Black holes never shrink.

“When two black holes collide and merge, they release gravitational waves. These waves can be detected by the LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA detectors on Earth, allowing scientists to determine the mass and spin of the black holes. The clearest black hole merger signal yet, named GW250114, recorded by LIGO in January 2025, offers new insights into these mysterious cosmic giants. Credit: Maggie Chiang for Simons Foundation” (ScitechDaily, Hawking Was Right: New Data Confirms Black Holes Never Shrink)

A black hole loses its mass, not its size. 

Hawking was right. The merged black hole’s surface area is as large as the merged black hole's total surface area. That means back holes don’t shrink. So, black holes don’t shrink when they send gravitational waves. The reason for that is in the universe’s expansion. The quantum fields that press a black hole into its form turn weaker. So, if that model is true, the reason for gravitational waves is in the universe’s expansion. When quantum fields turn weaker, they allow a black hole to send gravitational waves. We can think of a black hole as an onion with multiple internal structures. 

Or, shells. And the most out of those shells is the event horizon. When the gravitational wave travels out from the black hole, it sends one of its shells outside the black hole. And then the inner shell takes that escaped shell’s position. So the black hole’s size will be the same, because the energy, or quantum field that presses the black hole in its form, turns weaker. This means black holes’ evaporation does not have an effect on the black hole’s size. When the quantum field around it turns weaker.

A black hole sends so much energy. It can keep its energy level relatively at the same level as it was when the black hole formed. But what does that mean? If the end of the universe is the so-called big rip or big freeze, that means that in the very end of the universe, black holes’ existence ends. They release information that they stored inside their event horizon. But if the end of the universe is the Big Crunch, that means that the black holes start to grow. The model goes like this. The expansion of the universe continues.

But because the universe turns colder, the energy level of visible and dark energy decreases. The universe also leaks. Energy and radiation will travel out from the universe faster than particles . This means that. Gravity starts to win. When the universe’s expansion ends, and it starts to fall, the energy level and density of its quantum fields start to rise. That effect starts to pack material. And energy to the black holes. This means the black holes can expand. Or their size will be the same.

But anyway. Black holes start to travel. To each other. And in the ultimate fate, all black holes that pulled all radiation into them fall into the same point. The reason why the large black hole exists longer than the small one is. Because its surface area is larger. The outside quantum fields can press that black hole from a larger area than a small black hole. The surface area of a large black hole is relatively smaller. Than small black holes. That means energy loss in large black holes is smaller than in small black holes. So, a small black hole is less energy efficient than a large black hole. This means that a large black hole can exist. In lower-density areas. Than the small ones. This model raises interesting questions. If the density of the quantum and plasma fields around the black hole turns higher. 

Does the black hole stop sending gravitational waves? This requires that quantum fields and particles fall into the black hole symmetrically. When a black hole sends its most out shell away, that pulls radiation longer. Or traveling shell wraps the quantum field shorter in front of the traveling shell. And then. The valley or traveling ditch. Travels behind that short wavelength structure. 

But if the material and energy density around a black hole suddenly rises, that thing can deny the escape of the outermost shell. This means that if a black hole suddenly impacts a nebula. Or energy density in the way. Those particles. And energy impacts symmetrically with it. So, if a black hole pulls a nebula or some quantum field around it in symmetrical form, that symmetrical energy load can push radiation back into the black hole. 

https://scitechdaily.com/hawking-was-right-new-data-confirms-black-holes-never-shrink/

https://scitechdaily.com/the-universe-will-end-in-a-big-crunch-physicists-warns/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

How dangerous is the 9M730 Burevestnik missile?

"Burevestnik nuclear cruise missile. (Source: Kyiv Post) (United24media)

The nuclear reactor makes “9M730 Buresvetsnik” a hard target for the defender. If there is damage in the reactor. It can deliver radioactive material around the dorp zone. The nuclear warhead will probably not detonate. But there is a possibility that Russians deliver cobalt into that reactor. That means the system can poison the entire Western hemisphere. If it delivers radioactive cobalt through the reactor. The nuclear reactor’s neutron bombardment transforms the cobalt-59 into cobalt-60. As it makes it into the cobalt bombs. Nobody confesses to keeping cobalt bombs in their hands. That bomb can act as a doomsday weapon; the mission is to act as a “final weapon”. The symbol of madness that could destroy the entire human race. 

Theoretically, the Russian “9M730 Burevestnik” (NATO: SSC-X-9 “Skyfall”) is not a more difficult target for defense than any other subsonic cruise missile. The only problem is to find that missile, and then the fighter can shoot it down. There is one thing. that turns the “9M730 Burevestnik”. Or “Skyfall” missile. Into a very complicated system. And that problem is that the missile itself is nuclear-powered. That means. If the fighter shoots the nuclear-powered missile down. The damaged reactor can deliver radioactive material into a quite large area. Nuclear power gives it a virtually unlimited range. 

And that means that “Skyfall” can poison a large area if its reactor faces damage when the missile or cannon rounds hit that missile. This is one thing that makes nuclear power suitable for military systems. The 9M730 Burevestnik itself carries a nuclear warhead. If that warhead detonates over the target, this causes a situation where the reactor will be vaporized and deliver radioactive fallout in large areas. There is also a possibility that this missile has cobalt in its warhead. Or it can deliver cobalt through the reactor. That causes radioactive fallout in the line. that follows this missile. 

It’s possible that there will be more variants of the “Skyfall” missile. 

The “Skyfall” missile can fly for months in the atmosphere. Theoretically, that flight time is unlimited.  And that raises new questions about the future of those systems. The same technology that the Russians developed for the Skyfall missile can be used in larger systems. Those systems can patrol in the air and carry others. Maybe hypersonic missiles. That thing can be the super-powerful version of the Chinese drone carrier. In those cases, the nuclear-powered system can carry things. 

Like one or two “Brahmos” or “Kinzhal” hypersonic missiles under their body or wings. Those systems can launch the hypersonic missiles to their targets from any altitude. There is a possibility that the 9M730 Burevestnik is only a testbed, whose purpose is to test how that technology works, and perhaps those experiences can be applied to more advanced and frightening systems. There is also a possibility that the 9M730 Burevestnik can be launched into the air, allowing it to patrol like a super drone. If that system must not attack. It will be called to the base. The advanced model can have the ability. To accelerate and slow its speed between hyper- and supersonic areas. 

https://defensemirror.com/news/35154

https://www.euronews.com/2025/11/16/nato-alarmed-as-putins-new-petrel-missile-apparently-ready-for-use

https://united24media.com/latest-news/russia-tested-nuclear-powered-burevestnik-skyfall-missile-from-arctic-site-norway-official-confirms-12858

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9M730_Burevestnik

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt_bomb

The new sensors see. How the DNA works in living cells.

“Conceptual illustration of the bidirectional quantitative scattering microscope, which detects both forward and backwards scattered light from cells. This dual detection enables visualisation of structures ranging from whole-cell morphology to nanoscale particles. Credit: Horie et al 2025” (ScitechDaily, “Great Unified Microscope” Reveals Hidden Micro and Nano Worlds Inside Living Cells)

The major problem with all sensors, from satellites to microscopes, is. How to connect an extreme accuracy and large-area scanning? The answer can be that the same satellite, or another system, can have a wide-angle scanner and a scanner that uses highly accurate zoom. The system can also have a zoom objective that increases the zoom when the system detects something interesting. 

The new microscope uncovers the hidden world in living cells. This system can enable the control of biological processes in living cells. With incredible accuracy. The ability to control systems and their processes requires that the system observe what happens within itself. The new sensor. Called the great unified microscope, makes it possible to see into a living cell. The new system includes quantitative phase microscopy (QPM). This microscope uses forward-scattered light to detect structures at the microscale (in this study, over 100 nanometers), but it cannot access much smaller features. QPM is normally used to take images of the complex cell structure. 

Another sensor called “interferometric scattering (iSCAT) microscopy takes a different approach by relying on back-scattered light and can pick up structures as tiny as single proteins. This makes it powerful for “tracking” individual particles and following rapid changes inside cells, but it does not offer the broad, whole-cell perspective that QPM provides.” 

(ScitechDaily, “Great Unified Microscope” Reveals Hidden Micro and Nano Worlds Inside Living Cells)

The system that uses both of those sensors. The QPM and iSCAT can handle cells better. The larger area scanner searches the interesting parts of the cells. An extremely accurate scanner observes single points. With high accuracy. 

“DNA Molecule Genetic Mutation A breakthrough live-cell sensor makes DNA repair visible as it happens, unlocking new possibilities in biology and medicine. Credit: Shutterstock. A new DNA damage sensor allows scientists to watch repair unfold in living cells with unprecedented clarity” (ScitechDaily, This New Sensor Shows DNA Repair in Real Time)

The third way is to use DNA bites as the scanners. The scanner system works like old-time gramophones. The cut DNA bite follows the surface, and the system follows how the form changes in the DNA. Another version. It is to use lasers. To follow how the DNA moves when the scanner pulls it above the structure. The new systems make it possible to see. 

How does DNA fix its errors in living cells? This makes it possible. To create new innovations in biotechnology. The ability to observe certain points in the DNA. It makes it possible. To include new base pairs or remove some other base pairs with incredible accuracy. These kinds of things are the tools. These are required for the new types of genetic engineering. 

https://scitechdaily.com/great-unified-microscope-reveals-hidden-micro-and-nano-worlds-inside-living-cells/

https://scitechdaily.com/this-new-sensor-shows-dna-repair-in-real-time-video/

The money and AI are hard to fit.

The AI ecosystem is taking its form. NVIDIA provides the microchips and other systems to those ecosystems. The problem with that ecosystem is its addiction to raw materials. If one part of the ecosystem falls, the entire AI business falls. If we think. About the new table-sized supercomputers that can run the AI or algorithms. Those systems will not remove the cloud-based solutions. The AI that runs on those table-top supercomputers requires training. 

So, the system users. Might use cloud-based solutions. And give the AI the training. It needs. And then the system drives that “Trained code” to the table-top system. The cloud-based system is like the lake, and the table-top version is like a droplet that the system separates from the main system. But the development of those things requires money. 

The problems with AI companies are minimal profits and great costs. Says some investors. A special feature of the AI business is that the product is immaterial. To sustain the interest of the users. The AI must be more. And more advanced. This means. Fast advancement is the requirement. For a successful AI company. Large language models require. Lots of calculation power. 

And the need for new processors grows every time. In the cases. When new AI solutions are coming into marketing. The company must also renew its hardware. And that costs lots of money. Another thing is that the AI is quite a new product for marketing. That means the investors will not know if there are any legal statements. That will put limits on the AI development. Another thing that makes AI a problematic investment object is that in some media. 

The AI workers and companies play the role that is reserved for stepsons. AI companies are not known for treating their workers. As they were important people. Sometimes, AI companies are mentioned. As treating their workers.  As a garbage. Or a necessary evil that exists because there is nothing that can replace them. Or they just wait. For the AI that replaces those workers. These kinds of things cause problems for investors to estimate. How big profits their investments can bring. The biggest problem with the AI is this. 

It's a new and complicated product. This means the AI requires the entire data center to be effective. The requirement for those large data centers forms in two ways. First, the algorithm is complicated, but another thing is that the AI service provider requires a server. That can offer that service to as many users as possible. 

The companies must have enough users. So that they can get enough license payments. But that causes another problem. When new users come to use the AI. Those AIs require larger and larger servers. There are also free applications whose purpose is to entice users to buy licenses. That gives more abilities. To the user. The investors need their money back. But the requirement for new systems means. Companies need to invest in their data centers. Those investments require money. 

The AI interests the investors. But the problem is that. The AI ecosystem. It is in danger of overheating. That means that when investors put money into those companies, their values rise very high. That value is much higher. Than their real values. The investors' money. Is always. A little bit problematic. Investors want their money. 

With an agreed interest amount. That means. Those companies cannot use. That money. Into their new systems.  There is a possibility that the investor’s profit.  Will be paid. From some other investor’s money. Another way to invest in a company is to buy stocks. Those investors buy stocks, and that puts money into the company’s cash box. That raises the company value. But if there are too many investments. That brings so-called empty value into the company’s stocks. And that can cause. A very fast collapse. Into those companies' stock values.

The problem is this. When an investor sees. That investment loses its value. This causes the need to sell those stocks. If some big investor. Sells lots of stocks in a short period. That can cause the collapse of the company’s stock values. 

https://futurism.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-investors-furious-bubble

https://futurism.com/artificial-intelligence/mercor-meta-ai-labor

https://futurism.com/artificial-intelligence/financial-world-nvidia-earnings-call

The red dwarf sends a planet-blasting mass eruption.

"An artist’s impression of a large red star releasing a bright, explosive burst of light. Swirling red and orange patterns surround the star, suggesting intense activity. In the background, a smaller blue planet appears with a faint, wispy trail extending away from it, indicating its atmosphere being blown off. The scene is set against a dark space backdrop dotted with stars. Credit: Olena Shmahalo/Callingham et al." (ScitechDaily, This Red Dwarf Just Launched a Planet-Killing Blast Into Space)

The red dwarf. About 40 ly. Away from Earth, a massive coronal mass eruption (CME) was sent. And after that, researchers noted that one of its planets sent a gas ejection, which proved that the CME stripped off its atmosphere. Unlike regular flares and protuberances, the CME starts in the middle of the star. First, the star loses its size. 

And that accelerates fusion in the star’s core. Then the beta eruption. or some other thing. Makes a channel through the star. Then the high-energy plasma from the star’s core starts to travel to the shell. That effect took a star’s surface plasma and atmosphere with it. 

Those kinds of plasma eruptions are very powerful. Those extremely powerful flares can destroy even entire planets and strip their atmospheres. This is the reason why researchers think. The beginning of life formation. Rn the red dwarf planets. starts later than on planets that orbit the Sun like stars. For the beginning of life on their solar systems. The red dwarf must advance over its flare period. 

(Wikipedia, Stellar Classification)

What is the hydrogen line's role in life formation? 

And after that, life has time to advance. But the young red dwarf creates violent eruptions. Red dwarfs live for trillions of years, and mature red dwarfs can host intelligent civilizations. The red dwarf is far different from the Sun. Sun’s spectral classification is G2V, and the red dwarf has spectral classification M. 

The thing is that the M-type star's radiation is far. On the red side of the electromagnetic spectrum. The G-type star color is yellow. The question is how the hydrogen line affects the formation of amino acids. The G-type stars have the weak hydrogen line. And M- and K- (orange) stars have very weak hydrogen lines. The hydrogen line in the spectrum can play a vital role in amino acid formation. 

Hydrogen atoms send much more ultraviolet radiation than other atoms. And that ultraviolet radiation can destroy long-chain molecules. This means that the weak hydrogen line makes it possible. The long-chain and complicated molecules require weak or very weak hydrogen emission lines. This means no other than G, K, and M-type stars can host planets. There, the long and complicated molecules can form. The UV radiation can destroy those molecules on planets that orbit stars with strong hydrogen lines. 

https://scitechdaily.com/this-red-dwarf-just-launched-a-planet-killing-blast-into-space/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification

Turbulent bubbles and cosmological ideas.

"High-speed cameras capture swarms of bubbles rising through an LED-illuminated water column, revealing the chaotic flow patterns of bubble-induced turbulence. Credit: B. Schröder/HZDR" (ScitechDaily, Turbulent Bubbles Confirm a Century-Old Physics Theory)

"An international team of scientists from the Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Johns Hopkins University, and Duke University has found that a classic theory describing turbulence in fluids also explains how bubbles rising through water create chaotic motion. Their study, which tracked both bubbles and surrounding fluid particles in three dimensions, offers the first direct experimental confirmation that “Kolmogorov scaling” can appear in turbulence driven by bubbles. " (ScitechDaily, Turbulent Bubbles Confirm a Century-Old Physics Theory)

The new observations confirm a 100-year-old physics theory. When bubbles rise in the liquid, they form turbulence behind them. That thing is not very dramatic. But those bubbles that rise and form turbulence can play an unexpected role in things. Like amino acid molecule formation. That turbulence can shake the water or any other liquid. And that thing can destroy the molecule. In the same way, bubbles or ball-shaped things that fall in liquid can form turbulence between them. 

But can we turn that model into a cosmological idea? 

The turbulence behind those bubbles can create an interesting model about the dark energy. When we think that the matter or particle lose their energy when the universe expands, we can think that those particles act like some bubbles. There should be. Some kind of lower-energy space in particles. The particle acts like a bubble in the quantum fields. 

The outside quantum pressure keeps them in form. Without that outside quantum field that presses the superstring structure against that lower energy bubble, the particle turns into energy or wave movement. And its existence as a particle ends. 

So it’s possible. Those particles, when they release their energy. It will form the turbulence in those quantum fields. In modern models. The universe is a four- or five-dimensional space. And the time combination. There are three dimensions in space. And one or two dimensions in time. The number of time dimensions depends on. 

Are we separate time that moves forward from time that moves backward? In models, time moves backward only in the black holes, the places where escape velocity is higher than the speed of light. This means those fields. And space, and time act like water. Material with cosmic voids acts like bubbles. All of those particles and bubbles are moving somewhere. Because time moves forward. Or the energy level in the universe changes. All particles should form similar turbulence as bubbles form in water. In the universe’s quantum fields. 

https://scitechdaily.com/turbulent-bubbles-confirm-a-century-old-physics-theory/

China wants to get a position. As a new global force.

"Chinese aircraft carrier Fujian, as photographed by JMSDF on September 11, 2025." (Wikipedia)

China completed its new Fujian-class aircraft carrier. The carrier uses magnetic catapults and new types of aircraft. The Fujian uses a conventional diesel-and-steam turbine system. Fujian is the successor to aircraft carriers Liaoning and Shandong. 

The first People’s Liberation Army aircraft carrier is Liaoning. China brought that ship from Russia. It is the Kuznezov-class carrier, and its successor is the Shandong. The Chinese copy of the Kuznezov-class carriers. Those two carriers reach 31 knots. The Fujian is the new version. That looks more like the U.S. Aircraft carriers. 

The air wing includes new Shenyang J-35 stealth fighters. And the older Shenyang J-15. These are Chinese copies of the Russian Su-27 “Flanker”. J-35 is a carrier-based stealth fighter that is similar to the Lockheed F-35 Lightning II. That aircraft is one of the things that can cause trouble for other countries. Those carriers also carry AWACS and other support systems. 

The Fujian is the Type 003 aircraft carrier, and its successor, Type 004, will be a nuclear-powered version of the Fujian. The nuclear-powered aircraft carriers give China the global strike capacity. Those aircraft carriers are needed to support global-scale operations. 

"Aircraft Carrier Liaoning (16) at Hong Kong Waters" (Wikipedia)

Two J-15Ts and a J-15D in Zhuhai airshow, 2024. (Wikipedia)

Two J-35s (TWZ)

"The U.S. Defense Department in a 2021 report titled “Military and Security Developments Involving the People’s Republic of China” listed 14 countries — including Cambodia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, the United Arab Emirates and Kenya — as locations that the Chinese military has considered for developing “bases or military logistics facilities.”Regarding China’s move to assist the development of Cambodia’s Ream Naval Base, the report stated that the move indicates that China’s “overseas basing strategy has diversified.”

(AsiaNews, China expands military presence under Belt and Road initiative)

Capacity improvement?

"In 2017, China established an overseas military base at Doraleh Port in the East African nation of Djibouti. Currently it is China’s only overseas base and has been used to supply destroyers and other vessels dispatched to counter piracy off the coast of Somalia. A U.S. military official said in April 2021 that China had been expanding the port’s pier, which could now host a port call by a Chinese aircraft carrier." (AsiaNews, China expands military presence under Belt and Road initiative)

Those new ships should strengthen China’s position. In the global theatre. Those aircraft carriers are also needed to support and escort Chinese strategic bombers. If those bombers face engine failures or something disturbs their operations. Those fighters can cut the game. They can support rescue teams in cases where some nuclear weapons must be recovered. Those aircraft carriers also. It might have a role. In the support operations of the Chinese overseas military bases. 

China already has an overseas military base in Djibouti. And it has a logistics and other facilities chain. Between China and Djibouti. China considers logistics and military bases in Africa. The fact is that. China wants to enlarge its military footprint. And the bases at Angola and Namibia will support the Chinese missions in the Atlantic. The Chinese influence increases. The Chinese military base in Djibouti is fully operational. It is officially for anti-pirate operations. 

But as we see, China plans to increase its influence in Africa. By establishing a chain of naval and logistics bases. On the East African Coast. Those bases should also protect Chinese investments in Africa. And one of the things that China hopes for. Those bases bring it. They are new allies. Those who want to make deep military and economic cooperation with China. China wants. To take the place. That the Soviet Union had.  

https://asianews.network/china-expands-military-presence-under-belt-and-road-initiative/

https://www.twz.com/air/chinas-j-35-naval-stealth-fighter-seen-like-never-before

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_004_aircraft_carrier

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_aircraft_carrier_Fujian

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_aircraft_carrier_Liaoning

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_aircraft_carrier_Shandong

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang_J-15

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenyang_J-35

Measurement of energy levels in a quantum clock requires much more energy than its running.

“Researchers found that measuring a quantum clock consumes vastly more energy than the clock’s own operation—up to a billion times more. Scientists learned that reading a quantum clock requires orders of magnitude more energy than running it. This surprising imbalance reveals that observation itself shapes the flow and thermodynamics of time. Credit: SciTechDaily.com“ (ScitechDaily, Researchers found that measuring a quantum clock consumes vastly more energy than the clock’s own operation—up to a billion times more.)

The energy cost in quantum timekeeping is. An interesting thing. The requirement for successful quantum technology is the ability to measure energy levels in quantum structures. The quantum-size clocks are required. If we want to make atomic-sized microchips. In those microchips, transistors can involve only three atoms. And those three atoms can form the emitter, base, and collector. If those atomic-size structures are possible. 

That is the revolution in technology. But those systems require quantum-sized clocks that synchronize their operations. The quantum-sized. Or nanosized microchips are similar things. As the so-called regular microchips. Their size is just smaller. They also require very accurate clocks. Quantum clocks can also be used. In the new types of pocket-sized inertial navigation systems. The system must only  measure the beginning position and the speed of the actor. 

The gyroscope registers the changes in direction. And the system uses a clock to measure the distance. Of the traveling. The system calculates the speed and the time. The actor uses the (s=vt) (Journey = speed*time) formula to calculate the journey, or the vector between two waypoints. The system can handle.  Even hundreds of waypoints. That gives inertia high accuracy.

The inertia determines the beginning point and measures the speed. And the simplest way to make that kind of measurement. If the speed changes. Is to determine the.New beginning point . Every time the speed and direction change. 

This system makes it possible. To create a GPS-free system that is impossible to jam. The problem with those systems is that clocks and gyroscopes should be small enough. The system should involve at least two gyroscopes. When the actor changes direction. The system switches the gyroscope and starts the new measurement series. The system requires a speed meter that can be a radar. Or a laser-based system . That allows users to use this inertial even while walking. 

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-uncover-a-hidden-energy-cost-in-quantum-timekeeping/

The new discovery can play a key role in developing new, fast, and low-energy microchips.

"Scientists have uncovered how tiny magnetic waves can produce electric signals inside materials, potentially transforming computing efficiency. University of Delaware engineers have shown that magnetic waves called magnons can create electric signals, bridging two key forces in computing. Their work points toward chips that operate faster and more efficiently by eliminating wasted energy. Credit: Shutterstock. " (ScitechDaily, This Magnetic Discovery Could Be the Key to Ultrafast, Low-Energy Chips)

The discovery is named magnon, or actually. It is the magnon's ability to transmit magnetic waves in structures. “A magnon is a quasiparticle, a collective excitation of the spin structure of an electron in a crystal lattice. In the equivalent wave picture of quantum mechanics, a magnon can be viewed as a quantized spin wave. Magnons carry a fixed amount of energy and lattice momentum, and are spin-1, indicating they obey boson behavior.” (Wikipedia, Magnon) 

The ability to transmit information between atoms, or atomic-scale quantum dots, requires methods that don’t disturb the material. The magnetic wave that travels between atoms doesn’t cause as much heat as regular electric flows. Magnetic waves don’t oscillate matter as much as electricity. And that makes it possible to create smaller and smaller microchips. One of the problems with computers is heat. Every time electricity travels through a wire, it faces resistance. The thing. That causes resistance. This is the so-called Hall effect. 

There is a small part of electricity that jumps backward from atoms and forms a standing wave. So, for jumping through that standing wave or potential barrier, the system must pump more and more energy into the wave. The standing wave acts like a dam. That collects energy behind it. And that effect continues until energy can travel over that dam. This is why wires should be kept as short as possible. In the small microchips. Even a small anomaly. Has a big effect. 

The problem with superconductors is that the superconducting microchip cannot control electric flow in the same way as a semiconductor. In semiconductor. Electric impulses control the electrical flow by adjusting the resistance in the semiconductor. The semiconductor is an insulator and a conductor. At the same time. That ability is needed at the gate. When a semiconductor is in the state of an insulator. That point will not let electricity travel through it. That means the gate is closed. And when the semiconductor is in the conductor state, the gate is open. And electricity can travel through it. And when the gate is closed, the state in the wire is zero. When the gate is open, the state in the wire is one. 

In superconducting microchips, the laser can be used to make those gates. The laser system can heat the superconducting material. And that removes superconductivity. The laser system forms a gate in the superconductor. The problem with those systems is that they need very low energy levels. If the energy level in the impulse is too high. That means energy travels over that thermal gate. The superconducting computer. It can be the answer to compact AI systems. Those microchips make it possible to create laptops and even pocket-sized systems. That can have a calculating capacity. That beats some of the supercomputers. Those systems require pocket-sized superconducting technology. And maybe. Nano-sized pressure and cooling systems can turn them into reality.

https://scitechdaily.com/this-magnetic-discovery-could-be-the-key-to-ultrafast-low-energy-chips/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasiparticle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductor

The exoplanet GJ 215 c. Can host lifeforms in the future.

 

“An international team of scientists dubbed the exoplanet, named GJ 251 c, a “super-Earth” as data suggest it has a rocky composition similar to Earth and is almost four times as massive. Credit: Illustration by University of California, Irvine.” (ScitechDaily, Astronomers Discover Potentially Habitable “Super-Earth” Just 18 Light-Years Away)

The new exoplanet. From 18 ly. away from Earth, can have liquid water on its surface. The exoplanet  GJ (Gliese) 251 c orbits the M-class star in a potentially habitable zone. The  GJ 251 c is a massive super-Earth that orbits the star GJ 215. That star has a spectral classification of M3V, and its age is about 6,6 GYR (Gigayears). Or, a simpler saying. 6,6 billion years. This means that. This M3V is still in its flare period. And there might not be lifeforms. On that exoplanet. Life formation begins after the flare period. The GJ 215 has two exoplanets. GJ 215b, whose mass is ≥ 3.85+0.35−0.33 Earth masses. And GJ 215 c, whose mass is ≥3.84±0.75 Earth masses. 

This means lifeforms start to advance later than on planets. That orbit the Sun (G2) type stars. But otherwise, the red dwarfs can live Tens to hundreds of billions of years. That means life has more time to advance on those planets than on planets that orbit G2V-type stars. In the future. The GJ215c might host. 

Even intelligent lifeforms.  But today, its star is too unstable for that. Those hypothetical civilizations require more mature stars. The problem with the red dwarf planets and technocivilization. This is how long radioactive isotopes can exist on those planets. There is a possibility that some of those planets run out of their fissile material. 

And their cores start to cool. That cooling process destroys the planet’s magnetic field. Those super-Earths that orbit M-type stars give a hint. About the possibility of lifeforms. Those super-Earths with a dense atmosphere can host life, but the star must be mature enough that it has ended its flare period. Those flares that the young red dwarfs create. It can raise. Those planets' temperatures. Into thousands of degrees. 

The atmosphere of those locked planets smooths their atmosphere’s temperature. All red dwarf-star planets that are in the habitable zone are locked. The tidal forces from the star lock the planet into position. There, it turns the same side to that star all the time. There is forever night in the side that is away from its star. And the other side is burning hot. The water and atmosphere, along with clouds, can smooth that effect. But that requires. The star will not create. It's flares anymore. 

https://science.nasa.gov/exoplanet-catalog/gj-251-c/

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-discover-potentially-habitable-super-earth-just-18-light-years-away/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliese_251

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_classification

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun

The new materials and inventions can mean a breakthrough in hypersonic technology.

The SR-71 and SR-72 "DarkStar" (Above)  are the fastest atmospheric aircraft. The SR-71 is the fastest known manned aircraft. with a speed of Mach 3.2 at 26,000 meters. The SR-72 can reach Mach 6 at high altitudes. The fastest air-breathing aircraft was X-43A, which reached a speed of Mach 12. But the X-43A was an air-launched single-use experimental aircraft. The retired SR-71 and SR-72 are systems that can be used many times. The SR-71 and SR-72 operate from normal runways. 

However, low-level high-speed flight faces challenges, primarily the thermal effects that can damage the aircraft's body.  

Whirls around the aircraft, known as turbulence, are one of the factors that limit hypersonic technology. The ability to remove whirls around the body could make a revolution in hypersonic technology. When an aircraft flies in the atmosphere, air flows over its body. If there is a small bulge on the body, that bulge creates a whirl that causes oscillation in the hypersonic body. The whirl acts like a roll.  One of the solutions. That can decrease the turbulence. It is making those bodies as smooth as possible. 

"Artist's concept of X-43A with scramjet attached to the underside." (Wikipedia, NASA X-43)

One solution could be a system that pushes airflow away from the body. If the aircraft can make the air layer against the body and wings as thin as possible, that removes turbulence. In some models. Things like superconducting magnets. Those that are on both sides of the aircraft can be used to push air away from the aircraft's body. The idea is that the system uses the Meissner effect. To create a thin air bubble around the aircraft. The superconducting magnets. Or the Meissner system can be used to create an acoustic bubble around the craft. The system benefits from the superconducting levitation effect. For pushing air away from the body. 

This thing makes. It is possible to create thin air conditions around the aircraft. The new materials that can transport heat out of the aircraft body. It can also make it possible to create systems that can travel with incredible speed. New materials like magic-angle graphene can pull thermal energy out from an aircraft’s body. 

“Diagram of a typical gas turbine jet engine” (Wikipedia, Turbojet)

“Diagram of a valved pulsejet. 

1 - Air enters through the valve and is mixed with fuel. 

2 - The mixture is ignited, expands, closes the valve, and exits through the tailpipe, creating thrust. 

3 - Low pressure in the engine opens the valve and draws in air.” (Wikipedia, Pulsejet) 

“Simple ramjet operation, with Mach numbers of flow shown”(Wikipedia, Ramjet)

“Diagram of principle of operation of a scramjet engine.” (Wikipedia, Scramjet)

The pulse-ramjets, or pulse scramjets, can be one of the answers to the hypersonic engine problems. The problem is that the blower wings of the turbojet don’t withstand the speed of Mach 6. In pulse-ramjets or scramjets, the combustion chamber has the shape of a ramjet and a scramjet engine. 

If the aircraft could make a molecular. Or an acoustic bubble around an aircraft. That system can make it possible to create low-flying ultra-fast aircraft solutions. The problem with hypersonic technology is the ramjet, or scramjet engine structure. Those systems don’t have blowers. So, the aircraft must travel at the speed of Mach 1 to ignite the ramjet engine. There is a possibility. To use regular turbojets to reach that speed. And then the system starts to drive fuel into ramjets. Then the iris closes the turbojet’s air intake. The answer can be the pulsejet engine. Or the flap system, which is used in the WWII V-1 “flying bomb”  missile engine. The pulsejet engine. That is shaped. The ramjet engine can be the answer. To the hypersonic system start problems. 

The flap ramjet.  Or pulse-ramjet, which uses a fuel and air mixture. Compressors drive in the combustion chamber. Then the system ignites that mixture. When speed is high enough, the compressor that drives oxygen into the combustion chamber shuts down. The flap system opens. The engine allows the air flow to travel to the ramjet engine. Another version. Is to use. The shock heating method could be used to ignite the ramjet. The system must only deny. The air flow to the front of the engine.

There is a possibility of using things like phonons to increase the pressure in the engines. The system can use coherent sound waves to press a fuel-air mixture against the wall of the combustion chamber. If the system can make a coherent sound wave. That can press a fuel-air mixture against the wall of the combustion chamber. If that pressure is high enough, that system can ignite a ramjet engine in a static position. 

https://defensefeeds.com/military-tech/air-force/reconnaissance-aircraft/lockheed-martin-sr-72/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LockheedSR-71_Blackbird

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_SR-72

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meissner_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA_X-43

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsejet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocket-based_combined_cycle

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb