconstruction of a skyrmion derived from X-ray images. Credit: Berkeley Lab" (ScitechDaily, Unlocking the 3D Spin Secrets of Magnetic Skyrmions To Power Future Electronics)

And if there is a lower energy layer on the other side of the energy tornado that thing pulls an object against it. There must be a higher energy point at the front of the object and if the energy level is lower behind the object. That causes an effect where the lower energy part pulls the object in the energy tornado. 

The system can benefit skyrmions in that tractor beam. The skyrmions can be used to isolate the channel from outside effects. And it can also make it possible to create a higher energy point at the front of the pulling energy channel. That thing can pull the qubit into the right point in the quantum computer. 

Skyrmions and quantum entanglements are tools that can change networks and data storage.

"Researchers at SJTU have developed a novel method for broadband frequency conversion, enhancing data transfer and quantum networks through improved optical processing. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, New Method Revolutionizes Quantum Information Transfer Across Wavelengths)

The skyrmion that travels in the quantum computer can also act as a qubit. The laser beam or quantum entanglement can be used to control the direction where that thing travels. 

The problem with long-distance quantum entanglement is that. The quantum entanglement must travel data through the wave movement. That wave movement destroys and disturbs the string that travels between superpositioned particles The skyrmion that is the donut-shaped electromagnetic field can be the tool that protects data in the quantum entanglement. The skyrmion is the thing that can store data itself. And that makes it an interesting tool for data storage. 

The quantum system can store a copy of the data to the skyrmion. And then the quantum system can compare data that traveled in quantum entanglement and skyrmion. The skyrmion can travel around the quantum entanglement. And because that system uses two data channels. It's less vulnerable to some outside disturbances. The ability to store information makes it possible to transport it. 

https://scitechdaily.com/new-method-revolutionizes-quantum-information-transfer-across-wavelengths/

https://scitechdaily.com/unlocking-the-3d-spin-secrets-of-magnetic-skyrmions-to-power-future-electronics/

Machine learning and AI are tools for nanotechnology.

Machine learning and AI are the best in business when they create large-scale and very accurate models of the universe and other large structures. Nanotechnology consists large mass of physical and chemical variables. Nanotechnology consists of many bonds and chemical compounds that can exist or form only in a certain chemical environment and physical environment. 

The AI can use many types of sources to find out conditions where some chemical compound can form. It can search the stellar and exoplanet databases. 

If the mass spectrometers see some compounds. Near some stars, the system can model things like energy levels that the compounds get from the star. 

But then we can think about the nanomaterials and their "cousins" the quantum materials. Those things can make many things possible, that were been like Sci-Fi before this. The material research units can use mesh networks to combine results from many measurement and production units. AI and networks are tools that can combine many production units into one entirety. 

The system can drive large data mass very fast and effectively. By beginning the drive in multiple points which means the process is more effective than ever. 

"In Caltech’s new fingerprint technique, a single molecule adsorbs onto the phononic crystal resonator device. Then scientists measure the frequency shifts of four different vibrational modes of the device, allowing them to create a four-dimensional fingerprint vector—a unique identifier that can then be used to determine the mass of the molecule. Credit: Nunn/Caltech" (ScitechDaily, Machine Learning Meets Nanotech: Caltech’s Breakthrough in Mass Spectrometry)

 A laboratory that uses network-based AI is the most effective research tool in the 

The system might have different chemical and physical conditions in every reaction chamber. That allows the system to follow the reactions. When some reaction chamber reaches the wanted results, the system can scale those conditions to all other chambers. 

The system can handle multiple measurement points at the same time. AI-based material research units require highly advanced observation and manipulation systems. 

Those systems are things like,  attosecond lasers,  scanning photon microscopes, and mass spectrometers. Those systems can search for the formation of chemical bonds. 

Nanomaterials are new tools for stealth- and computer technology. Those stealth materials are dummy or passive materials. Intelligent materials. That involves microchips and locally controlled abilities. It makes it possible to create more effective things than those passive materials. The microchip network makes it possible to control those materials with very high accuracy. 

When we talk about a thing called cyber metals. That technology makes it possible to create the type of machines. That we see in Terminator movies we talk about one type of drone swarm. 

In that kind of drone swarm the robots touch each other with things like nano-wires. Those wires touch to potholes of other nanorobot shells. Those entireties require new types of nanotechnical processors that can operate as networks. 

https://scitechdaily.com/machine-learning-meets-nanotech-caltechs-breakthrough-in-mass-spectrometry/

The AGI: what is it?

If we think that the Artificial General Intelligence is the LLM that commands robots, we can ask one question. How many things can we order those robots to make? Or, how many things do we make in everyday life? If we forget things like military robots and some special-purpose androids. We can ask how many skills robots must have. That they can clean our houses and go to shop for us. 

And how many things do we do in our everyday life? If we forget things like lunches or some other things, can we make a robot that takes the grocery bag from the shop jumps in an electric car, and drives home automatically? The Large Language Model, LLM, and robot can operate as chefs if we want. 

If a robot has a module that allows it to make food, and check things like how ripe the meat is, it can make automatically food that the client wants. The client must only order some food. Then the system searches the merchandise list for the food. And after that, the robot will take those things from the shop. 

The AGI means general intelligence. That can use everything. But then we must realize that there is no single person on Earth, who knows everything. 

For making things in physical words the AGI requires a robot. The robot is the tool that connects physical items with computers. But if we want to use AI to make things like nanotechnology, that means that nanotechnology requires the tools that are suitable for nanomachine creation. Those tools are different than some screwdrivers, that operators can use to fix the car engines. 

The AI and especially Large Language Models, LLMs are new tools. The route to the Artificial General Intelligence AGI might not be as long, as we think. The modular data structure where the LLM works with multiple modules is a route to the AGI is route to the AGI. In the modular data structure, every skill that the AGI has is in the pre-programmed module. This thing makes it possible to create the entirety that the user can operate through the LLM. 

The system might have modules that it uses to control cleaner robots. The cleaner and housekeeping robots can be the same physical tool. However, the mission modules determine the role of the robot. The system has modules that control the temperature in the house. The module controls robot cleaners. The other module is connected to the robot car, which transports the robot to the shop to buy everyday goods. 

The partial mesh network is an open structure. That allows developers to connect an unlimited number of full-mesh networks into that data structure. 

The thing in the AGI is this. The AGI learns through modular data and database structure. When the AGI gets a new skill it simply creates a new module. The system can use so-called double mesh networking. The partial mesh protocol can involve the internal structure of the full mesh networks. So each ball in the partial mesh networking diagram involves the full mesh network. The open structure means that the system and its abilities can expand as much developers or the structure itself needs. 

Determining the AGI is difficult because the AI must handle every problem that it faces. But the AGI is still only a computer program. The full mesh protocol there the center is LLM. The LLM can call the module to make an operation if it requires it. But that requires the existence of a module. 

Sometimes people compare the AGI with things like mobile telephones. How many applications do we use every day? Is it E-mail, net browser, and some payment solutions? So, even if we have an AI that operates with multiple tools, can we call that thing AGI?

And do we have skills and knowledge to benefit the AGI even if we have it? We can have a robot car that drives a human-looking robot to shop to get the pre-ordered things. The modules limit the skills that those robots have. That means the robot can make many things.  

Thermophotovoltaic cells can make energy production more effective.

"Researchers are exploring thermophotovoltaic systems that generate electricity from heat, highlighting their potential in sustainable energy." (ScitechDaily, Harnessing Heat for Clean Energy: The Future of Thermophotovoltaic Technology)

"Researchers are advancing thermophotovoltaic (TPV) systems, which convert heat into electricity using photovoltaic cells, presenting a silent and low-maintenance energy solution." (ScitechDaily, Harnessing Heat for Clean Energy: The Future of Thermophotovoltaic Technology)

Thermophotovoltaic cells allow to use of laser beams to transport electricity to drones and other electric components. Thermophotovoltaic cells are applications that can increase the energy efficiency of the engines and electric supply systems.  

Thermophotovoltaic cells convert heat to electricity. Those systems can operate independently. 

Thermophotovoltaic cells can operate with regular energy sources using their heat to make electricity.  

They can harness energy from boiling water from the water supply system. And the small robots. Observe the system conditions can use those tools for energy supply. 

The thermoelectric photovoltaic technology can collect energy from the engine of the hybrid cars. That system can harness energy from the combustion engine's heat. And it can boost the engine efficiency. It also loads batteries faster. 

The fact is that thermophotovoltaic technology can increase the energy efficiency of all power plants. Engineers can use this kind of system to make new points where they collect energy. And if thermophotovoltaic cells can someday turn to large-scale use those systems can harness energy from geothermal holes. 

Also, dark layers can give energy to thermophotovoltaic cells.  That can used together with regular solar panels. The thermophotovoltaic cells can collect energy from blast furnaces which decreases the need to buy electricity.  

Thermophotovoltaic cells can also be used in next-generation Venus landers. Those systems can also give energy to robots that operate in high-temperature environments. There are many potential useful things for that technology. The ability to turn heat or IR radiation into electricity can be useful in military applications that require low-observable energy sources that don't operate in radio frequency. 

That means. The IR-laser system can deliver electricity to small drones or other electric equipment. Those drones can operate in caves and places where they cannot land. The ability to use laser beams to load electricity to the small quadcopters is one of the most fundamental ideas in robotics. Those lasers can also be used to transport information to drones. The system can have multiple useful applications. From the scientific to the military world. 

https://scitechdaily.com/harnessing-heat-for-clean-energy-the-future-of-thermophotovoltaic-technology/

Robot taxis and other robot vehicles are coming.

Robot vehicles like delivery robots are everyday tools in traffic. The small delivery robots are pathfinders for the next big step to AI-controlled traffic. 

The next-generation tools for traffic are robot taxis or full-size robot vehicles. Robot taxis that can carry humans are one thing that can improve our traffic. 

Or, full-size vehicles that can carry humans and bigger cargo. Things like electric vehicles accelerate robot vehicle's generalization. In many images, we can see that robots drive vehicles. 

Robot taxis can drive themselves using internal computers. Network-based structure makes it possible for those computers can share their calculation power with each other. The system can also scale new rules like changes in speed limits for every vehicle that is part of that network system. 

But those systems can involve human-looking robots. That can assist customers. 

Those man-shaped robots can carry packages. And help with other things. And they can also protect those customers against things like robbery. 

The robot vehicle can load itself automatically from the loading station simply. Putting the manipulator with a plug into the socket. Electric vehicles are the most effective tools in limited areas like in cities where they can operate in well-calculated areas. Where they know precisely the distance to loading stations. 

There are also plans to create robot buses and lorries that can operate independently. Things like GPS and mesh protocol in data transmission make it possible to drive the AI. That controls those vehicles. The customer gives the orders to AI through the LLM, a large language model. Then the system selects the route to that destination. The system follows certain parameters to make selections and those parameters include things like how heavy traffic is. 

Diagram of a fully connected Mesh network

And where the customer can jump out of the vehicle. The central computer can follow those vehicles that can also operate as drone swarms.  If some of those vehicles are in a shadow area the system can search it by using the assistance of the other members of the network. 

https://bigthink.com/the-future/the-robotaxis-have-arrived/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesh_networking

Cosmic inflation

"From a region of space as small as can be imagined (all the way down to the Planck scale), cosmological inflation causes space to expand exponentially: relentlessly doubling and doubling again with each tiny fraction-of-a-second that elapses. Although this empties the Universe and stretches it flat, it also contains quantum fluctuations superimposed atop it: fluctuations that will later provide the seeds for cosmic structure within our own Universe. What happened before the final ~10^-32 seconds of inflation, including the question of whether inflation arose from a singular state before it, not only isn't known, but may be fundamentally unknowable." (BigThink, Ask Ethan: What’s the deal with cosmic inflation and the Big Bang?)

The universe requires cosmic inflation. Cosmic inflation releases energy. That was once bound to material and black holes. So, we can say that cosmic inflation keeps the energy moving. 

The key element of modern cosmology is that the Big Bang released all energy and material into its entirety. We call that entirety "the universe". All particles bound energy from space. Or they roll wave movement to the ball-shaped structure. The free energy is the thing that makes reactions in the universe possible. When energy takes particle form it is bound to the structure. 

The interaction between the particle and its environment determines the length of the particle's existence. If the particle's energy level is very high. Energy travels fast to its environment. And that destroys the particle. 

The idea of cosmic inflation is simple. If the space expands. But if there are no more particles or energy from outside the space expands if we compare it with material and energy. So there is more space in comparison to particles. 

When the universe expands its energy level turns lower. That means the energy always travels out from the material. Or, particles release energy that they bound a long time ago in their structure. 

The expansion of the universe causes the amount of matter and energy relative to space to decrease. The universe is like a balloon in a vacuum. When energy and material travel out from the Universe that makes it lighter. 

"As a balloon inflates, any coins glued to its surface will appear to recede away from one another, with “more distant” coins receding more rapidly than the less distant ones. Any light will redshift, as its wavelength ‘stretches’ to longer values as the balloon’s fabric expands. This visualization solidly explains cosmological redshift within the context of the expanding Universe. If the Universe is expanding today, that implies a past where it was smaller, hotter, denser, and more uniform: leading to the picture of the hot Big Bang." (BigThink, Ask Ethan: What’s the deal with cosmic inflation and the Big Bang?)

"There is a large suite of scientific evidence that supports the expanding Universe and the Big Bang. At every moment throughout our cosmic history for the first several billion years, the expansion rate and the total energy density balanced precisely, enabling our Universe to persist and form complex structures. Today, dark energy dominates the Universe, while early on, prior to the onset of the hot Big Bang, a phase of cosmological inflation occurred, preceding it and setting it up." (BigThink, Ask Ethan: What’s the deal with cosmic inflation and the Big Bang?)

The universe loses its energy and material into the space around it. Material is one form of energy. Particles are packed wave movement that we call energy. Sometimes that is called outer border inflation. There is also one other inflation. When black holes pull energy inside them, that means energy that travels to black holes is out from the universe and its interactions. So the black holes cause an effect that we can call inner inflation. 

When things like atoms form in big stars. That means the star creates a fusion that combines light atoms into a new element. When elementary particles form in the young universe they bound energy into their structures. When the Schwinger effect or wave-particle duality forms elementary particles it rolls wave movement into the ball-shaped structures. That wave movement or energy was away from the energy interaction. There was limited energy in the universe. Because all energy existed in the universe, that meant that there couldn't be an unlimited number of elementary particles. 

If energy or or wave movement would be like water we might simply say that there is a smaller energy mass and smaller number of particles in the modern universe than in the young universe. Some of those particles flew away from the universe and turned back into wave movement. Some of them are in black holes. 

They release black when those black holes vaporize. Black holes take energy and material in them. And that means there is a lower number of particles and a lower free energy level in the universe. Cosmic inflation causes a thing that we can call quantum vaporization. 

Because the energy level in the universe decreases all the time energy travels out from material or particles all the time. This thing means that cosmic inflation causes material vaporization where it turns back. To energy or wave movement. Black holes are also vaporizing. The black hole sends energy waves all the time into the universe. 

When the universe expands black holes are losing energy. The expansion causes the material disk around the black hole to jump outside. That means there can form a small energy vacuum between a black hole and its material disk. That effect rips energy out from the layer that is at the front of the event horizon. 

The material disk around the black hole is the thing that pumps energy into the black hole. If a black hole travels to the cosmic vacuum energy starts to travel out from it. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/ask-ethan-cosmic-inflation-big-bang/

There is a mysterious carbon dioxide and peroxide in Pluto's Charon moon.

"Carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide have been detected on Charon through the James Webb Space Telescope. This breakthrough adds significant details to our understanding of the moon’s surface and its environmental processes. Credit: S. Protopapa/SwRI/NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI/JHUAPL" (ScitechDaily, Webb Telescope Uncovers Carbon Dioxide and Peroxide on Pluto’s Moon Charon)
 

Pluto and its moon Charon are very far away from Earth. There is almost no sunlight. And the temperature on their surface is almost zero kelvin. The chemical reactions are thought to be impossible in that distant, strange world. But the signs of CO2 and peroxides show that there are some kind of chemical reactions in those distant worlds. When we think about those distant dwarf planets called "plutoids" we must realize that conditions around and on those dwarf planets are different than on Earth.

In distant worlds near the Kuiper belt, those dwarf planets can collect atmospheres around them. Most of the solar wind particles are ions and anions that the dwarf planet can trap around it. Those particles can form an ion whirl around those small objects. That ion whirl acts similar way as the ion whirl acts around black holes. It forms the ion generator that forms the magnetic field around plutoids. And even if that magnetic field is weaker than around Earth the reaction that forms a magnetic field around Quaoar forms a magnetic field around black holes.

The conditions around Pluto, Charon, and Quaoar are not similar. The reason why Quaoar has a ring system, but Pluto does not is the Charon's and Pluto'smutual gravity effect that denies ring formation. Quaoar is a lone dwarf planet and that means its clear gravity center in its environment. 

"Artist impress of Quaoar rings. Credit: Paris Observator" (ScitechDaily, Space Mystery: Unexpected New Ring System Discovered in Our Own Solar System)

The thing is that the gas layer or atmosphere around the low-gravity objects is not stable. Things like energy impulses from the Sun or outside the solar system or flyby the large asteroid or cosmic impact can strip that ion curtain from around the dwarf planet. And that's why all dwarf planets in the Kuiper Belt don't have those thin atmospheres. 

Gas pressure around Pluto is <0,01 kPa, but that allows ions and anions to move freely. Ions and anions pull each other together even in low-pressure conditions. That thing can form CO2 and more complicated chemical compounds. 

The thin atmosphere that forms when those objects pull gas and ions around them remains because the solar wind will not blow those atoms and ions away.  The gas pressure is so low that it's hard to reach in the laboratory. That gas and ion layer forms a magnetic field around plutoids. And it causes things like ring systems around those objects. An example of those systems is the dwarf planet Quaoar which has a similar, but smaller ring system than Saturn. 

If those objects are closer to the Sun the solar wind blows them away. In those low-pressure conditions gas and ions are near the quantum condition. In that low-pressure condition ions and anions pull each other together. The weak sunlight gives them the energy to travel against each other. And if as an example the carbon ion faces an oxygen anion that thing can cause a chemical reaction that forms carbon dioxide. The reaction is similar to that on Earth. But some fewer ions and anions participate in it. 

https://scitechdaily.com/space-mystery-unexpected-new-ring-system-discovered-in-our-own-solar-system/

https://scitechdaily.com/webb-telescope-uncovers-carbon-dioxide-and-peroxide-on-plutos-moon-charon/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluto

The photonic chips are the new tools for computing.

Things like quantum computers require ultra-fast data handling systems to control them. The quantum computer is the most powerful calculation system in the world. The problem is that the quantum computer requires binary computers to input and output information to the system.  Researchers cannot connect things like screens and keyboards straight to the quantum computer. That's why there is needed a binary computer between the quantum state and input-output devices. 

When the controlling system notices some anomaly it must react immediately. Another thing that the system requires is that. The system that controls the quantum entanglement should not disturb the quantum entanglement and sensors. 

That downloads and uploads data in and out from superpositioned and entangled photons. Or some other particles. All electromagnetic systems cause electromagnetic fields that can affect data that travels in the qubit. 

So the answer is the photonic microchip. The photonic microchip can load data to photons and then deliver it to the quantum computers. There is one little problem with photonic computers. The system needs regular quantum computers to drive information to photonic computers. And, the new nanomaterials can make it possible to change photons to electricity and backward. 

In this model, the quantum computer has three stages. 

The regular binary computer. 

The photonic binary computer

Quantum computer. 

Image 2

The input will happen through the regular binary computer, which decodes it to the photonic binary system. And then the photonic binary system transfers data to the quantum state. When the quantum state makes its duty, the system will return the data to the regular binary computer through a photonic binary computer. 

This model means that the system is scalable and it saves energy. The binary system calls those other layers or states to work with a mission that takes too long time for the first level. If photonic computers cannot solve the problem in a certain time. The system transfers the problem to the quantum state. 

Image 3 

Those photonic processor rings look like token ring architecture. (Image 2)The processing system can involve many processors. That allows it to drive multiple databases at the same time. Or they are hybrid systems. That uses mesh-protocol-based architecture (Image 3). 

In that system, the central processor shares the missions with the other processors. The neural networks use mesh protocol. The mesh- or distributed networks have one benefit to centralized networks. If one processor has problems or damages, the data can pass that processor. 

When we think about the primary computers the photonic microchips can make the ring where they drive information. The system can involve two photonic microchip rings. It can compile the intermission after each processor drive. And if there are anomalies like different results there is something wrong. 

After a certain time. The system can transfer data to the next processor. And when the processor transfers the mission to the new processor. It can make the backup. 

Then there is the control system between those two rings that can compile the data. And that can be the new tool for systems that drive complex data structures. Things like the large language model. The LLM-type systems require. The new physical tools to handle information. New systems must support quantum calculation more effectively. 

The system must start to drive multiple databases at the same time. The photonic systems allow researchers to make new systems. That supports machine learning more effectively than traditional systems. 

https://scitechdaily.com/harnessing-light-quantum-materials-supercharge-data-transmission/

https://scitechdaily.com/integrating-photonics-with-silicon-nanoelectronics-into-chip-designs/

https://scitechdaily.com/microscopic-marvel-a-photonic-device-that-could-change-physics-and-lasers-forever/

The new nanomaterials can make it possible to change photons to electricity and backward. 

The new sandwich-type material can offer a breakthrough in superconducting technology.

"Four layers of a surface-conducting material (Bi2Te3) between two single layers of a magnetic insulator (MnBi2Te4). This structure creates the conditions to align the manganese spins (red arrows) and support a zero-resistance, spin-polarized current. Credit: Australian Research Council" (ScitechDaily, Zero Resistance Breakthrough: Meet the Quantum Sandwich Powering the Future)

The new fundamental sandwich-type material can revolutionize superconducting. The anomaly in the quantum hall effect makes electrons travel in that material without resistance. The Hall effect or resistance is the group of standing waves between electrons. The new material can remove those standing waves. It can create a homogenous power field around the wire. Image 2 shows that the Hall effect is like a wall between electric conductors. The quantum-level version is the wall between electrons. If that wall is removed, there is no resistance. 

"Researchers have developed a new “sandwich” structure material that exhibits the quantum anomalous Hall effect, enabling electrons to travel with almost no resistance at higher temperatures." (ScitechDaily, Zero Resistance Breakthrough: Meet the Quantum Sandwich Powering the Future)

"This breakthrough could significantly enhance computing power while dramatically reducing energy consumption. The structure is based on a layered approach with bismuth telluride and manganese bismuth telluride, promising faster and more efficient future electronic devices." (ScitechDaily, Zero Resistance Breakthrough: Meet the Quantum Sandwich Powering the Future)

Image 2.  (Wikipedia, Hall effect)

It's possible to create almost room-temperature superconducting conditions using 200 GPa pressure. 

Superconducting has been possible at room temperature, or in -23 C degrees. But that requires 200 GPa pressure. Leak in that kind of pressure system. Is always devastating. How to replace the pressure system? The new material can be an answer to that question.

We can think about things like making superconducting using high-pressure tools. The nanotechnology allows to creation of a small-size high-pressure chamber. The problem is: how to make that system safe?  If there is a small leak in the pressure system releases 200 GPa pressure. One of the answers could be artificial diamonds. They are used to close those high-pressure chambers inside them. 

One of the solutions can be a hollow wire. That wire is put in the channels that lasers drill into industrial diamonds. The system can press pressure in and outside the wire. And that can raise the pressure to a high enough level that the wire turns superconducting. 

In the dry-pressure superconductors, researchers will put a wire lattice between the hydraulic press. Then the system presses the lattice from both sides. Then the system can put and tie the artificial diamond over that structure. Those diamonds can keep the pressure on the wire. 

We can think of an extremely thin material that is used to press the lattice wire and stabilize its structure. The problem is how to stabilize the inner structure. One of the answers to that is the diamond. The system can press the structure into high-pressure conditions and then it can put a diamond or carbonite crystal structure around it. The diamond structure locks pressure into the wire, and that can be the tool for making dry high-pressure superconducting. The system must keep the pressure on the wire or the system fails. 

https://scitechdaily.com/zero-resistance-breakthrough-meet-the-quantum-sandwich-powering-the-future/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room-temperature_superconductor