Writings about astronomy and technology.

  Can we ever complete TOE (Theory of Everything)?  TOE (Theory of everything)  Can we someday make a collective theory that closes all other physics and quantum theories inside it? That is a really good question. TOE (Theory of Everything) is much more complicated than MOND (Modified Newtonian dynamics).  That complicated thing means that in TOE researchers must interconnect fundamental particles and fundamental interactions into one entirety. That is the thing that makes TOE so interesting. The route from iron wire models to theories is long. And maybe we ever see the final version of TOE.  The key element in TOE is that all fundamental particles or elementary particles are the same particle. The energy level of an elementary particle determines its shape. So Higgs Boson just turns to the Top Quark and then to another Quark. And there is a possibility that the Higgs boson is very close to the hypothetical chameleon particle.  Chameleon particles are hypothetical actors that can chang

  The gravitation has no limit.  Gravitational waves are extremely interesting. Gravitational waves tell that the thing that sends those waves is not stable. The wave in wave movement forms when the energy level in the object that sends waves changes. Same way when the energy level in graviton or the source of gravitational waves changes compared to the environment changes the gravitational center sends gravitational waves. The object sends wave movement when it must release its extra energy. And that happens when an object's energy level rises higher than its environment.  In the traditional gravity model gravitation will turn precisely weaker in distance square. And that means there is a limit in the range of gravity. That thing is against the law of information persistence. This term means that information cannot vanish. We can think of the gravitational fields as a series of gravitational waves. And the primary gravitational center sends them. The primary gravitational center m

  "The Wall" is the Saudi Arabian urban marvel or nightmare.  "The Wall" (Actually The Line) is straight from some SciFi movies. That structure is 170 kilometers long, 200 meters wide, and 500 meters high mega-house. That kind of structure would covered by using mirrors. And that giant house would produce its energy by using wind, sun, and geothermal energy.  Some people say that "the Wall" is a maniac structure whose maintenance costs so much that it will never be autotrophic. Some people say that the purpose of Saudi Arabian megastructures like the "giant cube" in Riyadh is to offer a place or fortress for the Saudi elite. That mega-size skyscraper would be the largest building on our planet.  "The Line is a planned city in Saudi Arabia, designed to be a 170 km long, 200 meters wide, and 500 meters high string of skyscrapers with a population density ten times that of Manhattan. However, researchers from the Complexity Science Hub argue th

  A new observation about WR or Wolf-Rayet stars is that they can transform into magnetars.  The magnetars and WR stars are things that interest fusion developers. The high-energy blue stars can give tips on how to keep high-energy plasma steady in fusion reactors. The WR stars can also give tips for making new types of plasma-based magnets that can be used to control plasma in fusion reactors.  Wolf-Rayet stars are blue supergiants formed of helium. The Wolf-Rayet stars are extremely strong magnetic fields and they are extremely hot. There is a model that some magnetars, lightweight neutron stars with extremely powerful magnetic fields can have origin as Wolf-Rayet stars. When magnetic power lines of Wolf-Rayet stars are traveling around its core magnetic fields harvest energy. Mainly that energy comes from WR star. But some part of that energy comes from WR Star's entirety.  In this model is a possibility, that the magnetic field around the WR star becomes more and more powerful.

 Fermilab scientists are close to finding the fifth force. There is a possibility that the fifth force is separated from all known fundamental interactions. But there is another model that also makes sense. In that model, the fifth force is the combination of four fundamental interactions. The model is conducted from a model where the researchers can connect things like electromagnetism and weak nuclear forces to electro-weak forces. The idea of that model is that all fundamental interactions have the same source. That thing can be a hypothetical graviton, which transmits energy to gluons. Then gluons transmit energy to quarks, and quarks share that energy with quark groups which are protons and neutrons. Then those quark groups send wave molecules into electron orbitals. So when an energy impulse travels through a bigger particle, like when a gluon sends an energy impulse to a quark, that bigger particle transforms the wavelength of that wave movement. That means the hypothetical grav

  Manipulating systems requires complete information about the system. Finally, the genome on the Y chromosome is mapped. And that paves the way for new gene therapy. So if we want to give gene therapy, we must know exactly what each base pair in DNA makes. And that's why mapping the human genome is important. Also, if we want to manipulate an animal's behavior, we must have complete information on how axons work. The researchers created the first image of working axons. And that is the route to a complete understanding of neural systems. The ability to control the nervous system is important for things like neurochips. The neurochip is a tool that uses living neurons for higher operations, and those neurons interact with microchips. That should make computers even more powerful and flexible. Also, things like BCI (Brain-Computer Interfaces) require complete knowledge about axons and their functions. Researchers controlled the C. elegans worm's behavior. And produced mRNA m

 Fundamental AI and the fundamental plasma-ion engine Vlasiator is a fundamental AI-based system that simulates particle flow. The University of Helsinki's Vlasiator computer program noticed interesting things in the plasma pulses in the Earth's magnetosphere. That thing is that the Earth's poles form plasma pulses in a very interesting way. The N and S poles drive plasma ions and anions through different routes. And then those anions and ions impact together. That thing forms a thing called a plasma pulse. The Vlasiator is an artificial intelligence-based program that can also be used for making flow models. And one of the most interesting things is the ion engine that uses solar plasma to make thrust. This is one version of the Bussard Ramjet.  The hypothetical interstellar fusion engine pulls plasma into the accelerator by using magnetic fields. And then the laser system ignites the fusion reaction. Same way in a high-voltage pulsed plasma system nuclear fusion makes pla

Plasma turbulence can uncover hidden magnetic fields. But it also can form powerful magnetic fields.  The turbulent plasma can explain some strongest magnetic fields and highest energy pulses in the universe. Turbulent plasma can uncover hidden magnetic fields in the universe. But whirling plasma also can create high-power magnetic fields. Those magnetic fields can cause strong maser emission at least in radio frequencies.  When things like radio waves travel through high-energy plasma. That plasma pumps energy to those radio waves. Or actually, magnetic fields in plasma are the things that transfer energy to radio waves that travel through those magnetic fields. Because plasma can increase radio waves' power far away from their source, that makes it hard to detect their origin.  When plasma starts to whirl it can form a structure that looks like a generator. Plasma whirls around black holes and neutron stars are one thing that makes those things so powerful. The interaction is qui

 The next step for laser weapon research  The thing that breaks the glass on a cold table is fast temperature change. The thing that makes the next-generation laser weapons more effective than ever before. The system can use lasers to warm up targets. And then the system can use Bose-Einstein condensates to cause temperature changes. The fast decrease in temperature can break the structure.  Laser weapons are tools that can be effective against drone swarms. And this is why investments in that technology are rising.  The thing that destroys objects is the end of the energy pump. The idea is this: energy that is pumped into objects starts to travel into their environment, and that thing rips material into pieces. Laser rays pump extra energy into the target, and that energy forms a high-energy point where energy waves start to travel to the edge of the material. If the impulse is high enough, the expanding wave takes atoms and molecules with it. In the most powerful systems, the laser b

Why have Russian Ka-52 "Alligator" helicopters failed in Ukraine? Many Russian Ka-52 "Alligator" helicopters are shot down over Ukraine. That helicopter should be the competition for the AH-64 Apache and other Western military helicopters. But big losses in Ukraine caused a re-estimation of the use of that helicopter. One reason for those losses is that the Ka-52 is a very common combat helicopter in Russian forces. One of the reasons why Ka-52 turned into a flop can be that their crews were not trained as they should. And a lack of training causes those losses. But one of the biggest reasons for Alligator failure can be attributed to a lack of trusted "fire and forget" weapons. If Ka-52 uses rockets aiming at those weapons takes longer time and forces the helicopter to fly straight ahead. The reason why Ka-52 was successful in Syria was there was no heavy AA or lightweight smart missiles. The Ka-52 could hover outside the enemy fire and use its firepower.

Dark matter interacts with gravitation. And that means there should be a cloud of those mystery particles around Earth. The dark matter will also fall to Earth's Core if it acts like visible material. But the problem is that dark matter is not interacting with visible material except through gravitation.  There are theories that Earth is full of "Hairy dark matter". And that means there is a possibility that those "hairs" can touch with some part of visible atoms. And that thing causes interesting thoughts. The fact is this. Gravitational interaction makes it possible. Also, other planets in our solar system are surrounded by dark matter.  Planets are also gravitational centers. And that means they collect dark matter around them. The dark matter should fall in the gravitational center. So some part of the weight of the planet should form. Because dark matter connects with it through gravitation.  That dark matter stabilizes the planet's spin. And it also pu

Japan wants to mount missiles into their C-5 Cargo planes. That tells that there is coming something big. That big thing could be the LRHM (Long-Range Hypersonic Missile) that supplanted the ARRW (Air-Lauched Rapid Reaction Weapon). So ARRW is history and the world belongs to LRHM which has more capacity than ARRW.  The ARRW was delayed. And that tells that there was come something that officials not mentioned to the media. The thing that makes the LRHM more powerful than ARRW. Is that it can raise from any platform and reach hypersonic speed. So that LRHM missiles can mount to any platform. If we think that ÁTACMS missiles and their air-launched variants are deadly. We can just imagine what those new LRHM missiles can do for attackers.  B-1B The thing is that air-breathing hypersonic missiles would be very powerful weapons. Russia and China, and even India have their hypersonic missiles. Those weapons are under development or in service in many countries.  And the world waits that the

The Draco nuclear thermal- or nuclear plasma propulsion system is the tool of the next generation. The Draco system will have more capacity than the old-time Centaur stage that transferred most of the deep space probes to their target planets.  It's possible to install The nuclear-powered Draco rocket in the super-Centaur stage and can transfer large spacecraft to long-distance missions in our solar system. The Draco stage can dock with Space X's Starship. And those systems are the ultimate combination for deep space missions to other planets. The Draco system can be even more powerful than any other spacecraft. When we think that the Draco would be a so-called improved NERVA (Nuclear Engine for Rocket Vehicle Application), the Draco might use antimatter as the booster. In that kind of special system, the antimatter is positrons. The Draco could create those positrons from the beta radiation that comes from the nuclear reactor.  Or the cathode tube sends electrons through a thi

But that material is very interesting from the point of view of quantum computing. The superconducting material allows information can keep it while it travels in those wires. The LK-99 might not be a superconductor at room temperature. But it can be a game changer in many superconducting areas.  Uranus' rings are the model for a next-generation generator that orbits the planet. This generator uses superconducting metal wires to harvest energy from the magnetic field.  In some visions, the planets like Uranus and Earth can surround using superconducting wires. Those superconductors would orbit the planet through its poles and collect energy from its magnetic field. The model of that system is the rings of Uranus.  There would be three metal wires that rotate or orbits that planet internally in opposite directions. Those extremely thin wires can create energy far away from the sun. That kind of generator can harvest energy from the planet's magnetic fields.  Pictures 2 and 3: Ur

RIKEN sends nanosatellite swarms to space to observe and research the X-ray targets. "The satellite results from a collaboration between Japan's RIKEN research institution, Mitsui Bussan Aerospace, and mission integrator Kongsberg NanoAvionics (NanoAvionics). Those satellites will orbit Earth on LEO (Low Earth Orbiter) (InterestingEngineering/New X-ray nanosatellite to study black holes, neutron stars) The SpaceX Transporter 9 mission will send those satellites later this year. The name of those satellites is NinjaSat X-ray. And probably in the future, similar satellite swarms with gamma-ray sensors start to orbit our planet. The X-ray nanosatellite groups are interesting tools.  The group of those small-size satellites can make observations about the X-ray objects around the universe. And they also can open new visions of intensive black hole research. It is possible that in the future. The X- and gamma-ray satellite groups offer similar resolution in those radiation areas as

  Researchers saw the brightest energy burst from the Sun, that had ever measured before. Cosmic radiation's connection with seismic activity and the sun's activity are interesting things. The increase in the Sun's energy production causes an increase in the radiation or energy that the Sun sends to Earth.  The radio bursts from the Sun or other places in the Universe can increase the energy level in the Earth's nucleus and mantle. That causes turbulence in the liquid magma. And also increasing fission speed in the nucleus causes pressure waves in the mantle. And we can see that thing as seismologic activity.  That radiation impacts Earth's magnetosphere, raising the energy level in the mantle and nucleus. Raising the energy level increases fission in the planet's nucleus. Same way raising temperature increases the fission speed in the radioactive material that is in the atmosphere.  Because cosmic radiation bursts like FRB (Fast Radio Bursts) impact the sun and

The fourth dimension is the thing that is extremely hard to detect and research. The reason for that could be the energy level of the fourth dimension is so high that particles send non-stop radiation. The size of those particles would be so small, that they send so small-size waves with very high frequency that we cannot see that radiation.  High-energy particles are far smaller than low-energy particles. They send radiation pulses always when their energy level is higher than their environment. The reason why we can see particles is that there is a pause in radiation transmissions.  During that pause, the receiving particles remove the extra energy that they get. In the form of wave movement. So the pause of that radiation stress is the thing, that makes the object visible. The high-energy particle sends radiation so often that the difference in energy levels in receiving particles doesn't change much. Because energy waves from those small-size particles are coming very often the

The main problem with nanotechnology is that those systems require an extremely accurate ability to manipulate materials. The systems can play billiards with those particles like single atoms. The problem is how to stop the particle in the right position. And the second problem is how to remove that extra energy from it. If a high-energy particle will transfer to quantum- or nanostructure it transfers energy to those other particles. And that energy breaks that structure.  The laser rays can push the particle. In that system, lasers push and pull material like a light tweezer. But then the problem is that energy must be removed from that particle. In some versions, the system uses superpositioned and extremely low-temperature particles to remove that energy. The entangled particles also can use for pulling each other in one direction. The idea is that lower-energy participant in quantum entanglement pulls higher-energy participant into it.  In some theoretical models, the tractor beam

Freeze beams are not full-scale science fiction. The idea of those systems is "stolen" from SciFi movies. In real life, this technology might not be suitable for weapon use. But it can use for low-temperature electronics. The weaponized version could be the low-temperature ions that are shot against a target. That loaded with opposite electricity. If the system uses ions the target must load with positive electric load. That allows those ions to impact with it.  Real-life freeze beam uses plasma or anions and ions whose temperature is very low. Plasma is an ionized gas that can consist of ions that are positive particles. Or anions that are negative ions. The plasma has similar temperatures as neutral gas. And freeze beam is low-energy plasma. If the only wanted effect is the freezing the system must neutralize those ions and anions. In that process, the ions will turn back to neutral gas.  The ion cannon shoots that low-energy plasma whose temperature is very low against the