What is outside the universe?

   What is outside the universe? 

So is a universe in the middle of emptiness? The fact is: emptiness and vacuum are relative. Because we are in the middle of the universe. We cannot measure things that are outside the universe. If we want to measure differences between two systems. We must see both of those systems. 

We can think that water is one system and the air is another system. Also, space around the earth and finally the universe are systems. And if we are in the middle of a swimming pool we cannot measure the pressure. Or actually, there is no absolute pressure. We can measure the differences in the pressure by comparing them with some other systems. Or some other pressures. 

We think the universe is a bubble in the middle of total emptiness. In our models' universe is the bubble in a vacuum that pulls energy or wave movement travels away from it. And that causes cosmic inflation. So in the universe is overpressure that pushes wave movement to the vacuum around it. And that means the universe is like a balloon that expands forever or ends its life in the Big Crunch. That end depends on the geometrical shape of the universe. 

But then we can ask if the middle of nothing is the universe's position, what means nothingness? And here, I don't mean multiverse. The density of the material is relative. When we are in Earth's atmosphere we know that we are in the middle of emptiness. When we dive into the swimming pool or in the water we can think that water continues forever.

 So if we would be like fishes, and lived our entire life in water, we might think that atmosphere is low pressure or a vacuum. But for the creature. For those who live outside the water on drylands, the atmosphere's pressure and density are normal, because that creature is in the gas. And that creature thinks that the vacuum begins in space. 

And when we travel outside our atmosphere we think again that we are in a vacuum. So here you can see that vacuum is relative. When we are in the middle of the system we are hard to estimate its thickness and density. 

We can think that water and air are systems. And dimensions are like water and air. If we are in the middle of water we are hard to estimate the density of water. For estimating some system's density we must step out from the system. That we can compare their differences. For us, water is denser than air. But for fish, it doesn't feel denser than anything else. The reason for that is fish spend their entire life in the water. 

The same way we are living in the universe our entire life. We cannot see another system than the universe where we are living. That's why we cannot measure the differences between the universe and the space around it. 

There must be something where we can compare that thing.  If we are in the water, we can estimate the density of water by comparing it with air.  We must compare that thing to something. So that's the reason why space outside Earth's atmosphere seems empty, but in real life that is away from emptiness. 

So in this model, there is material or wave movement outside the universe. The universe would be in the middle of the giant superstring that is so weak that wave movement from the universe pushes it away. So that means there is the possibility that the universe is in the middle of extremely large, and thick waves. 

If we think this wave is the third dimension we can say that dimension itself is material. And the material can form in the dimension because the dimension is not empty. This explains why the universe formed in the third dimension from the thing that seems empty. 

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/

NASA discovered organic molecules from asteroid Ryugu.

"This conceptual image illustrates the types of organic molecules found in the sample of asteroid Ryugu collected by Japan’s Hayabusa2 spacecraft. Organics are the building blocks of all known forms of terrestrial life and consist of a wide variety of compounds made of carbon combined with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and other atoms. However, organic molecules can also be created by non-living processes, such as chemical reactions in asteroids. Credit: NASA/JAXA/Dan Gallagher" (ScitechDaily.com/NASA Discovers Organic Molecules on Asteroid Ryugu, Bolstering Theory of Extraterrestrial Life Ingredients)

There are organic molecules in samples that NASA and the Japanese space agency brought from asteroid Ryugu. That thing boosts theories about the origin of life in space. And one of the most fundamental things in the search for extraterrestrial lifeforms is that nobody laughs. It's the possibility that even in our solar system are some kind of primitive lifeforms more than on one planet. 

If the alien organisms have no enemies that allow them to keep their population alive even if there are no large habitable areas on some planets. Organic molecules are not telling that somewhere are alien lifeforms. But those molecules are supporting theories that even under the icy shells of some asteroids like Ceres could be some kind of proteobacteria. The thing is that there are lots of theories about alien lifeforms. 

And there is the possibility that some kind of viruses can keep their genomes in the form that they could infect organisms on Earth. The cosmic virus is one of the things that could tell that there are other living organisms somewhere in the universe. The virus requires living cells so that it can create descendants. And that means the viruses prove that there are at least primitive lifeforms. 

Astrovirology searches for viruses from space. 

When some probe finds viruses from another planet. That probe must find the bacteria too. Without those bacteria, viruses cannot produce descendants. 

And if there are only viruses on some planet, that thing means that those viruses are coming from somewhere else. And that forms new questions. If somewhere are only viruses that means something removed bacteria. 

But even if we would find viruses from another planet there is always the possibility that some of those viruses are from Earth. But the thing is that. There is required more information. Some DNA sample does not include enough data for confirming that the virus is from another planet or Earth.

When researchers find meteorites were is bacteria fossils. There is a possibility that the bacteria are from Earth. They should see that meteorite is falling. Same way meteorites could throw bacteria and viruses into space. And some of those creatures could fly to icy moons like Europa. 

The very interesting thing is when those organic amino acids turn into RNA and DNA molecules. I believe that the very first organisms on Earth used RNA as genetic material. And then the second question is when those primitive genomes start to form the shell for the organisms. RNA or DNA requires the organelles to form that protein shells.

https://astronomy.com/news/2018/01/the-hunt-for-viruses-in-space

https://www.space.com/interstellar-panspermia-earth-life-oumuamua.html

https://scitechdaily.com/nasa-discovers-organic-molecules-on-asteroid-ryugu-bolstering-theory-of-extraterrestrial-life-ingredients/

In some visions, alien creatures can make interstellar travel in the form of viruses that can transform the host creature into an alien. 

Then we have one theory that I want to introduce to you. There is a model that the alien creature can make interstellar travels in the form of viruses. That virus could have a genetic code that destroys the DNA of the host cell and then makes the cell into another organism. Then that creature turns to that alien. 

After that, that alien civilization could transfer the necessary knowledge to those creatures by using video screens. Or maybe they could transfer the necessary information by using EEG stimulation. That allows the alien creature to spread into the entire galaxy even if they do not have faster-than-light technology. The DNA can stay in form extremely long time. Especially, if it's properly protected. The AI-controlled probe can make that kind of thing possible. 

"Santa Claus" machines and nanotechnology.

Image: BigThink.com/German scientists 3D print objects with “acoustic holograms”

Acoustic holograms can make the "Santa Claus" machine possible. 

"The team was able to use their technique to print 3D objects from solid microparticles, hydrogel beads, and even biological cells — contact-free (bar the sound waves, of course)". (BigThink.com/German scientists 3D print objects with “acoustic holograms)

The acoustic pressure systems can use to model metals or ceramics. In the most conventional versions, the LRAD systems can use air as the hammer that models the ceramics or even metals and carbon fiber. 

Acoustic holograms are 3D-shaped pressure fields created by high-accurate sound waves. Those pressure fields act like hydraulic presses. And they can create physical merchandise by pressing the plastic foam or plastic fog created by using high-temperature systems. 

The acoustic holograms can make things even from metal dust or metal vapor in extremely high temperatures. In some visions, laser rays are vaporizing metals of carbon fibers. And then the pressure system starts to press that vapor. The system creates acoustic holograms by using synchronized extremely small-size LRAD systems. That the 3D printing systems can make the right pressure shape. 

But nanotechnology needs even more fundamental tools.

Most nanomachines are created by using carbon. In modern nanotechnical systems, the laser and highly accurate electron rays are used as billiard sticks that push carbon dioxide molecules into the right positions. The carbon and oxygen atoms are creating new types of materials that can be used in nanorobots. 

The carbon molecule chains can use in the shell or structures in nanomachines. The nanomachines can form larger structures. And in some visions, the nanomachines can use to create metal plates that fix themselves automatically. 

AI-controlled systems have no limits. They can create small protein fibers. Those proteins can use as nanomachines by connecting some enzymes to them. In some wildest visions, those proteins are covered by magnesite, and they can operate as miniature mass memories that control nano-sized robots. 

In those cases, protein acts like a miniature tape drive. That can control microchips. And those microchips can drive cell-size cyborgs to the right positions. Those cyborg cells can be macrophages that clean blood systems. In some other versions, the artificial DNA controls those systems. Maybe somewhere in the future. The living neurons can control nanomachines. That allows us to create a structure that can be as highly intelligent as humans. 

The acoustic systems can protect the manufacturing process of those machines. They can protect the platforms that might hover in the chamber where the electrons and photons are pushing the nanomachines in the right positions. Nanomachines and nanotechnology are tools that have no limits. 

Some nanomachines are not even work in high temperatures. Those low-temperature operating systems can hover above the superconducting layer. And they can use to move other molecules. But maybe in the future, those nanorobots can participate the missions to frozen moons like Triton at the solar system's edge. 

https://bigthink.com/hard-science/3d-printing-acoustic-holograms/

https://scitechdaily.com/limitless-possibilities-ai-technology-generates-original-proteins-from-scratch/

https://scitechdaily.com/electronics-breakthrough-scientists-generate-shortest-electron-burst-yet/

https://scitechdaily.com/putting-carbon-dioxide-to-good-scientists-use-electrochemistry-to-convert-carbon-to-useful-molecules/

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/

Quantum entanglement can also transport information in binary systems.

   Quantum entanglement can also transport information in binary systems. 

The binary system can use quantum teleportation. As well as quantum systems can use the same thing. The binary system can use the system where two energy levels are determined as zero and one. 

But there is another way to make a binary system that can transport data. The idea is that the system uses two frequencies. The frequency one means zero. And frequency two means one. And how the system can sort the zero and one in the right order? 

The idea is that when electricity is on in wire one that means zero for the computer. And when the electricity is cut. That means that the data sequence is ending. Every zero and one is equipped with a serial number. 

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"Researchers at the University of Rochester developed a new method for manipulating information in quantum systems by controlling the spin of electrons in silicon quantum dots. Electrons in silicon experience a phenomenon called spin-valley coupling between their spin (up and down arrows) and valley states (blue and red orbitals)". 

"When researchers apply a voltage (blue glow) to electrons in silicon, they harness the spin-valley coupling effect and can manipulate the spin and valley states, controlling the electron spin. Credit: University of Rochester illustration / Michael Osadciw" (ScitechDaily.com/Overcoming Quantum Limitations: A New Method To Control Electron Spin)

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That allows the system to sort them in the right order. And then the receiving system can connect the message to the entirety. The system bases the sliding window that is cutting the message in pieces. And every bit in that system is equipped with a serial number. 

If the system needs jumping frequencies. The bit must equip information on what channel the receiving system must select. And that makes this system more secure than a regular communication system. 

The data transmission can send through the hollow laser or maser rays. And that makes outsiders unable to see that data transmission. 

Because the information travels in two channels the eavesdropper it hard to follow that communication. The frequencies can replace by using two wires. Or the system can use two superpositioned and entangled electrons. When energy impulse impacts those electrons it makes them flash. 

A new method for controlling an electron's spin can make a new quantum solution possible. 

The ability to control electrons' spin is always connected with quantum computers. In that version, the system can turn two superpositioned electrons against each other. And that thing forms the quantum wormhole. And if there are two photons. Trapped on both sides of that energy bridge. This makes it possible that the photonic quantum entanglement is pulled through that channel. 

The ability to send information through that kind of channel is always interesting because that electromagnetic wormhole is protecting photonic quantum entanglement. But the ability to control electrons' spin always makes it possible to use them in data transportation. In that model, the binary system uses quantum teleportation in the form I wrote at the beginning of this text. 

https://scitechdaily.com/overcoming-quantum-limitations-a-new-method-to-control-electron-spin/

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/

Acoustic and electromagnetic wormholes are interesting communication tools.

In the beginning, I must say one thing. The term Faster-than-light communication means that photons are traveling faster than usual. In underwater conditions, the system can make acoustic channels through the water. And in that case, even an electron can travel faster than it travels in water. 

Researchers made acoustic and electromagnetic wormholes in laboratories. In those situations, the wormhole means a channel where liquid water or some kind of electromagnetic radiation like magnetic fields are forming a channel through the air or some other medium. There is the possibility that the wormhole is made through the liquid like low-pressure ultra-cold water by making the acoustic channel through the liquid and then the magnetic tornado is drilled through that channel. 

The idea is that when the power of another magnet is lower than another it creates a situation where information travels like in wormholes. The system can create this electromagnetic part of a "wormhole" by using magnets that are rotating in opposite directions. 

But why that kinds of wormholes are interesting? They can use in quantum computers to protect the qubits and quantum entanglements. If the quantum entanglement is made through an extremely cold liquid like low-pressure water or liquid hydrogen that protects the qubit from outcoming anomalies. 

The acoustic wormholes can use to test some physical theories. In these kinds of systems, electrons are shot in the acoustic wormhole. And then that wormhole suddenly closed. At that moment. The electron travels faster than light in a very short moment and it sends cherenkov's radiation. 

But acoustic wormholes allow for the creation of underwater or extremely protected radio communication. In this kind of system acoustic systems make a channel through water or air. Then the highly accurate radio-maser signal is sent through that channel. That makes it possible to communicate through that channel by using radio- or laser signals. 

At the beginning of this text, I wrote that the term "faster than light communication" means a situation in which a photon travels faster than otherwise. That situation can form underwater conditions simply by making an acoustic channel in the water, and then an electron or laser ray will shoot through that channel. In some very interesting models, the system makes acoustic channels in water or ice. And then it creates a vacuum in that channel. The hollow laser ray can travel through that channel and protect the qubits. 

The electromagnetic wormhole can revolutionize astronomy. 

Faster-than-light communication through the small-size electromagnetic tornado is one of the most interesting phenomena that can make many fundamental things. In some models far from the Sun is created the gravitational telescope. The telescope could use laser rays made between miniature probes positioned in Kuiper's belt. 

If that system sees some kind of gravitational burst it can send information about that gravitational eruption to Earth. That allows the astronomers to turn their telescopes to that burst. The same way GRB and XRB (Gamma- and X-ray Bursts) can observe by using a similar way. The distant telescope sees those bursts. And then they send information about that thing to telescopes that are closer to Earth.  But there is a problem with those kinds of systems. 

The speed of communication or information carrier is limited to the speed of light. So if the system can create a channel where are no quantum fields or scattering. That thing allows the system can send the message. That comes before the signal that the system should observe. So if the system can make informed travel to Earth before the XRB and GRB, it can make it possible to observe those signals more effectively. 

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/

Boullée's tomb.

 Boullée's tomb. 

Boullée, Cénotaphe à Newton (1784)

Boullée's sphere is one of the most remarkable architectural plans. But this structure remained as drawings. It was never finished. But that shape lives in nuclear reactor's geometrical safe buildings. 

Étienne-Louis Boullée's (1728-1799) plans for a tomb for Isaac Newton was the ball-shaped monument building that ever made. That tomb is planned as being a ball-shaped structure and one sure thing. I don't know. Did Boullée realize that the echoes from the walls can form an acoustic ball in the middle of the structure? 

The Boullée's tomb was not complete in real life. It was only paper on the desk. There is one problem with spherical houses which form echoes. Those ball structures can form an acoustic black hole in the middle of them. 

An acoustic black hole means a situation where symmetrically coming soundwaves are impacting and that thing causes a situation, where the air cannot fill that point. So the acoustic black hole is the vacuum that is formed when a ball-shaped soundwave or pressure wave travels in the ball-shaped structure. When air molecules are pressed tight enough and there is impacting new soundwaves they form the standing wave movement. 

If there is a generator in the middle of that sphere, the question is: how powerful an electric field can that thing create? When electricity travels to the walls of that sphere, it jumps in the middle of it. That thing can form an extremely powerful standing electromagnetic field in the middle of the sphere. 

And then if the soundwave cannot release its energy it forms a situation in that the ball-shaped standing wave starts to expand outwards. That causes a similar effect as detonation. If that kind of standing ball-shaped wave is forming it gets more energy from Earth's rotation and seismic waves. And it starts to send the wave movement to the walls of the ball, and then those reflecting wave movements are increasing their power. 

There is a possibility that Boullée wanted to use his sphere for loading energy to small mountain crystals bites. Those pressure impacts could turn those crystals shine or send flashes of lightning around the sphere. If lighting hits that sphere it forms an electromagnetic bubble in the middle of the sphere. 

The Boulée tomb gave its form to some nuclear laboratories. The Kesselring facility holds a spherical structure that is made for fusion experiments. And in the national ignition facility is a spherical fusion chamber. The idea is that the middle of that building can create a symmetrical spherical energy impact. The system can focus that energy on the center of the sphere. The system can use lasers- microwaves, and radio waves. And it's mission is to aim the energy to small fusion material bottles. 

https://www.archdaily.com/544946/ad-classics-cenotaph-for-newton-etienne-louis-boullee

https://bigthink.com/high-culture/architecture-buildings-never-built/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Louis_Boull%C3%A9e

Dark energy and the shape of the universe.

Could the universe be egg-shaped? 

Could the cosmic microwave background explain some errors and anomalies in calculations? We can see two symmetrically cold areas that are in line at the left and right sides of the image. That could tell that there is a giant black hole in the middle of the universe. That hyper-massive black hole could form when just after the Big Bang part of the material dropped back. And that material formed an enormous black hole in history. The cosmic gamma- and X-ray backgrounds tell that there could be a point where that radiation leaves. 

And those cold points seem to be in line with gamma- and X-ray radiation. If the source of those gammas- and X-rays are black holes, where they are leaving from their poles, that radiation could turn the universe into a little bit of egg-looking structure. And that means we are at the equator of that hypothetical black hole. So could that thing cause us to overestimate some distances? That means we thought that the visible universe is a sphere. But it's an egg-looking structure. 

(Credit: NASA / GSFC)

If there is a black hole in the middle of the universe it sends gamma- and X-rays to the plasma or shockwave that travels in front of visible material. Then that plasma shockwave that is formed during the Big Bang sends part of that radiation back into the universe. And that reflection causes dark energy. The thing is that this shockwave is traveling with limited speed, and the universe's gravitational effect slows the speed of that thing. In the same way, it limits the speed of photons that travels ahead of the material because the gravitational effect slows the speed of photons if it is the backside of the photons. 

Above From the top: Cosmic gamma-ray, X-ray, and microwave background. There is a theory that forming galaxies creates that gamma-ray. But that linear form could tell that there is some extremely large-size black hole in the middle of the universe. 

In the X-ray image (middle) you can see how the X-rays are spread around the universe. And in the cosmic microwave backgroung (bottom) the cold areas that I mentioned are marked by using green arrows. 

"The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the density parameter Ω is greater than, less than, or equal to 1.

From top to bottom: a spherical universe with Ω > 1, a hyperbolic universe with Ω < 1, and a flat universe with Ω = 1. These depictions of two-dimensional surfaces are merely easily visualizable analogs to the 3-dimensional structure of (local) space." (Wikipedia/Shape of the universe)

Can we eliminate dark energy? 

The expansion of the universe doesn't match with calculations. And the universe expands too slowly. So that means in the universe is too little dark energy or the weight of the universe is somehow too big. 

Which one is right? Or is that error or difference between theories and reality virtual? When we think. That the visible universe is like a ball, we face a very interesting model that could explain why calculations do not match. 

When photons travel from another side of the universe. The gravitational force from those galaxies and other objects is slowing those photons. And if there is some kind of unseen structure that thing can cause problems or errors in measurement. And the gravitational effect can turn redshift higher than it is. So is the universe just smaller than it should be? 

Or are there dark matter clouds behind the galaxies on another side of the universe? That means the universe looks like a galaxy. There could be a ball of visible material. And around it is a large cloud of dark matter. And in that model dark matter forms a gigantic version of the Kuiper Belt.  

Image: Wikipedia/Castle Romeo)

The nuclear test in the Pacific proving ground. Note the donut-shaped structure. A similar structure is an asteroid belt that formed when fusion reactions started in the Sun. So, could the Big Bang form a similar structure in the universe? Could that mega-size asteroid belt exist? 

Or are we just misunderstanding the form of the universe? Is the universe look donut? 

When we are thinking about the geometrical shape of the universe, nobody ever thought that the universe could be a donut-looking structure. In that model, the visible material is like a donut-shaped ring around the center of the universe. But the problem is how much there is dark material in the universe. 

And how strong the dark matter interaction is? In some models, dark matter is only the virtual material. That forms when gravitational waves are impacting. That thing explains why we cannot see dark matter. In that model dark matter is the bubble or gravitational skyrmion. In that case, dark matter does not exist in the material form. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/eliminate-dark-energy/

https://cerncourier.com/a/elephants-in-the-gamma-ray-sky/

https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/objects/diffuse_background2.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background 

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/

The event horizon is a standing gravitational wave.

The event horizon is the point around the black hole where escape velocity reaches the speed of light. But what is the event horizon, and what it's form is? If we think. Gravitational waves are reflecting wave movement the source is in the middle of the black hole, we can say that the event horizon is the impact point, where radiation that drops behind the event horizon collide with gravitational radiation that comes from inside the black hole. That forms the standing gravitational wave. 

The black hole's gravitational field is enormous. Even light cannot escape from those most extreme objects in the universe. The point where escaping velocity reaches the speed of light is called the event horizon. The black holes are forming gravitational waves. That thing means that there is wave movement in the black hole. But there still are the waves in the black hole. 

Image 2 introduces how seismic waves travel inside Earth. All wave movement travels similarly. Seismic waves form on Earth and other planets in similar forms. And gravitation is also wave movement. 

So we can think that gravitational waves can form similar forms in black holes and neutron stars as they form in less extreme objects. The requirement that the wave's form is similar to Earth's is there is a denser object inside the larger object. Or the speed of wave movement must be different than around that denser object. 

Image 3 A

Image 3 B

Image 4 C

Image 4 D

Images 4 (C and D) S waves follow a spiral or rotational trajectory. The Coriolis force on a black hole is extremely powerful. And it can turn gravitational waves or gravitational superstrings into rope-looking forms. When the maser-effect impacts those superstring clusters they can turn into wormholes. 

Those waves act like P and S waves. That means there is a series of gravitational waves on the event horizon and inside it that form horizontally. Even in the strongest gravitational fields, horizontal movement is possible. 

When we look at the S-wave's model the impacting energy pike that comes from the black hole's nucleus can form the tornado-shaped structure. So could that S-wave cause a gravitational tornado that lets gamma and X-rays travel out from the black hole's poles? 

In that form the S-wave forms a channel that allows the wave movement to travel out from the black hole. If that kind of radiation channel exists. There is a massive maser effect in that thing. The side-coming gravitational waves carry another wave movement that increases the power of the radiation that travels through that tornado. 

That gravitational tornado can form S-waves that impact other horizontal waves. And then that thing causes effects that gravitational waves impact together and form gravitational hills on the black hole. 

When wave movement hits a black hole it should interact with that object as it travels on Earth. So part of the wave movement travels past the black hole's nucleus. If we use the model that wave movement reflects to form the black hole's nucleus we can understand why gravitation waves can escape from the black hole. 

The side-coming wave movement allows the wave movement. That falls in the black hole can ride with reflecting waves. When reflecting wave impacts with falling wave movement it forms a standing wave. If outcoming radiation cannot break that barrier standing waveforms incoming radiation pushes the standing wave out from the black hole. That means we can think that the event horizon is like the barrier of gravitational waves. As I wrote at the beginning of this text. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_wave

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_wave

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/

JWST discovered galaxies that should not exist.

How galaxy can be older than it should be? Are there some massive objects behind the distant galaxies? If the black hole is behind the star or galaxy it can stretch the light. That means the redshift of those galaxies seems stronger than it is. And that thing can make galaxies seem more distant than they are. 

How galaxy or star can be older than it should be? There is the possibility that light travels slower from those objects than it should. The speed of light is the cosmic constant. But the speed of light depends on the gravitation, quantum fields, and scattering effect. 

So if there are some very massive objects like black holes behind those galaxies. That thing makes light travel slower than it should. And massive objects behind distant galaxies can make galaxies virtually older than they are. But what that invisible and powerful effect could be? There is a possibility that this kind of effect is proof of the multiverse. 

At this moment, I must say that light travels past multiple objects. And some of them are extremely massive. That means the direction of those photons is not straight. And those black holes and neutron stars affect the speed of those photons. 

Of course, galaxies and their black holes affect the speed of photons that are traveling away from them. So maybe somebody miscalculated the weight of those galaxies. 

In modern models universe is in the middle of an electromagnetic vacuum. And that vacuum causes a situation where electrons and other particles travel out from the universe. So could that vacuum around the universe make a situation where photons collide? That kind of collimation can slow the speed of those photons. 

But the distant galaxies far away from another side of the universe are traveling away from us with enormous speed. In that model, the galaxies' gravitation makes the situation. That photons are traveling slower in our direction than otherwise. At this moment I must say that even a small difference in speed in that enormous distance is causing big changes in measurement. 

But in the most fascinating theories the galaxy formed before the Big Bang. There is a small possibility that material existed before the Big Bang. But that theory is a little bit more fundamental to us. 

https://scitechdaily.com/in-massive-galactic-discovery-webb-spots-super-old-galaxies-that-shouldnt-exist-its-bananas/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/

Artificial skin can be useful in next-generation touch screens and robot sensing.

 Artificial skin can be useful in next-generation touch screens and robot sensing.

Artificial sense of touch can use in burglary alarms. And it can also use in submarine shells. If submarine has sense. It can feel as if somebody try to connect mine to it. If an artificial sense of touch has got enough high accuracy, that thing makes it possible to use it as fingerprint recognition. We could make artificial touch by using layers where are lots of nano-size lasers. Those layers can detect the place where the finger is moving. 

Or the screen-size CCD chip can detect the point where a person moves their hand. In that case, the system measures the distance between the sensors and the object. And it can use an image detector to separate the objects that are touching it from the background. In that case, the optical system acts like the sense of touch.  

Today artificial sense is used in touchpads. Two layers touch each other or touch causes a tunneling effect that makes electricity travel to a certain point. The same technology can use to make artificial sense for submarines, robots, and other stiff layers. There are many ways to make artificial sense. The piezo-electric crystals can use for that purpose. 

If the artificial sense needs to work in extremely low temperatures it can use the same technology as scanning tunneling microscopes. The system senses the distance between two layers by using particles. That hovers between them. Also if something touches those layers it sends energy to those particles. And that thing can use as sense. 

Another way is to use optical fiber. When something pushes the material. That stretches optical fiber. And if there are sensors in the middle of the optic fiber net those sensors can sense the differences in laser light. 

Things like nano-size laser LEDs can also measure the distance between an elastic shell and another shell. When something presses the elastic shell that thing causes the difference between their distance. 

Artificial skin with an artificial sense of touch is one of the most important things if we want to create robots that act like humans. The artificial sense of touch makes robots act like humans. And if somebody touches the robot's shell, the robot feels that thing. That allows the robot to operate in poky places. And in that case, the robot must not use cameras. If robots have different senses. That makes it possible to automatize their actions differently than if the robot uses only active sensors. 

If the sense tells that something touches the robot, it can send information about that thing to the command center. Or it can activate a process that makes the robot take a distance from the wall. Artificial skin can be an extremely good thing for burglary alarms. Or if the submarine is covered by using that thing, it can warn if somebody tries to connect mines or some unauthorized things to the submarine's shells. 

https://scitechdaily.com/new-grasshopper-like-material-can-leap-200-times-its-own-thickness/

https://scitechdaily.com/superior-to-human-skin-scientists-have-artificial-skin-with-incredible-sensing-capabilities/

Physicists isolated and made pairs of ultracold atoms to research the P-wave interaction.

Above this text is an image of the seismic wave travel on Earth. When incoming seismic waves impact two points on the Earth's shell. They cause a situation. where waves travel against each other. That effect forms the standing wave between those points. And all wave movement acts the same way. 

This is the story of the P and S wave interaction in seismology. When Earthquake waves impact the earth's shell that thing causes the S and P waves. S waves are transverse waves. And P waves are longitudinal primary waves. All wave movement is similar. There are also S- and P waves in magnetic fields. The same things that are causing earthquakes are limiting the time of quantum entanglement. 

"Plane P wave" (Wikipedia / Pwave)

"Representation of the propagation of a P wave on a 2D grid (empirical shape)" (Wikipedia / P wave)

Diagram 1 (a and b)shows the movement of P waves. 

"Plane shear wave" Wikipedia /S wave)

"Propagation of a spherical S wave in a 2d grid (empirical model)" (Wikipedia / S wave) Notice: the S wave's  rotational trajectory. 

Diagram 2 ( c and  d) shows the movement of S waves. 

Diagram 3 shows how the impacting wave movement forms the standing wave. The standing wave collects energy until it can press the energy that travels in it back to the direction where it comes. 

Those images are taken from pages that handle seismology. But P and S waves are acting similarly in all systems. When P waves are moving in the system they travel in straight lines. 

S waves are forming when pressure waves impact to shell at one point. That forms a spherically expanding wave. The difference between spherically expanding S- and P waves is that S-waves follow rotational trajectories.  The impacts of S- and P waves are forming a standing wave. 

The P wave is well-known in seismology. They are longitudinal waves. And in quantum systems, is also longitudinal P waves. And S waves are transverse waves. The P-waves are one of the reasons why quantum systems are breaking. '

Or actually, when the electromagnetic waves are scattered from the object that is in the middle of the system. They form impacting S and P waves. Those impacting waves are destroying the quantum entanglements. 

The P waves can use to aim certain parts of nanomachines in the right position. In that case, the system can put the nanomachine behind the particle. And extremely weak P waves can use to accurately the angle of atoms into a certain position. 

By connecting two or three atoms is possible to create the quantum radar. Or quantum scanner. The idea is that those two or three atoms are orbiting the tower of atoms. That thing is similar to a scanning tunneling microscope. But it uses three atoms that act like some extremely small radar antenna. 

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z2dtv9q/revision/3

https://scitechdaily.com/a-perfect-little-system-physicists-isolate-a-pair-of-atoms-to-observe-p-wave-interaction-strength-for-the-first-time/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P_wave

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_wave

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/

What happens when a black hole is forming?

When a supernova explosion happens. The shockwave starts to travel out from the star. A Supernova explosion is a case where fusion fills the entire star during that process. Energy impacts the middle of the supernova with enormous power. The shockwave forms an electromagnetic vacuum. So we could say that the supernova is like a giant vacuum bomb. 

And when the power of that shockwave decreases the electromagnetic vacuum around the nucleus of the star starts to fill. At least in this stage in the supernova explosion energy that drops in that electromagnetic vacuum smashes against the material that is in the middle of the star. The energy impact smashes electrons in the atom's nucleus. 

And if that impact is powerful enough it just smashes all elementary particles, quarks, and electrons into one entirety called a singularity. That material is extremely thick. And when some kind of electromagnetic radiation impacts that thing, that radiation reflects from the object. 

That reflection causes things where the gravitational waves are traveling out from the black hole's nucleus. If the reflection happens in very short periods. The vacuum between those power fields has no time to fill. That thing causes the case that simultaneously repeating vacuums are starting to pull objects inside that thing. And when objects reach the black hole's nucleus. They reflect from the nucleus. The thing that sends gravitational waves can be some kind of superstring. 

Black holes are like potholes in the universe. Whenever a black hole sends a gravitational wave against another energy wave that travels in it the impacting energy wave loses the energy of falling waves and material. So the energy level of radiation that impacts the black hole's nucleus is always lower. And that causes a situation that the black hole loses its mass. 

Those supermassive objects interact with their environment. Outcoming radiation keeps a black hole or its event horizon in form. If the radiation that falls in the black hole ends nothing limits the expansion of the black hole. But because the black hole will not get more energy, it will turn lighter. Gravitational waves are forming similar forms as other materials and magnetic fields. When the expansion of the gravitational field is unlimited. That turns its energy level lower. That causes the explosion of the black hole. 

Also if a black hole's mass is too high that causes a situation the impact of falling energy or wave movements is too strong. That thing destroys the black hole. Inside the black hole, its nucleus rotates at an extremely high speed. The speed of that point is about the speed of light. That thing causes high power interaction between internal structure and gas that is falling into the black hole. And there is a small vacuum in that absolute ball. 

That vacuum can be smaller than a quark. That vacuum pulls the nucleus inside. So the internal vacuum and outcoming energy are keeping singularity in the form. When the reflection starts from the nucleus of the black hole it's in a vacuum for a short moment. If there is no internal structure that pulls the singularity inside. There is the possibility that it destroys the singularity. 

The auroras on the skies of Jupiter's moons can tell that there is an ocean under those moon's icy shells.

Above: Galilean moons. 

Many times people ask how icy moons can have water. The reason for that is the magnetic field. Those moons are quite small things, and that's why people think that there is not enough radioactive material that keeps their nucleus warm and that causes a loss of the magnetic field. 

But the magnetic field doesn't need to have a melted nucleus. The magnetic nucleus and fast-rotating cloud of magnetic crystals can turn the icy moon into a generator, even if the nucleus of the moon is solid. In that model water that rotates the magnetic nucleus acts like a generator if there are magnetic iron bites in that liquid. 

That model requires that there is a water layer around the nucleus. And that water must rotate the entire nucleus. Then the iron bites that are in the water turn the structure into the generator. 

And the aurorae of Jupiter's moons prove that there is a magnetic field. The low gravitation and tidal forces keep water liquid. And that makes the magnetic field to those small objects without the radioactive isotopes. 

The reason that icy moons Galilean moons can have oceans that cover their entire surface is their weak gravitation. The gravitation on those moons is so weak, that water cannot turn to ice. 

There is the possibility that water that is under the ice shells is in the form that seems a little bit combination of liquid water and vapor. The water would be thin. 

Low gravitation and tidal forces from the gas planet keep water in liquid form And that water layer forms a water mantle for those icy moons. Because friction is extremely low, water rotates the nucleus of those moons at a very high speed. 

The tidal waves are keeping that water in the move. And when that water layer moves around the moon's nucleus it rises small metal bites to the ice shell. 

When the moon's nucleus rotates. It interacts with iron or some other magnetic metal bites that are under ice and in the water layer. That thing turns the moon into a giant generator.  That thing forms the magnetic field like similar effect forms on Earth. 

https://www.sciencealert.com/jupiters-largest-moons-all-have-aurorae-that-glow-deep-red-and-15x-brighter-than-ours

https://www.universetoday.com/44796/galilean-moons/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilean_moons

This same effect can use to create an energy supply for small-size satellites. 

By the way, the water that is loaded with iron bites can turn into generators for very small satellites. In that case, the water that is in low pressure would be put into the chamber and then put to rotate around the magnetic stick. 

That thing makes it possible to create power systems for satellites that don't require solar panels or nuclear isotopes. That kind of generator can keep the satellite's size small. Or the system can need small solar panels. That feeds magnets around the chamber making that water rotate the generator's heart. 

https://artificialintelligenceandindividuals.blogspot.com/

Why AI is so good in the things like physics and mathematics?

AI is the big thing. And the AI gets the best results when it should handle precise and logical information that is introduced clearly and follows a certain type of information. When information is in text form. And it contains things like a precisely introduced source list that is easy to detect, the AI is more effective than humans. 

The effectiveness doesn't mean that the AI understands what it should do. It just uses some parameters for selecting words that it connects. This is one of the most critical things for AI. When AI searches for information from the net, it seems to be very smart. 

ChatGPT answered physics examinations like C-grade students. And that thing is one of the most interesting things in the world. ChatGPT would answer exams better if the questions are mathematical. And that is one of the biggest values that this AI has. 

The ChatGPT will make the report by connecting words. And one of the most interesting things it could do is connect new modules to itself. The ChatGPT-type artificial intelligence might have the ability to connect itself to things like chess programs. That gives ChatGPT the possibility to improve and develop its skills. 

The effectiveness of AI depends on the accumulation of information. When there is lots of information and lots of connections in the databases of the AI. That increases its ability to operate independently. 

The open-source way is effective for things like ChatGPT. And, of course, all other AI applications can use similar development tools. The open development environment allows lots of people can fix the answers that the AI can give. 

If the AI gives the wrong answer. The developer can fix the answer into the right mode. If the developer can input the right homepages to the sources, and then introduce things like what kind of search words the AI should use in certain questions. That allows the AI to create new connections. 

The console can ask what kind of topic words or keywords the question includes. If the question is about things that won 100 m runs in some Olympic games the developer could include the keywords like "Olympic games" in the description of how the AI could search for information. 

Developing AI is always a big thing. The researchers should know if the answer is right or wrong. So the users could have a form where they can tell if the answer is right or wrong. And then the AI can store things like where it took the information, and what algorithms it used. That allows for creating more effective error handling. 

In this kind of project error handling and error detection are important things. If the AI controls things like robots, this part is the most dangerous part of the project. In that sequence, the AI operates in its natural element. The problem with AI is it requires a description of every possible case in its algorithm. Programmers must make those algorithms, and that is the case when something can go wrong. 

And if some parts are missing. The result could be a catastrophe. These are the most time-consuming parts of the programming project. If the AI operates mainly. That doesn't mean that is suitable for everyday operations. 

When some AI searches data from the internet. That thing doesn't mean that it cannot make mistakes. Mistakes in the case that AI gives wrong or funny answers are the thing that can cause a laugh. But if robot cars increase speed, that thing causes very bad things like risking human lives. But otherwise, also human drivers can push the pedals at the wrong moment.  

The thing is that AI can make bad things. And still today AI requires humans to control codes. But the development of AI is going on. That development is hard work, and millions of hardcore specialists are working on those projects. When we are talking about AI and other projects, we facing one thing. Only errors and mistakes are things that cause headlines. 

https://bigthink.com/the-present/chatgpt-physics/

https://onlyimaginationlimitsinnovation.blogspot.com/

The tunneling effect can also explain the mysterious spherical kilonova.

When neutrons are impacting, that causes an effect called neutron fusion.  

It's possible that when high-speed neutrons impact. When another neutron's north pole is against another neutron's south pole. That causes an impact even if the speed of those particles would be low. But those particles' impact speed in colliding neutron stars is very high. In some models impacting neutron stars form neutron vapor when their interaction pulls particles off their shells. 

The impact speed of those neutrons is high. That thing turns them into energy. That kind of neutron fusion is possible in high energy and strong gravitational environment. That means the impacting neutrons between neutron stars could form the spherical energy impulse. 

When neutron stars collide they turn the opposite poles against each other. That thing causes an extremely strong electromagnetic effect. That effect loads energy to neutrons that are starting to act like ions. Neutrons with a high energy load make it possible. Neutrons start to act like ions. Three quarks are forming neutrons. 

And when the neutron's energy level starts to rise the tip quark collects energy. Then two other quarks transmit energy to the neutron's sides. That thing makes it possible. That a neutron can push another neutron away from its route. 

The neutrons can tunnel through material like ions. And when they stop they are sending energy impulses. So if the tunneling neutrons stopped just in the middle of the neutron star. That could form the mystery spherical energy impulse from kilonova. 

In some models, when neutron stars collide. Those neutron stars are forming liquid. There is a layer of neutron liquid under the shell of the neutron star. The thickness of that material depends on gravity. So in high-mass neutron stars that material is extremely thick. And that makes the neutron star's shell's speed in comparison with its nucleus lower than low-mass neutron stars. And the name of those things is magnetars. 

If the neutron star has a very low mass. There is a possibility that the neutron fluid is like gas between the nucleus and its shell. That allows the small-mass neutron star's shell rotates at a very high speed if we compare that with the rotating speed of the nucleus. That makes its magnetic field very strong. 

And that makes low-mass neutron stars objects called magnetars. There is the possibility that some magnetar's shell hovers above neutron gas. And that can form the most powerful magnetic fields in the universe. 

When that kind of neutron star or magnetar faces another neutron star that breaks its shell. The neutron fluid or neutron gas travels to heavier neutron stars. Because the electromagnetic energy level in bigger neutron stars rises, that causes a situation the distance between neutrons increases. 

And that creates a situation in that neutrons can tunnel through the neutron structure. When those neutrons stop in the middle of the neutron stars they send radiation. That means neutrons have a similar form as ions. 

https://www.sciencealert.com/colliding-neutron-stars-created-a-sphere-so-perfect-its-shocked-physicists

https://scitechdaily.com/astrophysicists-discover-a-mysterious-perfect-explosion-in-space-it-makes-no-sense/

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/

Are there rivers and lakes in other worlds?

"This composite image shows an infrared view of Saturn’s moon Titan from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, acquired during the mission’s “T-114” flyby on November 13, 2015. Titan has lakes and rivers on its surface, but they are made out of methane and ethane. Credit: NASA" (ScitechDaily.com/We Asked a NASA Scientist: Are There Rivers and Lakes on Other Worlds?)

When we describe the river as the flow of liquid and the lake as a small place where is liquid, we must say that rivers and lakes might be quite usual in the universe. 

As an example, the Sarurn's giant moon Titan has lakes and rivers on its surface. But there is no water in those lakes and rivers. There are hydrocarbon oceans with extremely cold methane and ethane. Weak gravitation is also one reason why methane stays liquid on the Titan moon. 

The temperature on that moon is -179 degrees Celsius. Tidal forces keep methane moving. But the melting point of that gas is -182 degrees Celsius. And that means methane can exist at least on a larger planet's equatorial area. 

Along with weak gravitation on Titan's surface, Saturn's tidal forces affect those gasses. The tidal effect of a giant planet is much stronger than the tidal effect that our moon forms. And that keeps methane moving. The same tidal force keeps oceans liquid under the icy shell of Enceladus. 

Weak gravitation and massive tidal forces make it possible that some planets or their moons can have liquid water far below zero Celsius. In that case distance to the center star must be far enough that the solar wind doesn't blow the atmosphere away. 

The greenhouse effect and Saturnian tidal forces keep the temperature on Titan so high, that liquid methane can exist. 

The melting point of methane is only three degrees higher than Titan's surface temperature. And that means methane can exist at the poles and nightside of that moon. But Saturn's tidal forces and weak gravitation allow that methane is moving. 

But in freezing words far away from their central star can be oceans and rivers where liquid gasses like liquid nitrogen and even liquid helium flow. 

And oppositely thinking there are worlds where melted lava forms rivers and lakes. Those planets can be so close to their central star that it melts their hemisphere. 

https://scitechdaily.com/we-asked-a-nasa-scientist-are-there-rivers-and-lakes-on-other-worlds/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methane

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titan_(moon)

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/

Mysterious kilonova formed a symmetrical sphere.

In some models, the anti-electrons or positrons can cover the entire neutron star. And that forms the situation where an energy blast hits to neutron star around it. That form a similar effect to an implosion (nuclear) bomb. The energy travels in the middle of the neutron star. And then that energy impulse reflects from the nucleus back to the surface. 

The term kilonova means colliding neutron stars. The mysterious thing about that new kilonova is that the collision created a fully symmetrical sphere. For a symmetrical sphere's forming, the energy impulse should come from the middle of the neutron star. The thing that forms the sphere are neutrons that turn the same poles outward. 

That causes an energy impulse that forms a symmetrical shockwave outside the neutron star. But the question is how the energy impulse comes from the middle of the neutron star or the middle of the kilonova. There is the possibility that just when neutron stars collide between them travels the neutrino beam. So the origin of the symmetrical energy field could be a neutrino beam. In some other ideas, some planets would get between colliding neutron stars. 

In some models, the neutron stars form neutron liquid between them just before they impact. And when those neutron liquids impact they send an extremely powerful energy impulse. The reason for that is neutrons impact together opposite poles towards each other. That causes a powerful electric arc because the magnetic fields of the neutron stars are closing the circuit. 

The thing that forms a pure sphere is the impact that happens symmetrically around the neutron star. The particles must cover the entire neutron star and send the energy burst precisely at the same time. So that the symmetrical sphere can form. 

When we think about the formation of the symmetrical sphere there must be some kind of reaction that covers the entire neutron star. Then the energy travels in that neutron formation. When the energy reaches the nucleus of the neutron star it reflects its shell. The reason for that could be antineutron that impacts with a neutron. When an antineutron faces a neutron that forms the annihilation. 

That annihilation causes resonation in other neutrons. Then energy travels through the shell of a neutron star. That can form a situation where the energy travels to neutrons which the quark structure is laying. When energy travels quarks turn their tip inside the neutron star. In each neutron are three quarks And when one of them is heading in some direction. That forms the antenna that aims for energy to the middle of the neutron star. 

The idea is that free energy causes the situation. The neutron star is an extremely thick object. And there is not very much space for free energy. But the thing that denies the detonation of the neutron star is massive gravitation. There is a possibility that fast spin and some impacts send the neutron dust around the neutron star.

That neutron star sends pure sphere-shaped energy impulses. When energy reflects from a neutron star's nucleus it turns those neutrons around. That thing loads more energy into those neutrons. 

But the more practical explanation is that tidal forces rip another neutron star in pieces. In that case, the neutron star turns to neutron dust that falls on the object. That neutron dust formed in a kilonova. If a neutron cloud impacts symmetrically to the shell of a neutron star. That can explain a symmetrical sphere. 

The fact is that it's possible that this kind of bubble can also form if some kind of cloud impacts symmetrically to the neutron star. The symmetrical impact explains the symmetrical sphere around the kilonova. But then the question is where are those particles that cause the radiation come from, are they remnants of some planet? Or are they neutrons, that are released when another neutron star rips in pieces?  How can debris cover an entire neutron star before it sends a radiation burst? 

https://scitechdaily.com/astrophysicists-discover-a-mysterious-perfect-explosion-in-space-it-makes-no-sense/

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/

There is no "second law" of quantum entanglement.

There is no "second law" of quantum entanglement. 

Above this text is an image of the Pleiades star cluster. That star cluster is one version of the system. 

In the quantum world, all systems' existence depends on other systems. In the matryoshka model, systems form internal entirety like matryoshka dolls.  The largest of known quantum systems is the Universe. 

And all other systems are its subsystems. Smaller or internal systems' existence is not possible without larger systems. And the term system means the group of actors. That observer can separate from another entirety.

If the larger system's existence ends. The smaller, or internal system tries to fill that hole. That thing is seen as energy flow. Energy always travels from the higher energy system to the lower energy system. If the existence of internal systems ends. Energy from a larger system tries to fill the place of an internal system. 

The biggest problem with thermodynamics in the quantum world is that all thermodynamic models require entropy. Entropy is the disorder level in the system. And the problem is that things like quantum entanglement happen between two elementary particles. 

Entropy in that kind of extremely simplified system is not possible. Or entropy is the oscillation between superstrings that form elementary particles. 

Literally: "Entropy is a scientific concept, as well as a measurable physical property, that is most commonly associated with a state of disorder, randomness, or uncertainty".  (Wikipedia/Entropy). 

Even if there is only a couple of visible actors in the system entropy can be high. Also, invisible actors are forming systems. That means on the quantum scale is very hard to detect all actors. 

But also, low entropy in a small number of actors forms a large effect. So entropy is the relative effect.  In one and two-actor systems. Entropy is impossible. But the fact is that it is very hard to find two actor systems. All things like magnetic fields and internal energy layers in particles are actors. And that's why all systems consist of more than one or two participants. 

Elementary particle's form is the whisk-looking structure of quantum skyrmions makes it possible that even if the system seems perfectly free from entropy there are still disorders that we cannot see. So the internal structure multiplies the number of actors even if we see only one actor. 

Attempting to use thermodynamic laws for extremely small objects is at least a very hard process. And today we know it's impossible to apply any common physics models to the quantum scale phenomenon. Researchers made thermodynamics for handling certain scale entireties. The scale of the systems that the creators of thermodynamics observed was much bigger than modern physics uses. And the data source was different. 

Thermodynamics and its four laws are made by using entireties like water tanks. Things like quantum entanglements are created between single elementary particles. The difference between elementary particles and water molecules is that elementary particles cannot break pieces like a water molecules. The energy travels in quantum entanglement like in the normal world. But a thing like superposition makes quantum entanglement and superposition different than the chemical compound called water. 

The superposition means that a particle can have multiple energy states at the same time. And if we think that the particle is like a whisk. And each of the wires is the energy string that model can explain the internal superposition of the elementary particle. In that model, each of those strings can have a different energy level. And that allows a single elementary particle can have an internal superposition. 

Or the oscillation of two different elementary particles can synchronize. And that means there is an energy flow between those particles. The requirement for that type of superposition is that the particles used in the superposition are identical. If we want to superposition the neutron, we must put two neutrons in the same position. And then superposition those quarks separately. 

Thermodynamics is a good tool for researching entireties. But the key element in all thermodynamic laws is entropy. Entropy means the level of disorder in the system. The source of entropy also means something. The outcoming energy removes entropy, but things like energy whirls and standing waves increase entropy. And entropy is that thing that destroys the system. 

But entropy plays a big role in thermodynamics. And that is the weakness in thermodynamics when we want to apply that model in the quantum world. Because things like superpositions and other quantum-scale phenomena are made between single elementary particles or can happen in the whisk-looking formation where disorder is limited that means it's impossible to use thermodynamics for modeling quantum-scale phenomena. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-prove-that-there-is-no-second-law-of-entanglement/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamics

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/

Scientists turned dead birds into drones that can fly.

Researchers turned stuffed birds into robots. Bird-shaped robots can observe humans and other animals. Stuffed animals are quite easy to turn into robots. Things like deer's skin can also use to cover the robot. And that skin or fur can dress on a four-leg robot. Stuffed fish and stuffed snakes can also use as robots. 

But as I wrote earlier, the dead bird turned to the flying drone. And that thing is one of the most powerful tools in the world. The animal-shaped drones and robots can observe other humans or animals. Researchers can use animals like rats and crows as covers for the surveillance robots. Researchers could use some common animals that have only a few enemies. That makes those robots invisible. 

Those animal-shaped robots can have multiple sensors. They can have microphones, laser microphones, sonar systems, and CCD cameras. They also can carry chemical detectors like plasma spectrometers. So those sensor packs make those robots effective. 

The animal-shaped robots can also use as attack tools. In the feet of those robots can install electric batons. And they can be used in capture operations. They can carry explosives, small pistols, and chemical weapons that are in those robots' mouths. That kind of system can use in covert operations. 

https://futurism.com/the-byte/dead-birds-drones-that-fly

https://www.wired.com/video/watch/the-taxidermy-bird-that-scientists-turned-into-a-robot

The new material can switch superconductivity on and off.

Scitechdaily.com describes new material this way: "MIT physicists have found a new way to switch superconductivity on and off in magic-angle graphene. This figure shows a device with two graphene layers in the middle (in dark gray and in inset). The graphene layers are sandwiched in between boron nitride layers (in blue and purple). 

"The angle and alignment of each layer enables the researchers to turn superconductivity on and off in graphene with a short electric pulse. Credit: Courtesy of the researchers. Edited by MIT News" (ScitechDaily.com/MIT Physicists Discover Way To Switch Superconductivity On and Off in “Magic-Angle” Graphene)

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The new material is graphene which can switch its magic angle. And when those magic angles are in line. Graphene is in superconducting form. When graphene turns its magic angles into nonlinear formation. That will destroy its superconductivity. 

That material can be suitable for next-generation microchips and other kinds of things. Switching the material's mode between superconducting and non-superconducting modes is interesting. That thing can make it possible to adjust the speed of information transfer in microcircuits. So the system can transport information by using a two-speed mode. 

In regular mode, the system can use normal resistant wires. But in cases where the signal needs some special attention or includes urgent information the system can switch to superconducting mode. Using two modes in the microchips makes it possible to adjust the computer's speed. The problem with superconducting microchips is that they need an extremely powerful cooling system. 

So when the computer doesn't need its maximum speed it can use regular binary processors. But when it needs extra power. It can transfer data to the superconducting processors. That material can act as a medium between regular processors that work at room temperature and superconducting processors. 

The superconducting mass memories are very good data storage. And that kind of system can store data very accurately. When the mass memory turns to non-superconducting mode. The system destroys data. So, when the data is driven to that memory, it's in superconducting mode. When the system used that data the memory block can be formatted. And in that process, the system can turn mass memory to resistant mode. 

This new material can make possible to creation of a new type of computer possible. And the ability to transmit information between processors by using two-speed could be useful in neurocomputers. That makes it possible to emulate the human nervous system where urgent messages travel faster than regular messages. 

The quantum computer can be a series of superconducting microprocessors. In that case, the system requires superconducting cables that can transmit information between two microchips. The system contains data handling lines where a series of microchips are acting like virtual quantum computers. In that low-power-, virtual quantum system. The TCP/IP protocol will break the information into pieces. 

And then the AI-based system will transfer that data to another processor group and collect it in the new form. Those low-power virtual quantum computers are more powerful than traditional computers. And the material that can switch between superconducting and resistant modes can be suitable in that system. The resistant mode allows the cleaning of the memory blocks when their data unit is used. And it allows using fast- and regular modes in data transfer speed. 

That ability can make things like neurocomputers more effective. The ability to change the data transmission's speed makes the computer work like the human nervous system. And if the system can send two signals at different speeds. That makes it possible to observe possible errors. 

If the data handling system can send the same signal twice to the same processor. It allows the observation of "black swans" or sudden happening anomalies like some gamma-ray impacts on the data channel. If there are errors in those signals there is some unexpected anomaly in the system. 

https://scitechdaily.com/mit-physicists-discover-way-to-switch-superconductivity-on-and-off-in-magic-angle-graphene/