What is the speed of light?

"On average, sunlight takes 8 minutes and 17 seconds to travel from the Sun to Earth. The speed of light in vacuum, commonly denoted c, is a universal physical constant that is exactly equal to 299,792,458 metres per second (approximately 300,000 kilometres per second; 186,000 miles per second; 671 million miles per hour" (Wikipedia, speed of light)

"Speed of light in a vacuum and air = 300 million m/s or 273,400 mph. Speed of light in water = 226 million m/s or 205,600 mph. Speed of light in glass = 200 million m/s or 182,300 mph." (https://countspeed.com/speed-of-light-in-water/)

The speed of light is cosmic constant. But the speed of light is not the same all the time. Outside the atmosphere speed of light is higher than in water. Outside the universe, the speed of light is higher than the speed of light in the universe. 

The speed of light is the speed of photons. So that's why we should say that a photon's speed depends on the environment. And that causes problems. Speed itself is relative to its environment. So we all moving about something.

We are moving about the sun or distant stars. That means that we always move. When we think about the universe. And its relation with speed. The universe is denser than the space outside it. That means particles should travel out from the universe faster than they travel inside it. 

But then we always forget that the universe's gravity slows particles. The speed of light can virtually be crossed when two particles travel opposite to each other. 

That thing can cause measurement error and virtual crossing of the speed of light if both particles travel faster than 50% of the speed of light. Also, things like black holes that stretch time and space can cause virtual redshift that can cause an effect that they travel faster than the speed of light. Crossing the speed of light happens at the point of the event horizon. 

The reason for that is that. The speed of light is connected with the space. If we were in a spacecraft that travels 60% of the speed of light we should cross that speed by accelerating to the speed that is 50-100% of the speed of light. And at least if we remove craft from around us, that thing causes us can cross the speed of light for a short moment, because the material that has mass cannot decrease its speed unlimitely. 

Neutrino detectors show that when a particle hits water from the air it travels a short moment faster than the speed of light. The reason for that is that the speed of light is slower in water than in air. While a particle slows its speed it sends a blue light flash. 

Because. Particles must transport their kinetic energy to the water. The speed of light is the wall, where energy flow to particles turns opposite. When energy flow turns away from particles, their acceleration ends. In black holes, the black hole presses the universe and energy into a denser form. 

That thing pumps energy into those particles. All photons and electromagnetic fields travel in the same direction. So the speed of particles is slower in space. And the speed of light is always an interesting thing. 

https://countspeed.com/speed-of-light-in-water/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_of_light

Curved terahertz radiation can offer a new communication tool.

"A breakthrough in wireless communication shows potential for terahertz waves to curve around obstacles, enhancing connectivity and paving the way for advanced network technologies. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, How Curved Terahertz Waves Could Revolutionize Wireless Communication)

Terahertz radiation is a tool. That is used for new types of radars and observation systems. Teraherz-scanners can give new tools for airport security. Those scanners can find hidden weapons in clothes. But terahertz radiation can also for communication. 

The newest tool for information technology is terahertz communication. The curved terahertz radiation can make new types of communication and detection systems true. That curved radiation can travel through corners. And that makes a new type of data communication possible. The system can transmit data between two devices directly without relay stations. Even if those devices don't have visual contact with each other. 

"A study that could help revolutionize wireless communication introduces a novel method to curve terahertz signals around an obstacle. Credit: Illustration provided by the Mittleman Group, edited" (ScitechDaily, How Curved Terahertz Waves Could Revolutionize Wireless Communication)

That technology can used in communication at the bunkers. And it can make it possible to offer safe communication on the Moon over hills and around stones. On the Moon, the electromagnets can create the needed magnetic field that allows to turn those terahertz waves. 

Curved terahertz waves can revolutionize communication and detecting systems. Images show how curved terahertz waves can travel over, and around hindrances. That allows systems to communicate over hindrances straight without relay stations. 

If the system can control those rays with good accuracy, those things can used to control things like drones. How many use those interesting terahertz radiation systems depends on the accuracy. That terahertz system can control those curves. 

This type of terahertz system makes eavesdroppers harder to detect transmitters using the bearing devices. The terahertz systems that use curved terahertz waves can also used to detect things through the wall. The idea is that in that case the transmitters and detectors are not in a straight line. 

That makes it easier to hide the position of the transmitter. The curved terahertz radiation can make new types of terahertz sensors possible. What if the system can curve terahertz radiation into the donut-shaped form? In that case. The terahertz systems can return radiation to the sensor. And that can make new types of images of the targets. 

https://scitechdaily.com/how-curved-terahertz-waves-could-revolutionize-wireless-communication/

These breakthroughs can make AI even more flexible.

"A study shows regular gamers have enhanced cognitive abilities, like faster reaction times and better memory, compared to non-gamers. Despite criticisms of gaming, these findings indicate potential benefits in professional fields requiring high cognitive performance, without increased cognitive fatigue. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Improved Attention and Memory: Scientists Uncover New Cognitive Benefits of Video Games)

Neuroscientists made the breakthrough when they uncovered how people learn and remember. That kind of information is required for the BCI (Brain-Computer Interface) systems that can control robots and other tools using the EEG. This kind of information is also an important thing for rehabilitating people, who have neurological damage. That data can be used to create new biological computers and microchips. 

Video games can used to simulate the new tools in the virtual world. If the person can use BCI to control some characters on screen. The same system can control interactive robots through computers. 

"New findings in memory research reveal the role of dendritic translation in learning, identifying thousands of micropeptides and key regulatory proteins, offering insights into intellectual disabilities and broader neurological functions. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Neuroscience Breakthrough Unveils How We Learn and Remember)

For controlling machines, the BCI requires machine learning. The system must connect certain EEG curves with a precise right action. The AI that controls the BCI requires a dataset about those EEG curves. Those datasets are like library or dictionary books for the human brain. And without them, the BCI cannot decode thoughts. 

Video games offer a good tool for researching memory and thinking. And if a person can move characters on screen, that person can move similar things in nature. Video games improve certain types of concentration and observation. And that thing can used to teach people with concentration problems. Video games can uncover. If a person has some kind of problems with some cognitive operations. So video games can uncover, how people learn things. 

"NASA’s software discipline, crucial across Mission Directorates, emphasizes improving software engineering and automation risk management, adopting AI/ML innovations, and leveraging the Code Analysis Pipeline for software quality. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily,NASA Mission Critical Coding: Understanding Risk, Artificial Intelligence, and Improving Software Quality)

Computer- or video games can be used to create virtual datasets for AI that control interplanetary missions. When AI lands probes on distant planets like Jupiter's icy moons it requires datasets that it uses. The problem with NASA is that if there is no landing mission before, there is the possibility that everything goes wrong. Flight to Jupiter takes about eight years. And if something goes wrong that mission takes 8 years for nothing. 

So the AI requires a dataset on how to control the craft. Video games are a tool that can offer practice for AI. The gamer operates virtual modules that the AI can use to create a mission profile. The AI and learning machines cannot operate using empty databases. When AI thinks it connects databases to the new entireties. The AI cannot create mission profiles without databases. 

"Researchers from Bar-Ilan University have uncovered how machine learning successfully classifies images, revealing that each filter in a deep learning architecture recognizes and refines the recognition of image clusters through layers." (ScitechDaily, How Does AI Work? Researchers Reveal the Mechanism Underlying Successful Machine Learning)

The imitation game is the method of how the researchers teach things to the AI. In an imitation game, the operator controls virtual characters. And those virtual character's actions will transfer to the physical machines. The AI-controlled robots can also imitate things that people make. The robot's actions are a series of movements or reactions. And the system can connect certain actions with certain things. 

When an imitation machine makes connections between some action and some object. That machine can create billions of connections. And then it can create a network of those action-object combinations. This type of network has unlimited capacity. And the only thing. That limits the number of action object combinations. 

https://scitechdaily.com/how-does-ai-work-researchers-reveal-the-mechanism-underlying-successful-machine-learning/

https://scitechdaily.com/improved-attention-and-memory-scientists-uncover-new-cognitive-benefits-of-video-games/

https://scitechdaily.com/nasa-mission-critical-coding-understanding-risk-artificial-intelligence-and-improving-software-quality/

https://scitechdaily.com/neuroscience-breakthrough-unveils-how-we-learn-and-remember/

The new sensor from Aalto-Yliopisto benefits the Heisenberg uncertainty principle.

"An artistic illustration shows how microscopic bolometers (depicted on the right) can be used to sense very weak radiation emitted from qubits (depicted on the left). Credit: Aleksandr Käkinen/Aalto University" (ScitechDaily, Breaking the Limits: Overcoming Heisenberg’s Uncertainty in Quantum Measurements)

"The uncertainty principle, also known as Heisenberg's indeterminacy principle, is a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics. It states that there is a limit to the precision with which certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, can be simultaneously known. In other words, the more accurately one property is measured, the less accurately the other property can be known." (Wikipedia, Uncertainty principle) 

In this text, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle means the same as the uncertainty principle or Heisenberg indeterminacy principle,

The highly accurate temperature sensors can measure the quantum system's energy levels. The ability to control the system requires the ability to observe its quantities. And the best quantity that we can observe is heat. The heat tells about the condition in the quantum systems. When the system follows the heat in both ends of the quantum entanglement it recognizes the point. When the quantum entanglement reaches the stable energy level. At that point, the system must transport information into some other qubit. 

Or the quantum entanglement loses its data. So the best way to make a quantum computer is to create a qubit cloud. The qubit cloud is the quantum nervous, or quantum neural system. And we can use the same diagrams for modeling those quantum neuro systems. In quantum neuro systems is always a hole, the lower energy point, that can receive information from the quantum entanglement that fills. In quantum computing. The term "filling" means that the quantum entanglement reaches the same energy level at both of its ends. 

That thing forms a standing wave that destroys the quantum entanglement. And in very futuristic ideas. Quantum entanglement could store its energy or information in that standing wave. That creates the idea that quantum computers can transfer information between different quantities. In that very theoretical model, the system can make quantum entanglement and superposition between, for example, infrared- and radio waves. 

The model of a 3D quantum neural system in that system is lower energy areas like electron holes. Those quantum holes allow. There is always space there is always free space or free qubit, there the system can transport information when quantum entanglement makes superposition. The model is created for a 3D neural system. But that thing also can be used to model the 3D quantum neural systems. 

Heisenberg uncertainty means that we cannot measure all energy forms that affect particles in the universe at the same time. So if we want to determine the particle's precise point cannot determine the particle's movement. We can determine the object's relative point to us. But we cannot measure the object's precise point about the universe. 

The thing is that space or room is one thing in bigger spaces and bigger rooms. And that means there is no certain place for particles in their entirety. But when we think about things like different quantities we cannot measure all of them, at the same time, using the same point. 

But if we share that mission with multiple sensors, we can take almost certain high-value results. The problem is that all those sensors have different distances and angles to the point, that they should measure. Those things affect measurement accuracy. And at the quantum level, even small error causes great mistakes. 

We cannot make an operating quantum computer if we think that way. In quantum computers, the computer can use a certain quantity to transport information. In the quantum world quantities like kinetic energy can turn into some other energy form like heat. The heat is one form of electromagnetic energy. It's infrared radiation. 

The heat or temperature can transform its mode to kinetic energy. And then kinetic energy can turn into another type of electromagnetic energy like electricity. The system can use heat to rotate the turbine, and the turbine rotates the generator. In the photoelectric process, light warms silicone. That heat travels to the silicone atoms. 

Then that increases those atom's energy levels. The distance between atoms expands. And that releases electrons in silicone. That is the thing that makes solar panels operate. In that process, the light transfers energy to atoms and then to electrons. 

An ability to change the form of the quantity is the thing, that makes one of the most interesting and futuristic quantum computers theoretically possible. In that system, the superposition is created between two quantities. In that case, a system can make a theoretical superposition between IR radiation and radio waves. This kind of thing can theoretically make it possible to create superposition and entanglement or simply turn two superstrings into a quantum computer. 

https://scitechdaily.com/breaking-the-limits-overcoming-heisenbergs-uncertainty-in-quantum-measurements/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncertainty_principle

Could the Lyman-alpha forest give a hint about the dark matter?

"A computer simulation of a possible Lyman-alpha forest configuration at z = 3" (Wikipedia, Lyman-alpha forest)

All energy is wave movement. Wavelength determines the name of the energy, and there are four fundamental energy forms in the universe. Those four forces are strong- and weak nuclear forces, electromagnetism, and gravity. All energy forms or forces are interactions. And that's why their name is fundamental interaction. All of those forces have pulling and repelling forms. 

In some models, dark matter is the source of dark energy. And the thing is that dark energy could interact with dark matter. In some models, the dark energy is a gravitational hole. The idea is that when waves travel their backside is at a higher level than their front side is. The wave pulls water upwards at that point water travels opposite to the wave. During that interaction, water transfers energy into that wave. 

That raises the height of the wave. And the higher water level behind the wave pushes the wave ahead. There is one special case. That there is no valley or lower area at the front of the wave. When some ice wall collapses or a high-energy explosion happens that thing can form a so-called sliding wave. In that case, water travels at the surface of the other water layer. And in that case, the sound wave pushes water ahead. 

Standing waves are forming when waves impact. Their height continues growing until gravity pulls them down. Or the energy level on another side destabilizes the system and pushes that wave moving. And the thing is that all energy forms. Gravity can form standing waves. 

We can replace the water using the word "energy" or wave moment. In nature, four energy forms or interactions dominate the universe. Those four forces are: electromagnetism, weak-, and strong nuclear forces, and gravity.  All energy forms are wave movements, and the wavelength determines what is the name of energy. The wavelength determines energy electromagnetism, weak or strong nuclear force, or gravity. 

We can call that lower energy level area at the front of the wave a valley. So term antigravity means that the opposite side of the gravity wave forms the deeper valley. We can say: that if we can create a gravity valley around the object, we can create antigravity. 

The gravity waves interact similar way as other waves. The thing that makes gravity wave pull particles is the valley at the front of it. So if something forms a deeper valley behind that gravity wave it turns gravity opposite. There may be traveling gravity valleys. Or they are traveling gravity waves that have no valley at the front of them. If there is no valley ahead the gravity wave means there is no pulling effect. 

The antigravity could be. 

1) Gravity valley at the wrong side of the gravity center. 

2) Gravity waves that travel without that gravity valley. Those things can form in a situation. That standing gravity wave collapses. 

It's possible. That in the universe is low gravitational waves. That they are only the valleys in the gravitational field. If those traveling gravitational valleys are real, they can form a thing, called antigravity.  Gravity waves are one form of wave movement. 

And if that traveling gravity valley travels in the universe it's possible. It packs gravity waves back of it. Sooner or later. That packed gravity wave will reach a high enough energy level. And it can send gravity waves in the opposite direction. 

In some other models, the standing gravity waves form situations that energy level in those standing gravity waves turns into a very high level. And then. sooner or later those standing waves collapse sending opposite gravity waves across the universe. There is a gravitational valley on both sides of the standing gravity wave. 

When the energy level. Or that the wave's altitude rises and turns the valley deeper. The reason for that is that the wave movement increases its energy level when it travels through that valley. And sooner or later that valley cannot transport any more energy into that standing gravity wave that collapses. 

Could dark matter be some kind of quark-version of quasiparticles? The Lambda CDM (Cold Dark Matter) model is the hypothetical tool that can be used to handle this problem. In some theories matter can turn dark if it touches the hypothetical quark hole. The hypothetical quark hole is like an electron hole, but the actor in this case is a quark. The hole pulls energy out from the quark. And then that can turn matter invisible. 

Lyman-alphaf orest is the sequence in distant galaxies spectrum. Researchers use that thing to research intergalactic material. And maybe that spectrum sequence gives a hint about the dark matter form. It's possible. That dark matter forms things called weakly interacting massive particles (WIMP). And if those WIMPs are real. The question is: why those particles do not interact? In some models, the WIMP is a virtual particle or a quasiparticle. 

It could be possible that the quarks can form similar holes as electrons. Nobody saw those quark holes, but it's possible. That an energy level in one quark can decrease as it decreases in electrons when they form excitons. That thing can turn other quarks in proton and neutron to orbit this quark hole. In that model, those fast-orbiting quarks deny that hole to fill, like orbiting electron, denies electron-hole filling in excitons. 

"DESI’s Hubble diagram plots a characteristic pattern – baryon acoustic oscillations, or BAO “bubbles” – at different ages of the universe. The amount of dark energy determines how fast the universe grows, and therefore the size of the bubbles. The solid line is how big Lambda CDM predicts the bubbles will be, while the dashed line shows the prediction from a different model where dark energy evolves with time. DESI will gather more data to determine which model is a better description of the universe. Credit: Arnaud de Mattia/DESI collaboration." (ScitechDaily, Dark Energy Revealed Through Largest 3D Map of the Universe Ever Made)

"As light from a distant quasar passes through gas in space, certain wavelengths of light are absorbed. Plotting the absorption lines reveals the “Lyman-alpha forest” (emphasized here in brown and green) and provides information about the distant clouds of gas between us and the quasar. Credit: David Kirkby/DESI collaboration" (ScitechDaily, Dark Energy Revealed Through Largest 3D Map of the Universe Ever Made)

Or maybe dark material just puffing up the way. That makes electromagnetic radiation slide over it. When we think about this model, we can use the particle accelerator events for this case. When a particle's speed rises it forms a beak into those particles. 

Maybe that kind of beak can make electromagnetic waves slide past the particle. And that thing makes them invisible. This beak makes particles, and its quantum field acts like a stealth aircraft's surface. In that case, reflecting energy between a particle and its quantum field can cause a situation where the particle is in its WARP bubble. That allows it to spin faster than light. The idea is that when the universe expands the standing wave expands. And that causes a situation where the speed of light is faster in that bubble than outside it. 

When electromagnetic radiation hits a particle, the particle takes that energy impact into its quantum field. The energy load continues until the energy level on that quantum field turns so high energy level, that it sends a photon. And maybe the form of that quantum field causes a situation in which the particle can turn invisible. 

It's possible that if the particle goes in the standing wave. Then those standing waves pump energy into those particles. They start to spin very fast. That thing can make beaks or wrinkles on the particle's surface. The expansion of the universe makes those particles send radiation or wave movement. 

When outside radiation hits that wave movement, it forms a standing wave around the particle. That standing wave locks energy in that standing wave. And that denies the interaction between a particle and the outside universe. There would be structures like hills or wrinkles in that standing wave that scatter radiation. 

Those things can make energy flow on the particle's quantum field. And they form energy pockets in those quantum-size "valleys". When energy falls into those valleys, they form standing waves. They can form a structure that acts like an antenna that sends energy pike away from particles. Those energy pikes could travel through all material. That energy pike pushes superstrings that form things like electrons away from its route. And it can tunnel itself through the structure. 

Or reflecting wave movement. Or maybe that quantum field can be full of things like flares. Those things can deny straight reflection from that material. 

https://scitechdaily.com/dark-energy-revealed-through-largest-3d-map-of-the-universe-ever-made/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exciton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda-CDM_model

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman-alpha_forest

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weakly_interacting_massive_particle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiparticle

The mystery of Gamma-Ray Bursts.

"Artist's illustration showing the life of a massive star as nuclear fusion converts lighter elements into heavier ones. When fusion no longer generates enough pressure to counteract gravity, the star rapidly collapses to form a black hole. Theoretically, energy may be released during the collapse along the axis of rotation to form a GRB." (Wikipedia, Gamma-ray burst)

Can GRB form when regular material interacts with dark energy in extreme conditions near black holes? The black hole's intensive gravity its material disks, and the relativistic jet's energy can cause a situation near or inside a black hole dark energy interacts with visible material and other energy forms. 

Can GRB form when regular material interacts with dark energy in extreme conditions near black holes? The black hole's intensive gravity its material disks, and the relativistic jet's energy can cause a situation near or inside a black hole dark energy interacts with visible material and other energy forms. 

The problem with GRBs (Gamma-Ray Bursts) is that their origin is outside our galaxy. Another problem is their high energy level. The GRB seems coming from nowhere. And then it disappears without a trace. The GRB stands about less than a second. 

The GRB is one of the most powerful events in the universe. In some models, the origin of the GRB is in the cases when the blue supergiant star impacts with a black hole. That black hole turns that hot and bright star into the wire-looking structure that falls into the black hole. In some other models the GRB forms when a giant star that orbits a black hole detonates as a supernova. In that case, the shockwave sends energy impulses through the black hole's material disk. In those events, the most intensive energy faces another intensive energy. 

And is it possible that intensive energy causes interaction with dark energy? The reason why the black hole offers the possibility to see dark energy is that the black hole's gravity curves the universe. That curvature in spacetime turns space smaller. And gravity should interact with dark energy. When the energy level in that space turns high enough and waves go close enough, that thing makes it possible that dark energy can interact with other energy forms. In a black hole's event horizon, all material and wave movement turns into one entirety. The problem is does this interaction begins outside the event horizon. Or is that interaction possible only in the black hole's nucleus? 

There is one very interesting theory about GRB (Gamma-Ray Bursts). In that little-known hypothesis the GRB forms near black holes in the last moments before very high energy plasma that falls to the black hole will interact with dark energy. That thing raises its energy level to a very high. And that thing forms one of the most high-energy. And interesting phenomena in the universe. In some models the GRB forms when highly intense plasma travels through the black hole's material disk or its relativistic jet. 

https://scitechdaily.com/dark-energy-revealed-through-largest-3d-map-of-the-universe-ever-made/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-ray_burst

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman-alpha_forest

Material that can switch between superconducting and resistant states could make the leap to computer technology.

"Researchers have created a novel hybrid superconductor that integrates magnetic properties, paving the way for more stable quantum computing. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, The Magnetic Twist: Hybrid Superconductors Unlock Quantum Computing Potential)

The problem with superconducting computers is how to close the gate. And the other thing is how to control electricity in that system. If things like voltage are too high electricity jumps between wires. And that thing makes those systems problematic. Also, the system must separate the parts in the data flow. The superconducting computers would be excellent tools. One way to make the logic gate for the system is to create a superconductor that can switch between superconducting and regular states. 

The system can use the superconducting material and keep the temperature on the edge of superconductivity. Then the system can use lasers to warm the superconducting material that turns non-superconducting. And then stop the laser stress, which decreases the temperature to the superconducting level. 

If some material behaves like a semiconductor in regular microchips. That makes it easier to control the superconducting computers. The system could switch between superconducting and resistant states. The superconducting gate base is an idea that the superconducting microchip uses a much lower electric level than a regular microchip. If the material can jump between superconducting and resistant states fast enough, that makes it possible to use those states as the gates. 

Image 2) Neurocomputer.

1) When the material is superconducting, the gate is closed. 

2) When the material is in the resistant state. The gate is closed. 

The gate has a special purpose in Turing's machine. The binary computer must stop before it takes a new mission. The purpose of those gates is to close disturbing data away from busy microprocessors. The terminal gate's mission is to deny that new data comes into the system at the wrong time. In logic gates, the system cannot control the direction of electricity if it jumps over switches. The logic gate is a combination of transistors and diodes. And if electricity jumps over those components, the gate cannot operate as it should. 

In quantum computers, the gate closes the states if they are busy. Quantum computers cannot clog as binary computers. But their states can clog. And that's why the system must know if the state or floor is busy. The quantum computer can make many missions at the same time. And each of its states can act as an independent binary computer. Or binary computer can share the mission between each state. 

In virtual quantum computers called neurocomputers, the series of binary computers act like they are the states of the quantum computers. In that system, the primary processor, or the gate computer shares the mission to the binary computer groups. Then the system. That is under one domain collects data back in the order. 

The material that can switch its state between superconducting and resistance could revolutionize computing. 

The problem is how to make this thing fast enough. If there is superconducting material. That is less than half a degree of temperature between superconducting and non-superconducting states the system can close and open gates simply by changing the temperature or pressure in the wire. When a wire is superconducting. The electricity goes through it. When the superconducting state is turned off, that closes the gate. 

Another way to open or close the gate is to use the superconducting material that can switch between superconducting and non-superconducting states using electricity. This kind of material behaves like a semiconductor in regular microchips. When the emitter electricity is on that opens the gate. 

And when the electricity is off, that thing closes the gate. The material can have stick or crystal-shaped structures, and if those sticks are in a row and in perfect order. That thing makes the wire superconducting. When those crystals are out of order, that thing denies the superconductivity. 

https://www.ibm.com/topics/neural-networks

https://scitechdaily.com/the-magnetic-twist-hybrid-superconductors-unlock-quantum-computing-potential/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic_gate

Carrington- and Tunguska events are interesting because they are unique.

"The Carrington Event of 1859, a massive solar storm, was recently studied through radiocarbon concentrations in tree rings, revealing new insights into solar activity and its effects on Earth. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Solar Storm Secrets Unveiled: Tree Ring Evidence From the 1859 Carrington Event)

The Carrington event of 1859 was the strongest magnetic storm in history.  

Researchers at the University of Helsinki research the extraordinarily strong magnetic, or solar storm from the year 1859. The case called Carrington Event was the most powerful solar storm in history. And the main question is what caused that corona mass eruption (CME)? Researchers try to find remnants of those particles from the trees of Finnish Lappland. And maybe they found an answer: what caused that unique, extraordinarily strong magnetic storm?

Was it some kind of electromagnetic burst? Or was it some kind of antimatter particle? And why did that event happen only once? 

The Carrington Event was one of the most powerful solar storms in history. The reason for that phenomenon is a mystery. The reason for those extraordinarily bright northern lights in the year 1859 is suspected caused by the Corona mass eruption (CME) that impacted Earth's magnetic field. But the thing that caused this CME effect is a mystery. Sometimes. Some researchers think that GRB (Gamma-Ray Burst) or some other high-energy radiation impulse or things like antimatter impact the sun in that year. 

The thing that made the Carrington event interesting is that it happened only once. There is no evidence of such kind of eruption after that day. The astronomer named Carrington reported that before those northern lights, he saw the extraordinarily bright flare. And that thing is one of the things that support the theory of high-energy wave-impact on the Sun. The thing that made this event interesting is that it happened only once. 

Tunguska Event on 30 June 1908. 

The Tunguska event in 1908 was one of the most mysterious explosions in history. The reason for that explosion was probably some kind of meteorite that detonated in the atmosphere. The Tunguska event is still today visible in the forest. The ground zero is still clean from trees. And the question is why that meteorite detonated in the atmosphere. Nobody saw that explosion. 

Because it happened a long way from villages and cities. One explanation for why that meteorite left no trace is that it was ice, covered by cosmic dust. That dust could isolate that methane or some other non-water ice. When that meteorite traveled to the atmosphere the dust protected the ice from the heat. And when dust disappeared that ice, whose temperature was less than -100 degrees impacted with heat that was tens of thousands of degrees. 

That suddenly vaporized this ice, and then the expanding steam pushed air away forming a vacuum. Then pressure made that bubble fall. Impacting air molecules formed an intensive heat that released energy. That is calculated over 3-30 mt. TNT. The event caused about three human victims. And an event destroyed large forest areas. 

Some eyewitnesses said that the fireball changed its route. And the dusty ice meteorite can explain that thing. The dust can burn off asymmetrically which causes a change in the aerodynamic form of that meteorite. 

In some other versions, the meteorite was magnesite. There could trapped antimatter in that hypothetical meteorite. When that meteorite burned away the antimatter touched air. And then it detonated causing a huge explosion. The fact is that nobody knows what exploded over the Inhabitat tundra in Siberia on that day, 30 June 1908. 

https://scitechdaily.com/solar-storm-secrets-unveiled-tree-ring-evidence-from-the-1859-carrington-event/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunguska_event

Chinese innovations and space lasers are interesting combinations.

Above: "Tiangong is China's operational space station located in low Earth orbit. (Image credit: Alejomiranda via Getty Images)" (Scpace.com, China's space station, Tiangong: A complete guide)

Chinese are close to making nuclear-powered spacecraft. 

Almost every day, we can read about Chinese technical advances. So are, the Chinese more innovative than Western people? Or is there some kind of difference in culture and morale between Western and Chinese societies? The Chinese superiority in hypersonic technology is one of the things that tells something about the Chinese way of making things. 

In China, the mission means. And the only thing that means is mission. That means that things like budgets and safety orders are far different from Western standards. If some project serves the Chinese communist party and PLA (People's Liberation Army) that guarantees unlimited resources for those projects. Chinese authorities must not care about the public opinion. 

If we think of the Chinese nuclear rocket against this background. That means it doesn't follow Western standards. The problem with spaceborne nuclear reactors is that if launching fails, that system will deliver radioactive material in large areas. And a nuclear rocket. That takes people to Mars in half time is one nuclear reactor in space. 

Nuclear reactors can used to create new and powerful laser applications like neutron-beam lasers. 

But the main question is: what else technology can make than just transport people to Mars? The spaceborne nuclear reactors can give energy to satellites that use a very high-power radar. 

Large orbital structures allow to creation of new types of lasers. The megawatt-class laser systems are soon a reality. In 1970 the Soviet researchers introduced a plan for solar power lasers that could deliver energy to the ground. The modular structure allows the system can connect multiple lasers into one entirety. In those systems, the lasers are in a row. And they connect their power. 

But do you know what means neutron poison? In this case, neutrons will start to hover in nuclear reactors. If the system can form hovering neutrons in the laser element. That thing makes it possible to create neutron lasers. The system traps neutrons in the laser element. And then it aims radiation stress on them. The idea is the same as hovering free-electron lasers or proton (hydrogen ion) lasers. 

The system traps hydrogen ions, protons, or electrons in the magnetic tube in those lasers. Then the laser system gives them electromagnetic stress. When stress ends. Those particles deliver their extra energy as radiation. In regular free-electron lasers. The system uses particle accelerators that drive electrons in a curving trajectory. 

When an electron changes its direction, it delivers photons. Same way is possible to create the proton, or hydrogen ion laser. In that system, the accelerators accelerate protons. But it's possible, to replace the particle accelerator using a magnetic chamber, where those particles hover. 

Or they can deliver energy for high-energy lasers. The nuclear-powered laser can use LED lights to deliver energy to laser systems. In some other scenarios, the laser is put in the nuclear reactor itself. 

Or the system uses high-temperature hydrogen to make the laser rays. In some other visions, hovering neutrons in a laser element will used to create coherent neutron radiation. Same way hovering electrons can create a laser beam. The hovering protons and neutrons can used to create electromagnetic radiation. 

https://www.freethink.com/space/nuclear-powered-spacecraft

https://www.space.com/tiangong-space-station

This quasar rewrites galactic rules.

"Researchers using the Chandra X-ray Observatory discovered that the supermassive black hole in quasar H1821+643 is less influential in controlling its surrounding gas and star formation than expected. (Artist’s concept.) Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Defying Expectations: The Quasar That’s Rewriting Galactic Rules)

The quasar H1821+643 rewrites black holes and other material interactions in galaxies. The quasar H1821+643 interacts with its entirety, and that is a so-called dominating object. But dominance between that quasar end especially the supermassive black hole and its environment is lower. So the black hole doesn't dominate its environment as much as it predicted. 

This means that black holes' spin can cause an effect that black hole spins empty. The situation means that a black hole creates a small area around it that isolates it from the environment. In that model, there is sometimes a vacuum near a black hole that the black hole is not in contact with its material disk all the time. 

In some other models, the fast spin of a black hole affects the material energy level that material near the event horizon turns so hot, that it can affect the black hole's energy interaction. So high-energy plasma could cut or affect the black hole's gravitational interaction. 

All black holes have gravitational interaction. But the high-energy transition or material disk around the black hole also pushes material away from the black hole. Also, black holes relativistic energy ray transports energy out from black holes. A black hole's relativistic jet may involve a wormhole. 

And if that relativistic jet hits to object that is dense enough, that thing can even turn another object into a black hole by pressing it through its magnetic field. Understanding black holes and their shape allows us to understand things like the Big Bang. 

If dark matter is a so-called stable quasiparticle. That would revolutionize understanding of material and its form. So can those hypothetical stable quasiparticles exist near black holes? 

The black holes can also interact with dark matter. In modern models, black holes pull dark matter inside it. And that thing means that they should give us data about dark matter. Part of dark matter may be so-called quasi- or pseudoparticles. But there could be some, yet unknown particles. So the black holes can give tips on what kind of thing is dark matter. If so-called stable quasiparticles are possible, that could change our way of thinking about the material. 

What are black holes? 

What are black holes? They are shadows. When a gravitational field pulls something into the black hole it will not pull particles. It sends counter radiation to the electromagnetic field. The name of that radiation is the gravitational radiation. The gravitational radiation travels through the impacting electromagnetic fields. And that takes their energy out of them. That forms a lower energy area at the side of the gravity center. 

That means outcoming energy drives particles into the gravity center. The outcoming energy travels faster than the particle forming a quantum shadow at the side of the gravity center. That electromagnetic shadow pulls particles into the black hole. The thing that denies the gravitational effect is that somebody fills that shadow. If the system can fill that shadow it can break the gravity. 

This thing causes an idea, that a material's energy level has some kind of influence on gravity interaction. That can mean that the gravity effect is lower when an object's energy level is higher. The thing in this case is the high energy level will resist the gravitational interaction on the side of the gravity center. The idea is that the gravity waves have a very short wavelength. And they will travel through photons or other objects and electromagnetic radiation. And that thing takes those photon's energy levels to a lower level. So gravitation affects into gravitational center's environment. Not to particle. 

The idea is that opposite-traveling gravity waves take energy from incoming radiation. And that forms the gravity pool that pulls objects into the gravitational center. So the high-energy particle creates radiation or wave movement that makes it kick against the lower-energy particles in the gravitational pool. 

The idea is the same as in a river. Gravitation is like a river that transports particles with it. Energy travels to the gravitational center. And that makes the gravity center colder than its environment. The particle's energy level must be high enough that it can push against those particles that travel to the black hole. 

The thing that makes gravitation function is the shadow that forms at the gravity center's side. The outside energy will push the particle into the black hole. The thing that the particle must do is create so a high energy level that it can fill that shadow. 

https://scitechdaily.com/defying-expectations-the-quasar-thats-rewriting-galactic-rules/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiparticle

Researchers developed new tools that can be a breakthrough in computing and robotics.

"Researchers have developed an innovative phase change memory device that promises low power consumption and reduced manufacturing costs. This development, potentially replacing DRAM and NAND flash memory, is notable for its efficiency and could significantly impact the future of memory and neuromorphic computing technology. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, New Ultra-Low Power Memory for Neuromorphic Computing)

The new neuromorphic computers require lots of processors. And that's why those systems require new microchips, that have low energy use. Low-energy microchips keep the temperature in computers low. Same way minimizing the cable length minimizes radio waves and temperature in neurocomputing.

Silicon carbide plates can act as artificial synapses. 

Researchers can create artificial synapses in the artificial neural network using silicon carbide plates. The silicon carbide plates that offer "Eternal memory" can offer a new way to make artificial axons to communicate. The system drives information into the silicone carbide mass-memory. Then, the system transports information from the first silicon carbide plate to the second plate. 

Those silicon carbide plates can be in the points where those artificial axons meet. That makes it possible for the wires that connect microprocessors can act like real axons. The silicon carbide plates are like synapses in the neural network. And they can exchange data through the artificial synapsis hole. Those silicon carbide plates can make it possible to connect computers with real neurons with ultimate accuracy. 

The low-energy microchips can control things like intelligent liquids. Those intelligent liquids make it possible to create new types of robots that are like amoebas. 

"The information is written in optically active atomic defects by a focused ion beam (left) and read using the cathodoluminescence or photoluminescence (right). Credit: M. Hollenbach, H. Schultheiß" (ScitechDaily, Unlocking the Secrets of Eternal Data With Silicon Carbide)

Above: Diagram of a chemical synaptic connection. (Wikipedia, Synapse) Engineers can replace that chemical connection using an electric connection. In those systems ions or laser rays transport data to miniature microchips. Then the system transports information into the mass memory. The neural computer can use feedback the receiving system sends information back to the sender to make sure that the information that it got is not changed. 

The silicone carbide plates can act as synapses. Those artificial synapses can connect with miniature microchips. That thing makes it possible to create a new type of neurocomputers. In those computers, the microchips and ion cannons are on both sides of the mass memory. And those entireties are connected into one large entirety. 

Superconducting and photonic computers are tools that help to create new and more powerful neural computers. 

The low-energy microchips can keep the system temperature lower. And that thing is important in computing. The 2D semiconductors are tools that make nano-size microchips possible. The ability to control the semiconductors makes superconducting computers hard to make. Superconducting computers cannot close the gate using semiconductors. And then another problem is how to drive information from the regular computers to superconducting computers. 

"Harvard researchers have created a versatile programmable metafluid that can change its properties, including viscosity and optical transparency, in response to pressure. This new class of fluid has potential applications in robotics, optical devices, and energy dissipation, showcasing a significant breakthrough in metamaterial technology. (Artist’s concept). Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Not Science Fiction: Harvard Scientists Have Developed an “Intelligent” Liquid)

Superconducting computers require very low voltage. Extremely low temperature makes those systems superconducting. One version of how to drive information into superconducting computers is to use lasers. The superconducting computers are in the freezer which keeps them stable. Then lasers will transport information into the superconducting computer through windows. The laser system sends data to the photovoltaic cells. Then those photovoltaic cells can transform data that light impulses carry into electric impulses.  

One version of how to make the superconducting computer's gate operate is to use a laser trap. The laser trap or laser gata is a laser ray that denies electricity or optical signal travel through it. When a gate laser (or maser) operates. Electricity cannot cross that line. That means the gate is closed. The coherent light or electromagnetic field denies the lower energy beam travel through it. 

The semiconductors are required to control electric flow in microchips. One possibility is to use photonic computers. The small optical crystals can make it possible to aim laser rays into the right light cells. In photonic computers, laser rays replace the electric wires. The photovoltaic cells can transform the photonic information into an electric form. 

https://scitechdaily.com/new-ultra-low-power-memory-for-neuromorphic-computing/

https://scitechdaily.com/not-science-fiction-harvard-scientists-have-developed-an-intelligent-liquid/

https://scitechdaily.com/unlocking-the-secrets-of-eternal-data-with-silicon-carbide/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAND_gate

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synapse