Sterile neutrinos, tachyons, and axions. Can they explain why matter exists?

"Inner view of the large electrostatic spectrometer of the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino Experiment (KATRIN), the world’s most accurate neutrino scale. Credit: Michael Zacher/KIT, KATRIN collaboration" (ScitechDaily, Physicists Tighten the Net Around the Elusive Sterile Neutrino)

Reseachers closing the elusive sterile neutrino. The sterile neutrino is a very hard-to-detect particle. The particle itself will be so small, or so different than other neutrinos, that it will not exist for a long time. The sterile neutrino means that there are no quantum fields that left their marks on that neutrino. When a neutrino travels through quantum fields, those fields leave their marks on it. This means the neutrino turns dirty. And this is one of the biggest problems with physics. Neutrino is the next-generation tool for reseachers to make observations. It’s possible that the sensor can remove fields from the shell of the neutrino. 

But the sensor must know. What the neutrino is and what. Is the field. To determine the field that the sensor must detect and analyze, it must know the original values of the neutrino. If. The system knows the neutrino’s original values. Like. Its original energy level. Another possibility is that the sterile neutrino can prove the existence of a wormhole. If a neutrino can travel through the wormhole, it will not take quantum fields on its shell. And that means the neutrino can stay sterile. 

The standard model of physics. There is sometimes a marked graviton. The graviton. It is a hypothetical gravitation wave transporter. The graviton should exist. And sometimes some reseachers suggest that the graviton is the quantum-scale black hole. Another suggestion is that the graviton is the same thing as the axion. If an axion spins very fast, it rolls quantum fields on its shell. And that can explain dark matter, the mysterious gravitational effect in the universe. That can also explain dark energy. When the universe’s energy level turns lower, the axion releases its energy. 

Neutrino beams can also create wormholes in the electromagnetic fields. The neutrino beam can push those fields away their way. And then. This thing. It can make interstellar travel closer to reality. The idea is that the neutrino beam. It makes a hole in quantum fields. And then the energy that comes. Behind pushes particles or craft into the tunnel. 

A neutrino is a fermion type.  Its position is in leptons. So. That means Neutrino should be able to make similar bonds and interactions with other leptons. But there is no evidence that neutrinos form any shell to matter. The weak interaction creates neutrinos. Those neutrinos are: 

1) electron neutrino, νe

2) muon neutrino, νμ

3) tau neutrino, ντ

"Physicists have long suspected that elusive particles known as axions could help explain the hidden matter shaping the universe. While the idea even made its way into popular culture, solving the problem proved more difficult than fiction suggested. Credit: Shutterstock. A new theoretical study suggests fusion reactors could do more than generate energy, they might also produce particles linked to dark matter." (ScitechDaily, Dark Matter Breakthrough: Physicists Crack “Big Bang Theory” Puzzle)

There is a suggestion that dark matter particles that impact each other can form energy. Those impacting dark matter particles. Or. An energy impulse from that particle can form. A hole in the quantum fields. That means energy impulse from axions makes the vacuum or cosmic bubble. Then that bubble collapses. And. The effect is similar to a vacuum bomb. When a bubble or void collapses, it sends an energy impulse. 

To the outside. This means dark matter can play a big role in the Big Bang. But there is one big “but”. That very big “but” means that matter and dark matter should form at different moments. If dark matter formed before visible matter, that means the dark matter interaction could trigger the Big Bang. 

But then. To the mysterious dark matter particles. Called Axions. 

Nobody seen an axion yet. But it's possible. Axions are the mythical dark matter particles. There is something that denies its interactions with other particles. And maybe. The neutrino or sterile neutrino can open the path to the axions. If we think of the possibility that neutrino spin turns extremely fast, and its speed is almost the speed of light. That can press the neutrino into the form of a small “worm”. This means that an axion could be a particle. That is like a small wire or a small worm. The idea is that the high speed, along with the fast spin, turns into a roll. The axion may be like a drill. That travels through all energy fields. 

This allows the particle tunnel itself to pass through other particles. So, the axion could be like a traveling tornado. In some models, the mythical tachyon. The theoretical faster-than-light particle forms the photon when its speed decreases below the speed of light.  

We cannot see tachyon. While. It travels faster than light.  When the tachyon slows its speed below the speed of light, it must transfer its energy somewhere. This means tachyon should form the ring-shaped energy impulse. 

This means the photon would be the quantum shockwave, like a light boom. That is similar to a sonic boom. It is in the molecular world. Then the tachyon that decreases its speed sends another particle. Like. A sterile neutrino or some other fermion or boson. Another thing is that. Maybe. Fusion reactors can tell reseachers something about things. Like. The speed of light and neutrinos. Fusion reactors could form neutrinos just like fusion reactions form neutrinos in the Sun. Neutrinos form because of the high-energy wave-particle duality. Fusion sends wave movement through standing waves. 

And in that interaction, form a neutrino. When neutrinos travel out from the star, they form quantum dots. During that journey, the neutrino binds energy on its shell. That makes lower energy points to the star. Energy starts to fall into those energy tunnels, and that means. If. This model is right, neutrinos play a big role in stars. It might deny the form of the standing waves that detonate a star. So. If we continue this reasoning chain. Mythical. Axions can explain why matter exists. The axion can make those quantum dots into the smallest parts of matter. When. An axion travels through a particle. It creates a lower energy point that pulls the particle into its form. 

https://scitechdaily.com/dark-matter-breakthrough-physicists-crack-big-bang-theory-puzzle/

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-tighten-the-net-around-the-elusive-sterile-neutrino/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon

Types of neutrinos: 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon_neutrino

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_neutrino

The simplest explanation for ultra-high-energy particles might be the best one.

"When high-energy cosmic particles strike the top of Earth’s atmosphere, they produce showers of “daughter” particles that will find their way down to Earth. On the surface, we’ve built several notable detector arrays, including the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO), to reconstruct the energy and direction of the initial cosmic ray that struck the Earth." (BigThink, The simplest explanation for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays)

The ultra-high-energy particles are mysterious. But sometimes the best explanation is the simplest. When a particle travels in the universe, it faces many energy fields and other particles. Whenever those particles travel through the higher-power energy field, they transfer energy to the particle that travels through them. This means the reason for the ultra-high energy photons and other particles is that. 

"Any cosmic particle that travels through the Universe, regardless of speed or energy, must contend with the existence of the particles left over from the Big Bang. While we normally focus on the normal matter that exists, made of protons, neutrons, and electrons, they are outnumbered more than a billion-to-one by the remnant photons and neutrinos/antineutrinos. When a charged particle travels through the intergalactic medium, regardless of how it’s produced, it cannot ignore the “bath” of photons it will experience along its journey." (BigThink, The simplest explanation for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays)

Those particles traveled through extremely high-power energy fields, such as those. Found in black hole jets. In the same way. Things. Like gravitational lenses transmit energy to those particles. In the same way. When particles. Like electrons impact a photon, they load energy into the photon. 

A photonic ray. It can accelerate electrons. But in the same way, when an electron impacts a photon, that electron transfers energy into that photon. The photon also reflects from the incoming electron, and that impact. Stretches a photon into gamma-rays. The gamma-ray systems can be the next-generation tool in inspection. 

"Particles traveling near light speed can interact with starlight and boost it to gamma-ray energies. This animation shows the process, known as inverse Compton scattering. When light ranging from microwave to ultraviolet wavelengths collides with a fast-moving particle, the interaction boosts it to gamma rays, the most energetic form of light. This type of interaction, between photons and energetic charged particles, will also serve to slow down (or brake) the charged particle’s motion." (BigThink, The simplest explanation for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays)

Today. Those gamma rays are produced by using radioactive material. The radioactive material. It is a dangerous tool. In the wrong hands. And the particle accelerators that use laser beams. That impact with electrons can be an answer. The gamma-ray systems can open the atomic structures. In new ways. For reseachers. 

These kinds of reactions and interactions affect in the same way. To a photon, and because an electron’s mass is much higher, that thing can turn a photon’s wavelength into gamma rays. When. Laser rays are shot against electron beams. Those things can be used to create synthetic gamma-rays. The high-energy reactions can open a new route to high-energy solutions. 

"Cosmic rays, which are ultra-high energy particles originating from all over the Universe, including particles emanating from the Sun, strike atomic nuclei everywhere they exist. On Earth, they land in the upper atmosphere and produce showers of new particles, but on the Moon, they recoil off of the heavy atomic nuclei present on the airless Moon’s surface." (BigThink, The simplest explanation for ultra-high-energy cosmic rays)

The photon is the only particle that doesn’t cause annihilation when it impacts antimatter. 

Particle collisions between photons can also explain dark energy. The fact is that all particles in the universe react to photons. The interactions between photons and electrons can accelerate electrons to incredible speeds. The laser systems that accelerate electrons in the particle accelerators can open new paths into physics. 

The laser beam can travel across the cathode beam and push electrons into the accelerator tube. Those accelerators can be far smaller, and their energy level can be higher than that of particle accelerators. Those are in use. The photon beam can be used to control things. Like. Antimatter particles. The photon beam can be used to create antimatter systems. Like. Antimatter rockets. The laser beam that drives antimatter particles to the rocket chamber uses particles that don’t interact with antimatter. 

A superkilonova, which has never been seen before, may be spotted.

"A puzzling cosmic blast detected in both light and gravitational waves may hint at a previously unseen type of explosion, challenging astronomers to rethink how neutron stars are born and collide. Credit: Shutterstock" (ScitechDaily, Astronomers May Have Spotted a Never-Before-Seen “Superkilonova” Hidden Inside a Supernova)

"When the largest stars exhaust their fuel, they end their lives in powerful supernova explosions. These blasts scatter heavy elements such as carbon and iron into space, helping enrich the universe. A different and far rarer kind of cosmic explosion, known as a kilonova, happens when two neutron stars collide. Neutron stars are the dense remnants of dead stars, and when they merge, they can create even heavier elements, including gold and uranium. Materials like these later become part of new stars, planets, and other cosmic structures." (ScitechDaily, Astronomers May Have Spotted a Never-Before-Seen “Superkilonova” Hidden Inside a Supernova)

A kilonova is a cosmic event where two neutron stars or a neutron star and a black hole will collide. The kilonova can also happen when more than two neutron stars collide. Superkilonovas are events where the energy level of kilonovas is much higher than in regular kilonovas. Those events are infrequent. Superkilonovas are a hypothesis that more than two neutron stars impacting is still a possibility. 

"This artist’s concepts shows a hypothesized event known as a superkilonova. A massive star explodes in a supernova (left), which generates elements like carbon and iron. In the aftermath, two neutron stars are born (middle), at least one of which is believed to be less massive than our Sun. The neutron stars spiral together, sending gravitational waves rippling through the cosmos, before merging in a dramatic kilonova (right). Kilonovae seed the universe with the heaviest elements, such as gold at platinum, which glow with red light. Credit: Caltech/K. Miller and R. Hurt (IPAC)" (ScitechDaily, Astronomers May Have Spotted a Never-Before-Seen “Superkilonova” Hidden Inside a Supernova)

But. Those events have not seen yet. But. In some other cases, the massive star can explode as a supernova. That star can form two neutron stars that merge immediately. Or in some other models, in a binary star. There, the neutron star and massive star orbit each other. Massive star explodes as a supernova. The neutron star pulls that nebula onto its shell. And another star also leaves a neutron star behind it. 

"This artist’s animation shows a hypothesized event known as a superkilonova. A massive star explodes in a supernova, collapsing into a stellar core that forms two neutron stars. The neutron stars spiral together and merge, sending gravitational waves rippling through the cosmos and seeding the universe with heavy elements, such as gold and platinum. Credit: Caltech/K. Miller and R. Hurt (IPAC)" (ScitechDaily, Astronomers May Have Spotted a Never-Before-Seen “Superkilonova” Hidden Inside a Supernova)

Those events cause a situation in which neutron stars collide in the materia nebula, and that raises the kilonova’s energy level. The idea is that when a neutron star merger happens in a high-energy supernova remnant. That thing can raise. Its energy level. Sometimes. In the supernova remnants, there are neutron stars or magnetars. That seems too light. That thing can happen if something crushes the star from the outside. 

Things like other supernova explosives, material jets from black holes, or neutron stars can trigger a supernova explosion. In cases, there. The outer layer in the escaping material. It turns too hot. This means. The outer material energy level. Turns higher than the center. That energy can force a nebula fall into the middle of the star. If. The energy level in a star’s outer shell turns higher than the temperature in its core. That thing causes an effect. The stellar shell packs material into its core. 

If a planet’s atmosphere. Gets a very high energy impulse. That can cause a situation where the ultra-hot atmosphere presses. That planet is in an extremely dense form. In the cases that. There are lots of hydrocarbons. The planet. It can turn into a miniature white dwarf. Or. Planet-weight diamond. If that kind of energy impulse hits a white dwarf, that thing can turn it into “too light” a neutron star. The massive energy burst can also. Press planets into black holes. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-may-have-spotted-a-never-before-seen-superkilonova-hidden-inside-a-supernova/

Einstein’s light cone and five-dimensional spacetime.

“Light cone in 2D space plus a time dimension, more commonly referred to as ‘space time’” (Wikipedia)

The light cone introduces the model. That time focuses information on the hypersurface of the present. But why can't we see into the past or future? Entropy is introduced as the reason for. Why can't we see the future? Or to the past. This means that entropy scatters information into such a small mosaic and twists it. That information exists. But. We cannot collect it into a form. That. We can use it. 

Term spacetime, or. Space time. Means the space and time. “In physics, spacetime, also called the space-time continuum, is a mathematical model that fuses the three dimensions of space and the one dimension of time into a single four-dimensional continuum. Spacetime diagrams are useful in visualizing and understanding relativistic effects, such as how different observers perceive where and when events occur.” (Wikipedia, spacetime)

There is a connection between time and space, and Einstein explained that connection by describing time as the fourth dimension. And maybe we should say that the time that travels forward or to the future is the fourth dimension. The arrow of time, as Eddington explains, states that when time moves forward, the arrow of time moves time backward. 

The arrow of time introduces black holes as a place where time appears to travel backward. That means that black holes can be seen as things. That pushes time forward. Time dilation causes that. When. The escape velocity turns higher. Than. The speed of light, time starts to travel backward. 

Above the gravitational pothole is the model of spacetime near the gravitational center. The black hole should turn the walls of the pothole. Through. Each other. That means its gravity field turns information around like a magnifying glass. 

Three versions of our point in relation to the light cone and the metasurface of the present. Each of those models is based on the model that there are five dimensions. Three of those dimensions are in space. And two are in time. 

1) If information focuses on the hypersurface of the present, it can act like an electromagnetic field. If information forms. Some kind. Of “electric arc”. We can be in a bubble. That denies us. From. Seeing the future or the past. That information focus that is behind or in front of us is so “bright” that we cannot see through it. 

2) Another model is that. We aren’t exactly on the information focus. If. We are in a place. Where. The information focus is behind. Or forward to us. That means we cannot see through that point. But the interesting model is that information should. Turn around. When. It travels through the metasurface of the present. 

3) The entropic model is that. Every single particle, or object in the universe. Are on. Its own metasurface of the present. Or, maybe we should say that the metasuface. The present is a complex entirety of structures. This means it's full of information focus points. And those focuses cause very high entropy.  

But. Then we can. Start. To. Think. About. Light cone. This model. Explains that the information focus is at the point of the hypersurface of the present. But are we on the hypersurface of the present? That is an interesting question. The idea is that information focus happens on that hypersurface. When time arrows touch each other, that event forms a structure. That is like when a magnifying glass focuses sunlight. Sometimes it is suggested that the material and the Big Bang formed when the light cone touched the hypersurface of the present. But why can't we see the future? The answer can be in entropy. And another thing is this: Materia is like a frozen electric arc. 

When we think about time dilation. And the hypersurface of the present. Time moves faster. At 30 cm above sea level. We can think. That. If the focus that forms when the light cone focuses information on the hypersurface of the present, the geometrical model of time in our universe is a ball. We are like in the middle of a giant electric arc, which could describe the geometrical model of time in the hypersurface of the present. There are actually three models of time, or how information focuses on the hypersurface. In those models, we are in the middle of a giant bubble, or we are not precise in the metasurface of the present. 

That means there is. Some kind. Of. Time focuses information behind. Or/and forward of us, if we think. That we travel in space from the past to the future. That focus. Denies us. To see the future. Another model is that the hypersurface of the present is not sharp. That means the universe is full of focuses that focus information from the future. And from the past. This is one of the attempts.  To introduce the nature of time or the geometry of time. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spacetime

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theory_of_relativity

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation

Dark energy and star formation.

"This Is the Entire Universe Squeezed into One Image" (Space.com)

Accelerating expansion of the universe doesn’t necessarily mean that dark energy exists. The expansion causes the effect that the gravity turns weaker relative to the other four fundamental forces. But if the energy level in the universe is stable relative to the gravity. That means that. The energy source can be in matter or particles. That evaporates or turns into wave movement.  Another thing that could explain the static energy field is an outside energy source. And that causes the thought about the existence of other universes. 

Another dark energy source. It can be. In the galaxy filament. When those megastructures accelerate and slow. Those structures bind and release extra energy. Spinning protons and electrons in atomic hydrogen can accelerate and slow. Those particles are in a Bose-Einstein condensate state. That means those particles can be closed. In. The united quantum field. When some GRBs hit those fields, they send energy through the galaxy filament. Those waves can also explain dark energy. 

Could the Doppler effect, or redshift, explain dark energy? When objects are separating, redshift stretches the wavelength. That means it's possible that the red light. Turns into infrared radiation. Also. Infrared can turn into radio waves. And gamma-rays can turn into X-rays. Blueshift means that. When objects are closing. The wavelength turns shorter. But also things. Like gravitational fields, other radiation fields affect the wavelength. This means that. Part of the cosmic microwave background could have an origin as the infrared radiation. That redshift stretches. 

In some other model. The Bose-Einstein condensate. The state can cause an effect. That makes protons and neutrons turn so large that quarks inside them can drive quantum fields between them. That effect can cause quantum-size electric arcs between those quarks. And that thing can turn the particle invisible. And waves. Those impacts form. It could be a source of dark energy. But. The Doppler effect between separating particles may turn visible light into infrared radiation. 

The blueshift can also transform infrared into shorter-wavelength radiation. The IR radiation has the most effective radiation effect. If. Radiation transforms into radio waves. Or visible light, which means the radiation's effect on matter turns lower. 

We can say that dark energy. Is. Free energy that whirls around material. That free energy rips the universe into pieces. The reason why the acceleration of the universe accelerates. Is that. The gravitational effect between objects. Turns weaker. Because their distance grows. But. Things like quantum fields are also turning weaker. This means that quantum fields cannot transport energy. So strongly that quantum fields transported energy in the young universe. Without those fields, there is no movement. Even gravity waves cannot move in weak quantum fields. 

In some models. There is a shockwave. That formed during the Big Bang around the universe. The thing. That supports this shockwave is that, without that shockwave. The universe should collapse immediately. The shockwave will not travel at the speed of light. Because. The universe’s gravity pulls it back. This shockwave requires that something resists the escaping energy and matter. 

Then we can look at the time cone. And ask one interesting question: can we say that the universe could be like an electric arc? This means that the information focus can be in the metasurface of the present. Then two energy flows. Or. Maybe two arrows of time, impacted. That thing caused a shockwave that could form a vacuum. Forward. Of expanding material. That means there may be a so-called cosmic vacuum around the universe. 

If. Radiation crosses that type of vacuum. Its wavelength turns longer. In the same way. The universe’s own gravity fields. Stretch radiation. So. That means. Redshift. Forms infrared radiation in the universe. When we think about redshift and blueshift, that means that objects move against each other. Blueshift means. The wavelength of radiation turns shorter. When. Objects travel. To. Each other. In the universe, most objects. Like galactic megaclusters are traveling away from each other. This means that there is more red light in the universe than blue light. That means there is more infrared radiation in the universe than there should be. The redshift can pull red visible light into the infrared area. 

"A graphical representation of the expansion of the universe from the Big Bang to the present day, with the inflationary epoch represented as the dramatic expansion seen on the left. This visualization shows only a section of the universe; the empty space outside the diagram should not be taken to represent empty space outside the universe (which does not necessarily exist)." (Wikipedia, Expansion of the universe)

In. The same way. Redshift pulls gamma-rays into the X-ray area. And a black hole can stretch gamma rays into the IR- or even radio area. That slide is possible in the extreme gravitational field. The gravity field also stretches radiation. This means that things like gravity fields can transform visible light into the infrared or even radio waves. This means that it's possible that. Dark energy is energy that forms when other energy forms. Or radiation wavelength stretches through the electromagnetic spectrum. That means the radiation that travels through the infrared area affects. Like. Infrared radiation in the moment. It is spent. In. The electromagnetic spectrum’s infrared area. 

Redshift affects across the electromagnetic spectrum. Things like gravity fields stretch light. This means that redshift can also turn part of the infrared radiation into microwaves or radio waves. So. Maybe the secret of dark energy. It is in. The redshift, the Doppler effect. That removes part of the infrared radiation from the universe. This happens because black holes and separating objects stretch radiation. Maybe. The origin of the 3K radiation is in a situation. The Doppler effect. Turns the wave movement longer. The fact is that the Doppler effect or redshift affects all kinds of radiation. 

When we think about dark matter and dark energy, it’s possible that if the level of dark energy in the universe stays stable. And the gravity effect turns lower. This can cause acceleration. Of. The expansion of the universe. So, in that model, dark energy can be virtual. When. Energy in the universe stays stable because of matter. Like. Particles turn into radiation or wave movement. When. The relations of the four fundamental forces change. That. It can look like dark energy. 

"A diagram of the electromagnetic spectrum, showing various properties across the range of frequencies and wavelengths" (Wikipedia, Electromagnetic spectrum)

Does the star formation continue in the cooling universe? 

When we look at the image of the universe, we can see that galaxies are mainly located near the “shell” of the universe. That means that if a shockwave is traveling outward, it creates whirls. Those whirls form black holes and then stars. The existence of the shockwave that formed during the Big Bang explains why we cannot see other universes. Another thing that this ancient shockwave explains is why there are galaxies, and why those galaxies are like they are. So the chain for star formation is this: 

1) First, it forms the black hole. 

2) That black hole forms a quasar. 

3) Then, the quasar pulls gas and later dust around it. 

4) Star formation begins when the energy level turns low enough. And conditions are stable enough.

5) Star formation ends in a galaxy when all hydrogen is used.  

"Artist's illustration showing the life of a massive star: Nuclear fusion converts lighter elements into heavier ones; when fusion no longer generates enough pressure to counteract gravity, the star collapses into a black hole. During this collapse, energy may be released as a momentary burst of gamma-rays aligned to the axis of rotation." (Wikipedia,Gamma-ray burst)

The star forms in a whirl in the galactic nebula. The whirl collects matter from around it and starts to condense into a star. So, as long as galaxies can form, the star formation continues. But someday in the future, the matter in the universe turns so thin that star formation stops. In galaxies, star formation stops when all hydrogen is used. As. A star’s energy source. Or black holes pull all material inside them. Star formation can also end if the entropy destroys the whirl. The star starts to form. 

This thing happens only in old galaxies. When. Galaxy formation ends. That causes the end of the star formation. Some day. In the future. Star formation ends. When matter turns too thin, there is no possibility of forming stars. 

 In a young universe, stars might. Also, be from outside the galaxies. That happens even today, but those stars turn very massive. The reason for that thing. Is that. There is no interference. Like star wind.  Or the radiation of the supermassive black hole. Also. Gravitation can destroy a protostar. If a protostar. It is too close to another star. A black hole. Or white dwarf. Those things. Can destroy it. Before. The fusion starts. 

When the universe’s expansion continues, the gravitational effect between galaxies turns weaker. The quantum field between objects turns weaker. This means energy travels out from particles, and that increases free energy in the universe.  That increases entropy. But. Otherwise, weaker quantum fields around galaxies and a colder universe make that free energy weaker. The interactions between mass centers. Like galaxies are complicated. The weaker energy fields and expanding universe mean that the scattering effect turns weaker. 

Same way. Redshift between objects turns stronger. Redshift means that there is more infrared radiation than should be. Redshift or the Doppler effect means that the spectrum. Turns red. That means red visible light can stretch into infrared. Infrared can turn into microwaves or radio waves. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/stars-form-within-expanding-universe/

https://www.space.com/31517-entire-universe-squeezed-one-image.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmic_microwave_background

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_spectrum

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expansion_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_filament

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

Under the Titan surface, water may not be water in the form as we know it.

"The six infrared images of Titan above were created by compiling data collected over the course of the Cassini mission. They depict how the surface of Titan looks beneath the foggy atmosphere, highlighting the variable surface of the moon. Credit: NASA" (ScitechDaily, Titan’s Hidden Ocean May Not Exist and That Changes Everything)

"Titan’s hidden ocean may be more slush than sea, according to a new look at Cassini mission data. That icy, gooey interior could still host warm pockets of water—potential sweet spots for life." (ScitechDaily, Titan’s Hidden Ocean May Not Exist and That Changes Everything)

On the Titan’s surface, there is no water.  But. There are hydrocarbon oceans; otherwise, Titan is very dry. There is no water on its surface. The methane oceans are things that do not exist on Earth. But. It’s possible that under its surface is a water layer. 

Titan might not have a hidden ocean in the form we know oceans. This means that if there is some water layer deep under Titan’s surface, that water is in slushy form. The water deep under Titan’s surface would exist in extreme pressure but in low gravity. And that opens up new paths to consider possible alien life forms. 

There might not be fish swimming in that slushy ice layer. Maybe. There can be something. Called amino acids or self-replicating molecules. But then. We can think about things. Like. The existence of liquid water. Whether water is liquid on some planets. Or. Is it in icy form? That depends on things. 

Like. A planet’s temperature, gravity, and pressure. In strong gravity or pressure, water can be like ice. Even. If the temperature is high. Many variables affect water. And its form. 

“This illustration shows the various ways Titan might respond to Saturn’s gravitational pull depending on its interior structure. Only the slushy interior produced the bulge and lag observed in the new study. Credit: Baptiste Journaux and Flavio Petricca” (ScitechDaily, Titan’s Hidden Ocean May Not Exist and That Changes Everything)

On a planet. Or, rather, we should say that the pressure, where water exists, determines whether it is liquid or not. In. Very low gravity or in magnetic fields. Water can be in liquid form. Even. At very low temperatures. In very low gravity and very low temperature.  

Tidal forces and magnetic fields can keep water in motion. So it cannot freeze. Otherwise, water vaporizes at lower temperatures. At low pressure. In low-pressure water, the boiling temperature is low. And that means. Water loses its ability to bind oxygen and other gases at low pressure. And that can deny the existence of life on some planets. 

It is possible. That. Water molecules turn in the same direction. This thing is possible. Because water is a polar molecule, and magnetic fields can turn it into N/S direction. So in a very stable. Low-energy. And a low-gravity environment. It is possible that a magnetic field can cause water flow on a low-gravity object’s surface. 

But the water itself doesn’t mean life. Another thing that should be possible. This is the amino acid reaction. At very low temperatures, some chemical reactions turn very slowly. 

Chemical reactions require energy, and that means amino acids cannot form in low temperatures. Or, that formation requires a very long time. The energy level must be right for the amino acid to form. Otherwise, chemical bonds require a certain energy level. And a certain chemical environment. Those life-building blocks don’t prove life itself. But they make life possible. 

https://scitechdaily.com/titans-hidden-ocean-may-not-exist-and-that-changes-everything/

Fifth force and dark energy. (Is it possible that dark matter exists only in a Bose-Einstein condensate state? )

 

“Astronomers have discovered an early strand of the universe’s cosmic web using the James Webb Space Telescope, existing just 830 million years after the Big Bang. The study also examined eight quasars in the young universe and revealed significant insights into the assembly and influence of supermassive black holes on star formation. (Cosmic web artist’s concept.)”(ScitechDaily, Webb Space Telescope Illuminates Earliest Strands of the Cosmic Web)

Is it possible that dark matter exists only in a Bose-Einstein condensate state? 

Could it be possible that. The WIMPs could exist only when matter is in a Bose-Einstein condensate state. This means that the condensate state allows fast-spinning quarks to cram photons or quantum fields through the quarks. If. A proton or a neutron goes into the Bose-Einstein condensate state. That makes them large. A quantum field around them is weak. And that means. It's possible that the fast-spinning quarks can bind as much energy and aim it in a so thin string that we cannot see it. 

Can a powerful XRB, or GRB, that affects a galactic filament cause the dark energy? Can hypothetical WIMP (Weakly interacting massive particles) exist only when the particle is in a Bose-Einstein condensate state? In that case, the very low energy level. And a large quantum field. Turns elementary particles inside that quantum field (quarks, electrons) spin so fast that they cannot form a reflection. 

Or maybe that spin happens when a quantum field that surrounds protons and neutrons jumps away from quarks inside them. That means that. Also other. Than. Elementary particles can have a similar state to a Bose-Einstein condensate. That means that the quantum fields. Could. Separate from quarks that form baryons and hadrons. And that allows the field spin so fast that it pushes quantum fields through the hadrons. Or maybe those fast-spinning quarks squeeze quantum fields through them. That can cause an effect, so that the matter turns invisible. 

Normally, we say that the universe is formed of hot gas. Then we must realize. That Hot gas or a hot object can cover larger but colder objects below its glow. This means that dark matter can be material. That the glow of the visible matter covers it. Maybe the glow of the galactic filament covers those invisible structures. 

So, there is no need for any exotic particles. Extremely. Low energy level, where those quantum fields are. An extremely. Large size. Can cause. The particles in that field spin very fast. This means that the gas. That is in the Bose-Einstein condensate state and higher energy. Or warmer gas behind that structure. Can explain why we cannot see dark matter. The idea is that the WIMPs can exist. Only. In the Bose-Einstein condensate state. 

Can dark energy be a wave movement, whose wavelength is so long that it causes visible interaction only to the galactic supercluster? How can a supercluster be the source of dark energy? The filament is full of atomic hydrogen. Atomic hydrogen is normally weakly interacting matter if it's in a cosmic vacuum and at an extremely low temperature. That is near 3K microwave background. In that. 3K (-270,15 °C) temperature. That is 3 degrees. Over absolute zero (-273,15 °C), those hydrogen atoms are in a state. Called Bose-Einstein condensate. In that extremely low energy state, the quantum fields that surround atoms are as large as possible. So in that very low-energy environment. Those atoms’ quantum fields may touch each other. 

When an extreme high-energy eruption hits a galactic filament, it vibrates those quantum fields. That thing causes an effect. Those filaments or atoms outside galaxies vibrate like a guitar string. When XRB or GRB hits those atoms, they send a wave that travels through that filament. Even. If a single atom’s quantum field doesn’t send an observable energy wave. There are a lot of atoms. Those are participating in the oscillation. The harmonic oscillation that travels through the structures of that size is hundreds of megaparsecs, or even gigaparsecs. It can cause the high-power wave effect, even if one atom doesn’t oscillate strongly. 

The fifth force is the thing that causes discussions. The Muon G-2 experiments do not prove the existence of a fifth force. And that means the discussions about that force, and its existence, continue. We can say that the fifth force could be wave movement, or it must be some wave movement, because all other forces are wave movements. The big question is, which particles or subatomic particles does that wave movement affect? Finding that point will turn the fifth force into reality.  But. There is also a possibility that the fifth force interacts with atoms as a whole. 

It’s also possible that the mythical fifth force affects quarks or some bosons like gluons. Or maybe. That thing affects bonds between quarks. But those kinds of theories are only theories. The idea is that the fifth force can have an ability that affects only in large environments. That means its wave movement can be so long that we cannot even imagine that. 

“A figure illustrating the rotation of neutral hydrogen (right) in galaxies residing in an extended filament (middle), where the galaxies exhibit a coherent bulk rotational motion tracing the large-scale cosmic web (left). Credit: Lyla Jung” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Discover One of the Largest Rotating Structures Ever Seen in the Universe)

And then to dark energy. 

The question is: can dark energy be a wave movement with a wavelength of even thousands of light-years?. That explains why that interaction is invisible to us, except on the scale of cosmic galactic superclusters. If that wave movement exists, the scale of the galaxy is too small for that purpose. One of the suspected sources of dark energy can be in galactic filaments. 

“In cosmology, galaxy filaments are the largest known structures in the universe, consisting of walls of galactic superclusters. These massive, thread-like formations can commonly reach 50 to 80 megaparsecs (160 to 260 megalight-years)—with the largest found to date being Quipu (400 megaparsecs,  and possibly the still unconfirmed Hercules–Corona Borealis Great Wall at around 3 gigaparsecs (9.8 Gly) in length—and form the boundaries between voids. Due to the accelerating expansion of the universe, the individual clusters of gravitationally bound galaxies that make up galaxy filaments are moving away from each other at an accelerated rate; in the far future, they will dissolve.” (Wikipedia, Galaxy filament)

In that case, a dark energy source can be in the spinning megaclusters. Like. In the galaxy filament, also known as the cosmic web. In that case, the spin of the cosmic megastructure accelerates and slows. When. Those megastructures’ spin accelerates. They. Bind energy. When that spin slows, they release their energy. That means darn energy can be radiation. That was left from those structures’ quantum fields. And maybe. That explains. Why is the only known visible interaction between dark energy and other objects and clusters that happens on the scale of galactic superclusters? 

In this model. The fifth force can be the force that interacts with quantum fields. And that means, it could be so weak. We just. Cannot. Detect it in the scale that we can use. If. The wave movement of that still hypothetical force has. Over a light-year long. Wavelength. That means that the detection of that force is one of the most difficult things in modern physics. 

The wavelength of that thing can be even hundreds or thousands of light-years. Or, even more. That causes an idea. That may be the fifth force, and dark energy can be the same. Dark energy affects only the large-scale structures in the universe. This means that. Maybe dark energy has a wavelength of thousands of light-years. The thing. What supports this model is that dark energy seems to have visible interaction. Only. With the large-scale structures like galactic superclusters. 

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-discover-one-of-the-largest-rotating-structures-ever-seen-in-the-universe/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose%E2%80%93Einstein_condensate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifth_force

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galaxy_filament

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

Mars was once a tropical paradise, scientists suggest.

“Kaolinite-rich rocks found by Perseverance hint that Mars may once have had warm, rain-soaked environments, offering new clues about the planet’s ancient climate and its potential for past habitability. Credit: Shutterstock” (ScitechDaily, Mars Was Once a Tropical Oasis, New Study Suggests)

Mars was once habitable, but was it a paradise period lasting long enough for some primitive organisms to form? There is a possibility. The planet Mars had once been in a similar trajectory. To Earth. Then, some violent cosmic event. Like an impact with another planet or a large asteroid, it pushed Mars into a trajectory. There it is today. The solar system’s violent history might have whipped many planets and probably some lifeforms away. Maybe there were more than one protoplanet in the habitable zone around the young sun. Cosmic catastrophes destroyed most of those objects. 

There is also a possibility that planet Mars was once larger than it is now. The meteorite or meteorite swarm stripped the lithosphere off that planet. And maybe that event whipped the last changes of lifeform formation off that planet. But were there lifeforms? The answer is that nobody is sure. It’s possible that the remnants of those lifeforms still exist. But there is one thing that we must consider. 

“Purdue University research into rocks that stood out as light-colored dots on the reddish-orange surface of Mars shows that areas of the small planet could have once supported wet oases with humid climates and heavy rainfall comparable to tropical climates on Earth. Credit: NASA” (ScitechDaily, Mars Was Once a Tropical Oasis, New Study Suggests)

“A complex valley network near Idaeus Fossae on Mars, captured by the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/University of Arizona” (ScitechDaily, The 16 Locations That Could Hold the Secret to Ancient Life on Mars)

“The valley networks, lakes and rivers that make up the Paraná Valles drainage system on Mars. Credit: Abdallah S. Zaki et al.”(ScitechDaily, The 16 Locations That Could Hold the Secret to Ancient Life on Mars)

Lightning on Mars can form when dust devils or dust tornadoes form a structure. That is like a generator. The static electricity of the iron-rich sand particles forms the lightning. When those particles form the tornado-shaped structure. That tornado acts as a generator that forms lightning. And maybe that lightning formation explains. A loss of some probes that lost contact with Earth on that planet. 

"An artist's impression of lightning on Mars. (Mark Garlick/Science Photo Library/Getty)" (ScienceAlert, NASA Recorded Lightning Crackling on Mars For The First Time)

The planet must have a melted core that makes a generator in that planet. That generator forms a magnetic field that pushes solar wind out from the planet's atmosphere. If there is no magnetic field, that means solar wind just pushes that gas layer out from around the planet. There are two ways in which this kind of magnetic field can form. Internal or external effects can form magnetic fields. The internal effect is the magnetic core that surrounds the mantel. 

Because the mantle orbits the core, sometimes in the opposite direction. That forms the magnetic field. Another version is that plasma whirls orbit the core. The icy asteroid that small magnetic particles cover can have a magnetic field. If there is a plasma whirl that surrounds that small icy bite. The magnetic field must be strong enough. It can turn solar wind away. If that doesn’t happen, the solar wind blows the atmosphere off the planet. 

If there is volcanic activity, like a hot core, on that planet. That opens the route. To find lifeforms that use volcanic or geothermal temperatures for their energy source. Those kinds of organisms might live deep under the Martian surface. There is water ice on that planet. And volcanic temperature can mean that there is liquid water deep underground. Magnetic activity on that planet. Means that Mars. Has a similar core to Earth. Another interesting thing is that the Red Planet has lightning. This thing requires. That there is some kind of electromagnetic phenomenon. 

https://www.sciencealert.com/nasa-recorded-lightning-crackling-on-mars-for-the-first-time

https://scitechdaily.com/mars-was-once-a-tropical-oasis-new-study-suggests/

https://scitechdaily.com/the-16-locations-that-could-hold-the-secret-to-ancient-life-on-mars/

The black hole paradox: have we been wrong for 60 years?

"Black holes are usually described as regions where gravity becomes so strong that nothing can escape, formed when massive stars collapse beyond a critical threshold. While this is the standard picture, our observations always capture these extreme objects in earlier stages of their evolution, before any such boundary can be directly confirmed. Credit: Stock" (ScitechDaily, New Theory Suggests We’ve Been Wrong About Black Holes for 60 Years)

"How confusing inevitability with reality built decades of paradox." (ScitechDaily, New Theory Suggests We’ve Been Wrong About Black Holes for 60 Years)

"What if general relativity never actually tells us that black holes already exist, but only that their formation is inevitable in an infinite future we can never observe? In a new theory, Daryl Janzen, a physicist at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon, Canada, questions whether we’ve mistaken mathematical inevitability for physical reality, and shows how much of our black hole story rests on that quiet leap." (ScitechDaily, New Theory Suggests We’ve Been Wrong About Black Holes for 60 Years)

Energy always travels out or into particles. If energy travels out from particles. They turn older. When energy travels to particles, they turn younger. That is one way to explain time dilation. The environment determines if a particle will receive. Or deliver energy. If the energy level in the environment is lower. 

Than the particle’s energy level. That means the particle delivers energy. If a particle’s energy level is lower, the particle receives energy. The particle itself is an energy package.  Or one form of condensed wave movement. Without an outside field. That wave package unravels or turns into energy. 

Black holes stretch light. That causes an interesting phenomenon. The black hole turns light into red. And that causes a massive redshift. The formation of the black hole’s event horizon might be like a yarn ball. The fields and particles will be stretched. The massive redshift means. The black hole always seems. To be at a longer distance than it is.  

Black holes are the ultimate objects. The thing. What makes those objects interesting is that. Their escape velocity. It is higher than the speed of light. And that raises an interesting question: do black holes exist? Or are they just forming? Another interesting detail. It is in the time dilation. Time dilation means that when the speed of a particle approaches the speed of light. 

That slows time in those particles. When the speed of particles reaches the speed of light. Time stops. And when the speed of the particle turns higher than the speed of light, that turns time backward. That thing is possible only in certain cases. Where escape velocity turns higher than the speed of light. That happens at the point that we call the event horizon. That turns time moving backward. Time is a direct relative. To the escape velocity. 

Because nothing can travel faster than the speed of light. 

This means that even light cannot escape from a black hole. And the thing. What makes this possible is that a black hole binds quantum fields at that point. The quantum field pulls particles to the gravitational center. So when the speed of the quantum field reaches the speed of light. And crosses it. That field pulls particles with it. The field is like water. That takes objects with it. 

So when a particle rides with a field in the event horizon, the field transports that particle. And that means the particle’s speed relative to the field that transports it is zero. Speed is always relative to some other object. 

And then we can see a thing. That is called the arrow of time. The arrow of time means that when a particle moves forward, it transfers energy into those other particles. The arrow of time also happens with fields. And wave movement. 

 So, when a particle moves in time, it pushes other particles back in time. Then we face the black hole paradox number 2. Because escape velocity is higher than the speed of light, that means time travels backward in a black hole’s event horizon. That causes an interesting idea. Black holes are pushing time forward in the universe. That thing means that the black holes keep time moving in the universe. 

The reason for that is quite easy to understand. The black hole’s ultimate gravitational field. Doesn’t let anything escape from that object. Because a black hole rolls fields into its spin axis. That forms whirl around it. We see those whirls as galaxies if they surround supermassive black holes. Those whirls deny the energy and particles escape from black holes. 

The ultimate spin binds energy from around the black hole into the black hole. The outside energy or outside quantum fields tries to fill the hole. That is the energy whirl leaves behind. When a black hole binds energy into it. That leaves a lower energy area behind it. And the outside energy starts to fill. That lower energy pothole. The thing is that. The black holes are interesting. They bring information from the future to the point where they formed. But they also send information from the past to the future. 

When time or energy travels. In the black hole, it acts like a water flow. It also binds energy. From around it. That makes a lower energy point just near a black hole. Like flowing water cools the air. This energy flow travels against the time. This means there should be some kind of point. Where the black hole. Pushes time forward. Or, it should make that thing. When the energy level turns lower, that causes the effect. Time travels faster because particles deliver energy. Out of them faster. Than in a high-energy environment. 

https://scitechdaily.com/new-theory-suggests-weve-been-wrong-about-black-holes-for-60-years/

Nanomachines, intelligent dust, can make new things in many areas.

 

"Gold “super atoms” could unlock scalable, customizable quantum computing. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com. Researchers found that gold “super atoms” can behave like the atoms in top-tier quantum systems—only far easier to scale. These tiny clusters can be customized at the molecular level, offering a powerful, tunable foundation for the next generation of quantum devices." (ScitechDaily, Gold Nanoclusters Could Supercharge Quantum Computers)

The thing. That makes nanoparticles intelligent. It is an intelligent carrier. That intelligent carrier makes those nanoparticles travel into the desired cells. That intelligent carrier can be some virus. Or it can be the nutrient. That makes other cells transport those nanoparticles into the desired cells. The effect of nanoparticles. It is not like regular chemicals. In regular chemicals. It is a reactive component that the chemical reaction neutralizes. That means one chemical compound or molecule is single-use. 

The nanoparticle interacts with electric impulses or acoustic oscillations. So when a nanoparticle travels in cells. It doesn’t lose its reactive component. In the cell. The acoustic resonance of those nanoparticles conveys. Into their environment. And forms waves that can destroy the cells. Those oscillations and acoustic waves can also destroy other molecules. Than just DNA. 

This can deactivate poisonous compounds in the environment. Or those acoustic signals can help to make 3D ultrasound images. The nanoparticle can be chemically neutral. Or, it can even be gold. Golden nanoparticles can supercharge quantum computers. But they can supercharge medical research. 

A nanoparticle that goes into the cell. And starting to oscillate. It can damage the cell. The nanoparticle can be grown on the virus's shell. And if those viruses can transport things like DNA to the desired cells. Those nanoparticles can be connected to the DNA. And the virus can launch it. Into those cells.

Above: "Silver nanoparticles built on viral biotemplate kill more bacteria and slow resistance rise" (Phys.org)

Nanoparticles can form on the shell of viruses. Those nanoparticles can be frozen to extremely low temperatures, where they form superatoms. That thing is possible with silver. And maybe, it's possible for gold. 

The acoustic oscillation also. Offers a possibility to create. 3D ultrasound images. This type of system. That benefits acoustic waves. That comes inside. Can be the acoustic versions of the Positron-Emission Tomography, PET scanners. 

The nanoparticle can act as the structure that forms a bubble around it. If the acoustic signal makes those particles oscillate. That makes them send pressure impulses into cells. Just observed  memory in some atomic nuclei. It could be used in the future to create nanotechnology. When radioactive nuclei release one neutron. 

There forms an empty hole. This kind of phenomenon could, maybe, be used in the molecules. Where the atom or atom’s line will touch in the place of the released neutron.  Systems like self-assembly molecules. The idea is that when a neuron travels out from an atom. Its size will turn a little bit smaller. That pulls the particle to that atom, if it's close enough. That thing can be used. In the new types of nanotechnology. Which uses radioactive decay. 

For making atoms touch each other at the right points of the molecule. In that model, the radioactive atoms are in the precise right points in the molecule. Then, if the wanted atoms are near those radioactive touching points. And the system can predict the decay. That can be useful to create new chemical compounds. Or chemical compounds. That has the reactive components in precisely the right points of the molecules. 

Viruses can operate. As platforms for. All kinds of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles can act as part of quantum computers. And those things can make almost everything. 

If the nanoparticle is connected to a bacteriophage. It can travel to the desired bacteria. But there is a possibility to connect them to nutrients. Nanoparticles can travel into cells that use certain nutrients. Nanoplastics are one type of nanoparticles. Those particles are extremely dangerous if they travel to small blood vessels and block them. If that thing happens in the brain, it can cause problems with memory and other brain functions. 

When nanoparticles completely block some blood vessels. That denies their ability to transport nutrients and oxygen to cells, which those little blood vessels feed. That can cause cell death, which can turn into gangrene. 

https://phys.org/news/2025-12-silver-nanoparticles-built-viral-biotemplate.html

https://scitechdaily.com/gold-nanoclusters-could-supercharge-quantum-computers/

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-observe-a-nuclear-memory-thought-impossible/